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| 1 | Alcohol metabolites and lipopolysaccharide: Roles in the development and/or progression of alcoholic liver disease显示文摘The onset of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is initiated by different cell types in the liver and a number of different factors including: products derived from ethanol-induced inflammation, ethanol metabolites, and the indirect reactions from those metabolites. Ethanol oxidation results in the production of metabolites that have been shown to bind and form protein adducts, and to increase inflammatory, fibrotic and cirrhotic responses. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has many deleterious effects and plays a significant role in a number of disease processes by increasing inflammatory cytokine release. In ALD, LPS is thought to be derived from a breakdown in the intestinal wall enabling LPS from resident gut bacterial cell walls to leak into the blood stream. The ability of adducts and LPS to independently stimulate the various cells of the liver provides for a two-hit mechanism by which various biological responses are induced and result in liver injury. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to evaluate the effects of a two-hit combination of ethanol metabolites and LPS on the cells of the liver to increase inflamma-tion and fi brosis, and play a role in the development and/or progression of ALD. | Courtney S Schaffert Michael J Duryee Carlos D Hunter Bartlett C Hamilton 3rd Amy L DeVeney Mary M Huerter Lynell W Klassen Geoffrey M Thiele | 2009 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2009，15，10： | 20 |
| 2 | Optimal timing and route of nutritional support after esophagectomy: A review of the literature显示文摘Some controversy surrounds the postoperative feeding regimen utilized in patients who undergo esophagectomy.Variation in practices during the perioperative period exists including the type of nutrition started,the delivery route,and its timing.Adequate nutrition is essential for this patient population as these patients often present with weight loss and have altered eating patterns after surgery,which can affect their ability to regain or maintain weight.Methods of feeding after an esophagectomy include total parenteral nutrition,nasoduodenal/nasojejunal tube feeding,jejunostomy tube feeding,and oral feeding.Recent evidence suggests that early oral feeding is associated with shorter LOS,faster return of bowel function,and improved quality of life.Enhanced recovery pathways after surgery pathways after esophagectomy with a component of early oral feeding also seem to be safe,feasible,and cost-effective,albeit with limited data.However,data on anastomotic leaks is mixed,and some studies suggest that the incidence of leaks may be higher with early oral feeding.This risk of anastomotic leak with early feeding may be heavily modulated by surgical approach.No definitive data is currently available to definitively answer this question,and further studies should look at how these early feeding regimens vary by surgical technique.This review aims to discuss the existing literature on the optimal route and timing of feeding after esophagectomy. | Richard Zheng Courtney L Devin Michael J Pucci Adam C Berger Ernest L Rosato Francesco Palazzo | 2019 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2019，25，31： | 11 |
| 3 | 临床实践指南应当包含治疗负担显示文摘医疗方案的实施需要花费大量时间和精力,给慢性病患者带来巨大负担。然而,临床实践指南高度重视的是得到某些临床结果(如呼吸急促减少或存活率增加),传统指南的建议也是从同样角度提出的。最近的指南会考虑患者的价值观以及指南建议行为的可接受性和可行性,但对治疗负担没有明确规定。这使患者很难根据自己的价值观和能力对治疗做出明智的决定。 | Claudia C Dobler Nathan Harb Catherine A Maguire Carol L Armour Courtney Coleman M Hassan Murad 邓璇(译) 莫云凌(校) | 2019 | 英国医学杂志中文版2019，22，3： | 3 |
| 4 | Transient and sustained activity in a distributed neural system for human working memory显示文摘 | Courtney S M Ungerleider L Keil K | 1997 | Nature1997，，386： | 1 |
| 5 | A newand rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activ-ity 显示文摘 | ELLMAN G L COURTNEY K 0 ANDERS V J | 1961 | Biochemical Pharmacology1961，7，2： | 1 |
| 6 | A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity 显示文摘 | Ellman G L Courtney K D Andres V | 1961 | Biochemical Pharmacology1961，7，： | 1 |
| 7 | A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity显示文摘 | Ellman G L Courtney K D Andres Jr V | 1961 | Biochem Pharmacol1961，7，2： | 1 |
| 8 | Peer-to-peer Lending to Small Businesses显示文摘 | Traci L M Courtney M C Cailin R S | 2014 | Staff Working Pa- pers in the Finance and Economics Discussion Se- ries2014，10，： | 1 |
| 9 | A new and rapid calorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity 显示文摘 | Ellman G L Courtney K O Andres V J | 1961 | Bioehem Pharmacol1961，7，1： | 1 |
| 10 | A new rapid calorimetric determination of acetyl cholinesterase activity显示文摘 | Elman G L Courtney K D | 1961 | Biochem Pahrmacol1961，8895，： | 1 |
| 11 | An area specialized for spatial working memory in human frontal cortex显示文摘 | COURTNEY SM PETIT L MAISOX JM | 1998 | Science1998，279，： | 1 |
| 12 | A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholine esterase activity显示文摘 | Ellman G L Courtney K D Andres V | 1961 | Biochemical Pharmacology1961，7，2： | 1 |
| 13 | Clinical characteristics of aortic aneurysm and dissection as a cause of sudden death in outpatients显示文摘 | Pierce L C Courtney D M | 2008 | Am J Emerg Med2008，26，9： | 1 |
| 14 | A new and rapid colorimetric determination of an acetylcholinesterase activity 显示文摘 | ELLMAN G L COURTNEY K D ANDRES V J | 1961 | Biochemical Pharmacology1961，7，： | 1 |
| 15 | Perceived Causes and Solutions of the Translation Problem in Management Research显示文摘 | SHAPIRO D L KIRKMAN B L COURTNEY H G | 2007 | Academy of Management Journal2007，50，2： | 1 |
| 16 | The presence of a 33 - 40KDa gastrin binding protein of human and mouse colon cancer显示文摘 | Chicance L Narayan S Courtney M | 1989 | Bioch Biophy Res Comm1989，164，： | 1 |
| 17 | A new and rapid colorimetric determination of ace- tylcholinesterase activity 显示文摘 | ELLMAN G L COURTNEY K D ANDRES V | 1961 | Biochem Pharmacol1961，7，2： | 1 |
| 18 | A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity显示文摘 | Ellman G L Courtney K D Andres Jr V | 1961 | Biochem Pharmacol1961，7，2： | 1 |
| 19 | A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity显示文摘 | Ellman G L Courtney D Andres V | 1961 | Biochem Pharmacol1961，7，： | 1 |
| 20 | A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterases activity 显示文摘 | Ellman G L Courtney K D Andres V Jr | 1961 | Biochemical Pharmacology1961，7，： | 1 |
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