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| 1 | Impacts of permafrost changes on alpine ecosystem in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau显示文摘Alpine cold ecosystem with permafrost environment is quite sensitive to climatic changes and the changes in permafrost can significantly affect the alpine ecosystem. The vegetation coverage, grassland biomass and soil nutrient and texture are selected to indicate the regime of alpine cold ecosystems in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The interactions between alpine ecosystem and permafrost were investigated with the depth of active layer, permafrost thickness and mean annual ground temperature (MAGTs). Based on the statistics model of GPTR for MAGTs and annual air temperatures, an analysis method was developed to analyze the impacts of permafrost changes on the alpine ecosystems. Under the climate change and human engineering activities, the permafrost change and its impacts on alpine ecosystems in the permafrost region between the Kunlun Mountains and the Tanggula Range of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are studied in this paper. The results showed that the per- mafrost changes have a different influence on different alpine ecosystems. With the increase in the thickness of active layer, the vegetation cover and biomass of the alpine cold meadow exhibit a significant conic reduction, the soil organic matter content of the alpine cold meadow ecosystem shows an exponential decrease, and the surface soil materials become coarse and gravelly. The alpine cold steppe ecosystem, however, seems to have a relatively weak relation to the permafrost environment. Those relationships resulted in the fact that the distribution area of alpine cold meadow decreased by 7.98% and alpine cold swamp decreased by 28.11% under the permafrost environment degradation during recent 15 years. In the future 50 years the alpine cold meadow ecosystems in different geomorphologic units may have different responses to the changes of the permafrost under different climate warming conditions, among them the alpine cold meadow and swamp ecosystem located in the low mountain and plateau area will have a relatively serious degradation. Furthermore, from the angles of grassland coverage and biological production the variation characteristics of high-cold eco- systems in different representative regions and different geomorphologic units under different climatic conditions were quantitatively assessed. In the future, adopting effective measures to protect permafrost is of vital importance to maintaining the stability of permafrost engineering and alpine cold eco- systems in the plateau. | WANG Genxu1,3 , LI Yuanshou2 , WU Qingbai2 & WANG Yibo3 1. Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China 2. Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China 3. Resource and Environment School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China | 2006 | Science China Earth Sciences2006，49，11： | 41 |
| 2 | Simulation of energy and water balance in Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer system in the mountain area of Heihe River Basin at Hexi Corridor of northwest China显示文摘In the mountain area of inland Heihe River Basin at Hexi Corridor of northwest China during the vegetation growing season from May to September, the Simultaneous Heat and Water (SHAW) model of Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer (SVAT) system is applied to simulating and studying energy and water balance of the soil-residue-plant canopy layers in the Picea crassifolia forest and the grassland by the forest at the shaded slope and the grassland at the sun-facing slope. The simulation of energy balance indicates that net radiation of the grass- land at the sun-facing slope is more than that of the Picea crassifolia forest and the grassland by the forest at the shaded slope. The energy outgoing components are the first latent heat and next sensible heat from the grassland both at the shaded slope and the sun-facing slope, but those at the former are less. The energy outgoing components are the first sensible heat and next latent heat from the Picea crassifolia forest. The composition and distribution of energy in the soil-residue-plant canopy layers in the Picea crassifolia forest and the grassland by the forest at the shaded slope make the soil layer receive less energy, which therefore, especially the forest possesses the energy conditions for soil water conservation. The simulation of water balance indicates that the water loss of the grassland at the sun-facing slope is mainly caused by soil evaporation, while evapotranspiration of the Picea crassifolia forest and the grassland by the forest at the shaded slope is less than that of the grassland at the sun-facing slope. Half of the evapotranspiration of the Picea crassifolia forest and the grassland by the forest at the shaded slope is consumed by transpiration. After precipitation, the soil water storage is increased much more for the Picea crassifolia forest and also more for the grassland by the forest at the shaded slope. Therefore the shaded slope vegetation, especially the forest is favorable for soil water storage. | KANG Ersi1, CHENG Guodong1, , SONG Kechao1, JIN Bowen1, , LIU Xiande3 2 3 & WANG Jinye3 1. Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China 2. State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China 3. Academy of Water Resources Conservation Forest of Qilian Mountains, Gansu Province, Zhangye 734000, China | 2005 | Science China Earth Sciences2005，48，4： | 25 |
| 3 | Some open problems in granular matter mechanics显示文摘Granular matter is a large assemblage of solid particles, which is fundamentally different from any other type of matters, such as solid and liquid. Most models presented for granular matter are phenomenological and are only suitable for solving engineering problems. Many fundamental mechanical problems remain open. By analyzing characteristics of internal state structure, we propose that granular matter is intrinsically multiscale, i.e. microscale of particle size, mesoscale of force chain, and macroscale of the bulk of granular matter. The correlations among difference scales would be crucial. The mesoscale force chain network is determined by both particle properties and macroscopic boundary conditions. The evolution of the force the chain network contributes to macroscopic mechanical properties of granular matter. In addition, we discuss the drawbacks in simplifying contact forces in the current models, and the difficulties in analyzing the interaction of interstitial fluid in wet granular matter. As an appropriate application of granular matter, debris flow can be studied with granular matter mechanics; meanwhile, debris flow brings more challenges which certainly motivate future studies on granular matter. | Qicheng Sun a, Guangqian Wanga, Kaiheng Hub a Department of Hydraulic Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China b Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China | 2009 | Progress in Natural Science:Materials International2009，19，5： | 25 |
| 4 | Numerical simulation of air-water two-phase flow over stepped spillways显示文摘Stepped spillways for significant energy dissipation along the chute have gained interest and popularity among researchers and dam engineers. Due to the com- plexity of air-water two-phase flow over stepped spillways, the finite volume computational fluid dynamics module of the FLUENT software was used to simulate the main characteristics of the flow. Adopting the RNG k-ε turbulence model, the mixture flow model for air-water two-phase flow was used to simulate the flow field over stepped spillway with the PISO arithmetic technique. The numerical result successfully reproduced the complex flow over a stepped spillway of an experiment case, including the interaction between entrained air bubbles and cavity recirculation in the skimming flow regime, velocity distribution and the pressure profiles on the step surface as well. The result is helpful for under-standing the detailed information about energy dissipation over stepped spillways. | CHENG Xiangju1, CHEN Yongcan1 & LUO Lin2 1. Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China 2. State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China | 2006 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2006，49，6： | 23 |
| 5 | SEDIMENT TRANSPORTED BY DEBRIS FLOWTO THE LOWER JINSHA RIVER显示文摘The lower Jinsha River is an area with the highest sediment yield in the upper Yangze basin. Itcovers only 9.27% of the total area of the basin but supplies about 40% of the total sediment recordedat the Yichang Hydrological Station. The present study shows that besides strong slope erosion andwaste discharge from engineering works, debris-flow transport is an important source of the sedimentload in the river. Based on field investigation and measurement, the annual sediment transport intothe lower Jinsha River basin was estimated at 1.54×10 to 67.07×10. | CUI Peng1 WEI Fangqiang2 and LI Yong3(1 Prof. Dongchuan Debris Flow Observation and Research Station. Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment,CAS, Chengdu 610041. China.)(2 Ph.D. student, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, CAS. and Sou | 1999 | International Journal of Sediment Research1999，14，4： | 19 |
| 6 | A new type of plunge pool―Multi-horizontal submerged jets显示文摘Based on the understanding of the mechanism of energy dissipation,a new type of plunge pool is presented with the advantages of high rate of energy dissipation,low impact pressure,and small close-to-bed velocity on the soleplate of the plunge pool.The first advantage owes to enlarged shearing energy dissipation areas in the plunge pool,while the other two are caused by the jet that enters in a nearly horizontal level to keep the soleplate from being scoured directly.All of the above arrangements make this new type of energy dissipator distinct from the underflow energy dissipation.Through experiments on the physical model,the authors found that the water flow maintained stable and submerged in horizontal direction when the flow was narrow in horizontal but thick in vertical direction.However,the wide flat nappe was ready to submerge or float as the downstream water level rised or dropped.The entire flow fields of multi-horizontal submerged jets into plunge pool were also numerically simulated.The numerical results of water surface curve,close-to-bed velocity and floor pressure agree well with the experimental data.The flow pattern in the plunge pool was analyzed after combining the laboratory data and numerical simulation. | DENG Jun,XU WeiLin,ZHANG JianMing,QU JinXue & YANG YongQuan State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering,Sichuan University,Chengdu 610065,China | 2008 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2008，51，12： | 12 |
| 7 | Primary scientific results of Chang'E-1 lunar mission显示文摘The strategic plan for the development of the unmanned Chinese Lunar Exploration Program is characterized by three distinct stages: 'orbiting around', 'landing on' and 'returning from' the Moon. The first Chinese lunar probe, Chang'E-1, which was successfully launched on October 24th, 2007 at Xichang Satellite Launch Center, and guided to crash on the Moon on March 1st, 2009, at 52.36°E, 1.50°S, in the north of Mare Fecunditatis, is the first step towards the 'orbiting around' stage. The Chang'E-1 mission lasted 495 days, exceeding the expected life-span by about four months. A total of 1.37 TB raw data was received from Chang'E-1. It was then processed into 4 TB scientific data products at various levels. Many scientific results have been obtained by analyzing these data, including especially the 'global lunar image from the first Chinese lunar explora- tion mission'. All scientific goals of Chang'E-1 have been achieved. It provides much useful materials for further advances of lunar sciences and planetary chemistry. Meanwhile, these results will serve as a firm basis for future Chinese lunar missions. | OUYANG ZiYuan1,2, LI ChunLai1, ZOU YongLiao1, ZHANG HongBo1, Lü Chang1, LIU JianZhong1, LIU JianJun1, ZUO Wei1, SU Yan1, WEN WeiBin1, BIAN Wei1, ZHAO BaoChang3, WANG JianYu4, YANG JianFeng3, CHANG Jin5, WANG HuanYu6, ZHANG XiaoHui7, WANG ShiJin7, WANG Min1, REN Xin1, MU LingLi1, KONG DeQing1, WANG XiaoQian1, WANG Fang1, GENG Liang1, ZHANG ZhouBin1, ZHENG Lei1, ZHU XinYing1, ZHENG YongChun1, LI JunDuo1, ZOU XiaoDuan1, XU Chun1, SHI ShuoBiao1, GAO YiFei1 & GAO GuanNan1 1 National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China 2 Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China 3 Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710119, China 4 Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China 5 Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China 6 Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 7 Center for Space Science and Applied Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China | 2010 | Science China Earth Sciences2010，53，11： | 11 |
| 8 | Preliminary results of the study on wind erosion in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau using 137Cs technique显示文摘The worldwide fallout of caesium-137 (137Cs) associated with the nuclear weapon tests during the 1950s and 1960s has provided a valuable man-made tracer for studies of soil erosion and sediment delivery. But relatively few researchers have used it to estimate wind erosion. In this note, the 137Cs technique is introduced into the studies of wind erosion and its modern processes inthe Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Two 137Cs reference inventories of 982.11 and 2 376.04 Bq · m-2 wereestablished preminarily, distributed in the south and middle-north parts of the studied arearespectively. By analyzing the patterns of 137Cs depth profiles from sampling sites, the aeolianprocesses of erosion and deposition in nearly 40 years have been revealed, i.e. the shrub coppicedunes (S1) and semi-fixed dunefields (S3) experienced the alternation of erosion and deposition,while the grasslands (S4, S6 and S7) and dry farmlands (S5) suffered erosion only. By using 137Csmodel, the average wind erosion rates for shrub coppice | YAN Ping, DONG Guangrong, ZHANG Xinbao & ZHANG Yiyun1. Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, the Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China 2. Institute of Desert Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China 3. Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China 4. Department of Physics, Sichuan Union University, Chengdu 610041, China | 2000 | Chinese Science Bulletin2000，45，11： | 11 |
| 9 | Impoverishment of Soil Nutrients in Gully Erosion Areas in Yuanmou Basin显示文摘The impoverishment of soil nutrients of nine gully head areas in Yuanmou Basin is assessed through an integrated evaluation method established on the basis of Fuzzy mathematics and multivariate mathematical theory. Results show that soil erosion of gully erosion area in Yuanmou basin has resulted in severe impoverishment of soil nutrients. All gully head areas are at high leves of impoverishment except for one at middle. By probing into and analyzing the mechanism of impoverishment of soil nutrients, we find that soil erosion has led to impoverishment of soil nutrients in a way of compacting soil, heightening position of obstacle horizon, and reducing the content of organic matter, as well as the direct loss of nutrient elements. Finally, this paper points out that soil and water conservation arming at the prevention of soil erosion is the most effective way against impoverishment of soil nutrients in Yuanmou basin. | Zhang Jian-guo, Li Hui-xia, He Xiao-rong, Sheng Xin-ju, Fan Jian-rong, Zhu BoInstitute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China | 2003 | Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences2003，8，03B： | 10 |
| 10 | Study on bed load transport for uniform sediment in laminar flow显示文摘Previous studies focused on the bed load transport rate for the condition of turbulent flow,while the knowledge of sediment transport in laminar flow is very limited.As an extreme case to reflect the viscous effect on sediment transport,sediment transport in laminar flow is considered in this paper.There are at least two factors affecting the transport rate of sediment under laminar flow conditions: (1) fluid forces;(2) particle to particle interactions.Together,these two factors represent the physical transport system.First,an exposure degree Probability Density Function (PDF) is developed to explore how the transport rate can be associated with characteristics of laminar flow and this factor reflects the particle to particle interactions,and the pickup probability equation in the absence of turbulence is developed based on the stochastic approach which reflects the exposure degree influence.Then,the formulas to calculate the critical shear stress of incipient motion and the bed load transport rate of fine uniform sediment are established.The derivation is made mainly based on Einstein’s bed load theory;we choose Einstein’s equation to model this system because we believe that the probabilistic approach taken is an appropriate way to account for the spatial and temporal variations in the forces causing sediment transport.These formulas have been tested against a wide range of existing laboratory data and compared with other existing empirical or semiempirical methods.The predictions by these newly proposed formulas are very good. | YANG FengGuang,LIU XingNian,CAO ShuYou,YANG KeJun & HUANG Er State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering,Sichuan University,Chengdu 610065,China | 2010 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2010，53，9： | 9 |
| 11 | Debris Flow Hazard Assessment Based on Support Vector Machine显示文摘Seven factors, including the maximum volume of once flow , occurrence frequency of debris flow , watershed area , main channel length , watershed relative height difference , valley incision density and the length ratio of sediment supplement are chosen as evaluation factors of debris flow hazard degree. Using support vector machine (SVM) theory, we selected 259 basic data of 37 debris flow channels in Yunnan Province as learning samples in this study. We create a debris flow hazard assessment model based on SVM. The model was validated though instance applications and showed encouraging results. | YUAN Lifeng 1, 2 , ZHANG Youshui 3 1. Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China 2. Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 3. Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China | 2006 | Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences2006，11，4： | 9 |
| 12 | Anti-scourability of purple soil on hillslopes with different land uses显示文摘A large-scale flume (40 cm×10 cm×10 cm) was used to determine soil anti-scourability of 4 different land uses of purple soil in hilly areas of Sichuan, China under artificial removal of vegetation to examine the effects of land uses on sediment production by runoff. The results showed that soil anti-scourability declined with the increase of slope gradients in the form of power function, but there was a significant difference in the effects of slope gradients on anti-scourability between different land uses. The ratio of the mean values of soil anti-scourability was 1︰2.2︰2.5︰3.6 for forest land, new waste pasture, old waste pasture, crop land respectively, indicating that forest and grass use can significantly improve soil anti-scourability. Compared with the observations from the runoff plots located at the same sites in this region, an inconsistent result was found between anti-scourability and anti-erodibility in hilly areas of Sichuan. Essential causes of the differences in soil anti-scourability were further discussed based on analyzing the influence of inherent soil characteristics induced by different land uses on soil anti-scourability. | ZHANG Jianhui, LIU Gangcai, NI Shijun, ZHU Bo & GE Fanglong Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Chengdu 610041, China Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China | 2003 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2003，46，z1： | 8 |
| 13 | Impact of land-use change on hydrological processes in the Maying River basin, China显示文摘Since the 1960s, dramatic changes have taken place in land-use patterns characterized by the persistent expansion of cultivated land and a continuous decrease in natural woodland and grassland in the arid inland river basins of China. It is very important to assess the effects of such land-use changes on the hydrological processes so vital for water resource management and sustainable development on the catchment scale. The Maying River catchment, a typical arid inland watershed located in the middle of the Hexi Corridor in northwest China, was the site chosen to investigate the hydrological responses to land-use changes. The annual runoff, base flow, maximum peak flow, and typical seasonal runoff in both spring and autumn flood periods were selected as the variables in the hydrological processes. Statistical-trend analysis and curvilinear regression were utilized to detect the trends in hydrological variables while eliminating the climatic influence. The relationship between cultivated land-use and hydrological variables was analyzed based on four periods of land-use variation data collected since 1965. A runoff model was established composed of two factors, i.e., cultivated land use and precipitation. The impact of land use changes, especially in the large ar- eas of upstream woodland and grassland turned into cultivated lands since 1967, has resulted in a mean annual runoff decrease of 28.12%, a base flow decline of 35.32%, a drop in the maximum peak discharge of 35.77%, and mean discharge decreases in spring and autumn of 36.05% and 24.87% respectively, of which the contribution of cultivated land expansion to the influence of annual runoff amounts to 77%-80%, with the contribution to the influence of spring discharge being 73%-81%, and that to the influence of base flow reaching 62%-65%. Thus, a rational regulation policy of land use patterns is vitally important to the sustainable use of water resources and the proper development of the entire catchment. | WANG Genxu1,3, ZHANG Yu2, LIU Guimin2 & CHEN Lin3 1. Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China 2. Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China 3. Resource and Environment School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China | 2006 | Science China Earth Sciences2006，49，10： | 8 |
| 14 | A new grid-associated algorithm in the distributed hydrological model simulations显示文摘This paper presents a new grid-associated algorithm to improve the performance of a D8 algorithm based distributed hydrological model computation.The algorithm is based on the well known single-flow D8 algorithm of grid flow.This algorithm allocates calculation priorities according to the distance between the units and the outlet,then carries out the ergodic computations of the hydrological units according to the priority division.For the parallelized algorithm,a standard thread-level shared memory system for parallel programming(OpenMP-Open specifications for Multi Processing) was introduced,and the parallel coding was implemented in C lan-guage.A case study showed that the absolute speed-up ratio of the grid-associated algorithm is 1.64 over the original D8 algorithm,and the linear speed-up ratio of the parallel associated algorithm is 2.42 under 4 cores.The parallel grid-associated algorithm can be applied to a variety of research fields that use the grid method. | XU Rui1,2,HUANG XiaoXue1,LUO Lin1 & LI ShaoCai3 1 State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering College of Architecture and Environment,Sichuan University,Chengdu 610065,China 2 College of Electronic Engineering,Guilin University of Electronic Technology,Guilin 541004,China 3 College of Life Sciences,Sichuan University,Chengdu 610065,China | 2010 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2010，53，1： | 8 |
| 15 | Systematic Analysis on Factors Affecting the Development of Rural Tourism: A Case Study of Chengdu显示文摘Based on field survey, the thesis analyzes the key factors affecting development of rural tourism systematically,taking Chengdu as an example. These factors include regional economic development level & leisure tradition, tourist market &traffic, tourist resource, spatial agglomeration and competition of rural tourism, and decision-making behavior. Among them,regional economic development level & leisure tradition and tourist market & traffic are prerequisites for the development of rural tourism which have an impact on tourist's consumption level,consumption custom, operator's investment ability, tourist destination distribution and scale; Tourist resource, spatial agglomeration and competition of rural tourism are restrictive conditions affecting character and distribution of rural tourism; Government's decision-making behavior is of importance for expansion of scale and popularity of regional rural tourism, meanwhile, operators' decision-making behavior includes investment scale and operational strategies, and for operators from the outside, location selection is included additionally. All these decision-making behaviors are subjective conditions for the development of rural tourism. | He Jing-ming,Li Hui-xiaInstitute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China School of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Southwest China Normal University, Chongqing 400715, China | 2003 | Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences2003，8，03B： | 8 |
| 16 | Debris flow prevention pattern in national parks Taking the world natural heritage Jiuzhaigou as an example显示文摘With the development of the ecological tourism, how to control debris flow in national parks becomes an urgent problem. The characteristics of prevention of the debris flow in the areas are systematically studied, and a scientific strategy is introduced for dealing with debris flows. In term of the activity attribute of the debris flow and objects protected in Jiuzhaigou, some methods are proposed to arrange the projects of hazard mitigation, and finally an approach is established to carry out the technology in the control of the debris flow scientifically, reasonably and feasibly. Integrating the aforesaid strategy with methods, the pattern of prevention and countermeasures of the debris flow has been theorized, in this way the mitigation hazards engineering is in harmony with the natural view and combined with the ecology. The prevention pattern of the debris flow in national parks is divergent from those in other areas such as towns, traffic lines, and farmland.After the successful application of the pattern in the Jiuzhaigou National Park, it effectively controls debris flows and achieves the expected target, such as conserving the landscape resource, sustaining ecological environment, and securing the visitors and residents. | CUI Peng, LIU Suqing, TANG Bangxing & CHEN Xiaoqing Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Chengdu 610041, China | 2003 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2003，46，z1： | 7 |
| 17 | A 3D visible evaluation of landslide risk degree under integration of GIS and artificial intelligence显示文摘Artificial intelligence has been used to obtain background factors (basic environmental factors) from landslide specialists. A 3D visible evaluation map may be charted by fuzzy evaluation, and the traditional plane map may be decoded into a 3D map by using factor weight from specialists system and technology of RS and GIS for quantitative sampling of these factors. | QIAO Jianping, ZHU Axing, CHEN Yongbo& WANG Rongxun Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Chengdu 610041, China Geography Department of Wisconsin University, Madison, Wisconsin, USA | 2003 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2003，46，z1： | 6 |
| 18 | Land Use of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area and the Effect on Its Landscape Pattern in the Recent 50 Years显示文摘The paper makes detailed analysis on the changing processes of the main types of land use in Three Gorges Reservoir Area through the techniques of RS (Remote Sense) and GIS (Geography Information System). Based on the theory of landscape ecology, many types of landscape pattern indexes are calculated and made correlation analysis. The results indicate that: in 1995 the ecological environment of Three Gorges Reservoir Area was the most vulnerable in the recent 50 years, but resumed in 2002; the landscape pattern diversity index, fractal dimension index and fragmentation index has close correlation with the area of land use/cover change (LUCC). The research also releases that the increase of the cultivated land, grassland and construction land deteriorates the landscape ecological pattern, while the increase of forest land area will help restore the landscape ecological pattern to its original state. The rapid change of grassland is an important index of the change of landscape pattern, because it has the most effect on change of landscape pattern index. | HUANG Zhiqin 1,2,3 , ZHOU Wancun 1 ,ZHOU Jieming 4 , ZHU Mingcang 3,5 1. Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China 2. Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 3. Sichuan Institute of Land Resource Management, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan , China 4. Department of Resources and Environment Science, Sichuan Normal University , Chengdu 610061, Sichuan, China 5. College of Information Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, Sichuan, China | 2006 | Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences2006，11，4： | 6 |
| 19 | Two Village Ecosystems in the Upper Minjiang River, China: A Comparison of Emergy Flow显示文摘By using the concept of emergy and method of emergy analysis, this paper has studied two mountain settlement (village) ecosystems in two aspects: input and output of energy in the agro-systems and the use of fuel energy. The result reveals that the settlement agro-system in the valley of Minjiang River is better in both structure and function than that at the so-called half-high mountain. The former one is higher than the latter one regarding such indices as emergy yield ratio, labor productivity of emergy and emergy sustainable index, but lower than the latter one regarding environmental loading ratio. In terms of fuel emergy, the settlement in the valley enjoys more diversified sources and is less depending on bio-energy while the settlement at the half-high mountain has only one source (i. e. fuel wood), much depending on bio-energy, may exert a greater pressure on environment. | Chen Yong, Chen Guojie, Wang QingInstitute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China | 2003 | Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences2003，8，03B： | 6 |
| 20 | WINTER RUNOFF AND EROSION ON NORTHWESTERN USA CROPLAND显示文摘Crop management is an important factor in preventing winter runoff and erosion on non-irrigatedcropland of the Northwestern Wheat and Range Region of the U.S. Much of the total annual runoff andsoil loss from agricultural land in the region occurs as a result of rain and snowmelt on frozen and thawingsoil. Quantifying these effects is important for hydrologic model development and calibration, and fordesigning and selecting crop managements to prevent erosion. An experimental setup with several runoffplots under a number of crop management systems was installed at the Palouse Conservation Field Stationin the fall of 1978. Data were collected from natural events on the replicated plots for l3 years. Frost,thaw, and snow depths were measured on the plots regularly. Runoff and sediment samples were obtainedfrom collection tanks on a daily or event basis. Data were analyzed and events were separaed into frozensoil, thawing soil, and non-frozen soil. Crop management had a substantial effect on infiltration and runoff,but an even more significant impact on soil erosion. | D.K. McCool(Agricultural Engineer, USDA-ARS, Washington State University, Pullman, WA)C.D. Pannkuk(Soil Scientist, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Moscow, ID)K.E. Saxton(Hydrologist, USDA-ARS, Washington State University, Pullman, WA | 2000 | International Journal of Sediment Research2000，15，2： | 5 |
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