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| 1 | Boundary-processing-technique in EMD method and Hilbert transform显示文摘By virtue of neural network, a series of signals is extended forward and backward, as a result, two additional maxima and two additional minima are obtained at both ends of the original data set, with which the EMD decomposition can be exactly achieved with cubic spline interpolation. Meanwhile, by using of neural network every IMF component can also be extended forward and backward, which effectively restrains the end effect, thus the veracious Hilbert spectra are achieved. Verifications of the sample signals and the actual surface elevation of sea waves show that the present extension method is relatively accurate. | DENG Yongjun, WANG Wei, QIAN Chengchun, WANG Zhong & DAI DejunNetwork Center, Ocean University of Qingdao. Qingdao 266003, China Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean Universily of Qingdao, Qingdao 266003, China | 2001 | Chinese Science Bulletin2001，46，11： | 91 |
| 2 | Mianlüe tectonic zone and Mianlüe suture zone on southern margin of Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt显示文摘The Mianle tectonic zone (Mianle zone), an ancient suture zone in addition to the Shangdan suture in the Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt, marks an important tectonic division geo-logically separating north from south and connecting east with west in China continent. To de-termine present structural geometry and kinematics in the Mianle tectonic zone and to recon-struct the formation and evolution history involving plate subduction and collision in the Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt, through a multidisciplinary study, are significant for exploring the mountain-building orogenesis of the central orogenic system and the entire process of the major Chinese continental amalgamation during the Indosinian. | ZHANG Guowei1, DONG Yunpeng1, LAI Shaocong1, GUO Anlin1, MENG Qingren2, LIU Shaofeng3, CHENG Shunyou1, YAO Anping1, ZHANG Zongqing4, PEI Xianzhi5 & LI Sanzhong6 1. Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xian 710069, China 2. Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China 3. Earth Science and Resource Faculty, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China 4. Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China 5. Changan University, Xian 710054, China 6. Qingdao University of Oceanography, Qingdao 266003, China | 2004 | Science China Earth Sciences2004，47，4： | 57 |
| 3 | LAGFD-WAM numerical wave model-Ⅰ. Basic physical model显示文摘The LAGFD-WAM wave model is a third generation wave model. In the present paper the physical aspect of the model was shown in great detail including energy spectrum balance equation, complicated characteristics equations and source functions. | Yuan Yeli, Hua Feng, Pan Zengdi Sun Letao First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266003, China | 1991 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica1991，10，4： | 46 |
| 4 | Analysis of sea surface temperature fronts in the Taiwan Strait and its adjacent area using an advanced edge detection method显示文摘A morphology-based edge detection method has been used to study sea surface temperature (SST) fronts in the Taiwan Strait and its adjacent area. The method is based on mathematical morphology with multi-dimensional and multi-structural elements. Using six years’ SST data from September 2002 to August 2008, we distinguished the large SST front like Kuroshio Front as well as the smaller ones: namely Taiwan Bank Front, Zhe-Min Coastal Front and Zhang-Yun Ridge Front. The seasonal and monthly variations of these fronts were also studied. Generally, the SST fronts are stronger in winter but weaker in summer. And the fronts are at their active stage during the period from January to May but at their declining stage during the period from July to October. | PI QingLing1,2,3 & HU JianYu1,2 1 State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China 2 Department of Oceanography, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China 3 China Communications Construction Company First Harbor Consultants CO., LTD., Tianjin 300222, China | 2010 | Science China Earth Sciences2010，53，7： | 29 |
| 5 | Atmospheric correction for China's coastal water colorremote sensing显示文摘The space satellite programs, such as CZCS/Nimbus - 7, VHRSR/FY - 1, OCFS/ ADEOS and SeaWiFS/SeaStar, have demonstrated and proven that remote sensing is a powerful tool for understanding the spatial and temporal ocean color distribution. In general, there are two main techni-cal keys in the processing ocean color satellite data. They are the atmospheric correction and the inver-sion of water-leaving radiance into water constituents (such as chlorophyll, suspended material and yel low substance) quantitatively. The SeaWiFS (sea-viewing wide field-of-view sensor) atmospheric correc-tion algorithm for China’s coastal waters is discussed. First, the major advantages of SeaWiFS are introduced. Second, in view of the problems of the SeaDAS algorithm applying in China’ s coastal waters, the local atmospheric correction algorithms are discussed and developed. Finally, the advantages of the local algorithms are presented by the compari-son of the results from two different algorithms. | PanDelu, Mao Zhihua 1. Laboratory of Ocean Dynamic Processes and Satellite Oceanography of State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou 310012, China 2. Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences of State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou 310012, China | 2001 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2001，20，3： | 26 |
| 6 | THE SIMULATION OF THE SAR IMAGE OF INTERNAL SOLITARY WAVES IN ALBORAN SEA显示文摘SAR imaging mechanism of internal wave is studied. The numerical modelling of internal waves is obtained by the two level scheme. The simulaed SAR images that have better expressed the features of internal waves are given by the internal waves SAR imaging theory and numerical modelling result. | Meng Jun min Ocean University of Qingdao, Qingdao 266003, China Zhang Zi li, Zhao Jun sheng First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China Zhang Jie Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modelling, | 2001 | Journal of Hydrodynamics2001，13，3： | 16 |
| 7 | Interactions between hotspots and the Southwest Indian Ridge during the last 90 Ma:Implications on the formation of oceanic plateaus and intra-plate seamounts显示文摘This study investigates the relationship between the hotspot-ridge interaction and the formation of oceanic plateaus and seamounts in the Southwest Indian Ocean.We first calculated the relative distance between the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR) and relevant hotspots on the basis of models of plate reconstruction,and then calculated the corresponding excess magmatic anomalies of the hotspots on the basis of residual bathymetry and Airy isostasy.The results reveal that the activities of the Marion hotspot can be divided into three main phases:interaction with the paleo-Rodrigues triple junction (73.6-68.5 Ma),interaction with the SWIR (68.5-42.7 Ma),and intra-plate volcanism (42.7-0 Ma).These three phases correspond to the formation of the eastern,central,and western parts of the Del Cano Rise,respectively.The magnitude and apparent periodicity of the magmatic volume flux of the Marion hotspot appear to be dominated by the hotspot-ridge distance.The periodicity of the Marion hotspot is about 25 Ma,which is much longer than that of the Hawaii and Iceland hotspots (about 15 Ma). | ZHANG Tao 1,2,3,4,LIN Jian 5 & GAO JinYao 3,4 1 Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Wuhan 430077,China 2 Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China 3 The Second Institute of Oceanography,State Oceanic Administrator,Hangzhou 310012,China 4 Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences,State Oceanic Administrator,Hangzhou 310012,China 5 Department of Geology and Geophysics,Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,Woods Hole,MA 02543,USA | 2011 | Science China Earth Sciences2011，54，8： | 16 |
| 8 | On the Huanghai (Yellow) Sea circulation:a review by current measurements显示文摘The Huanghai (Yellow) Sea circulations suggested in the past were constructed mostly based on hydrographic data or simple numerical models, and were not rigorously compered with direct current measurements. Ourpresent understanding of the Huanghai Sea circulation is still very poor and superficial. To evaluate our present knowledge about the circulation and to sketch a more realistic circulation pattern, the previous studies on the circulation arebriefly reviewed and directly measured current data collected in the past are revisited. The Huanghai Sea Warm Current and the northeastward extension in summer of the Changjiang diluted water are paid more attention to, which arethe major currents of the basic circulation, and then attempted to sketch the Huanghai Sea circulation by synthesizinghydrography and current data. The Huanghai Sea circulation is not considered to be persistent since the thin water column, less than 100 m, responds quickly and sensitively to external driving forces. Directly measured current data showthat saline water originating from the Kuroshio water turns clockwise around Cheju-do throughout the year and eventually joins the Tsushima Warm Current at the western channel of the Korea Strait. This clockwise current is called theCheju Warm Current. The current data do not support the persistent existence of the Huanghai Sea Warm Current,which has ho believed to supply heat and salt to the Huanghai Sea throughout the year. However, a northward flowis generated intermittently during the weakening phase of cold air outbreaks in winter. The northeast extension of theChangjiang diluted water in summer is evidenced by satellite-tracked surface drifters. | Heung-Jae Lie(Physical Oceanography Dvision, Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute, P.O. Box 29, Ansan, 425 - 600Seoul, Korea) | 1999 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica1999，18，3： | 15 |
| 9 | Study on interaction between the coastal water, shelf water and Kuroshio water in the Huanghai Sea and East China Sea显示文摘The main processes of interaction between the coastal water, shelf water and Kuroshiowater in the Huanghai Sea (HS) and East China Sea (ECS) are analyzed based on the observation andstudy results in recent years. These processes include the intrusion of the Kuroshio water into the shelfarea of the ECS, the entrainment of the shelf water into the Kuroshio, the seasonal process in the south-em shelf area of the ECS controlled alternatively by the Taiwan Strait water and the Kuroshio water in-truding into the shelf area, the interaction between the Kuroshio branch water, shelf mixed water andmodified coastal water in the northeastern ECS, the water-exchange between the HS and ECS and thespread of the Changjiang diluted water. | Binghuo Guo, Xiaomin Hu, Xuejun Xiong, Renfeng Ge First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China | 2003 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2003，22，3： | 15 |
| 10 | Parameters in wind-wave frequency spectra and their bearings on spectrum forms and growth显示文摘The spectrum variance m0, peak frequency ω0 and peakness factor p are expressed in terms of nondimensional fetch and duration by making use of relations which are derived through comparing and analyzing existing empirical formulas for the growth of significant wave height and period. The main features of spectrum growth as specified by these parameters agree with those of the JONS-WAP experiments. For given wind speed and fetch, the high frequency parts beyond the peaks of shallow water spectra almost coincide with that of the corresponding deep water spectrum, whereas the low frequency parts differ appreciably. The method developed in this paper predicts smaller significant wave height as well as smaller wave period for shallow water spectra in contrast to the theoretical result of Kitaigorodskii ef al, in which the peak frequency, and consequently the significant wave period, remains basically unchanged for different water depths. Spectra are further reduced to a form in which only significant wave | Wen Shengchang (S. C. Wen), Zhang Dacuo Guo Peifang, and Chen Bohai Institute of Physical Oceanography, Ocean University of Qingdao (formerly, Shandong College of Oceanography), Qingdao, China | 1989 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica1989，8，1： | 15 |
| 11 | A hybrid model for numerical wave forecasting and its implementation-Ⅰ.The wind wave model显示文摘The authors make an endeavor to explain why a new hybrid wave model is here proposed when several such models have already been in operation and the so- called third generation wave modej is proving attractive. This part of the paper is devoted to the wind wave model. Both deep and shallow water models have been developed, the former being actually a special case of the latter when water depth is great. The deep water model is exceptionally simple in form. Significant wave height is the only prognostic variable. In comparison with the usual methods to compute the energy input and dissipations empirically or by 'tuning', the proposed model has the merit that the effects of all source terms are combined into one term which is computed through empirical growth relations for significant waves, these relations being, relatively speaking, easier and more reliable to obtain than those for the source terms in the spectral energy balance equation. The discrete part of the model and the implementation of the | Wen Shengchang (S.C. Wen)1, Zhang Dacuo, Chen Bohai and Guo Peifang Institute of Physical Oceanography, Ocean University of Qingdao (Formerly, Shandong College of Oceanography), Qingdao, China | 1989 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica1989，8，1： | 14 |
| 12 | Studies on the role of marine bacteria in the upwelling ecosystem——Ⅰ.Bacterial biomass in the upwelling regions显示文摘-Six cruises were carried out off the south bank of Fujian - Taiwan during the period of December 21, 1987 to November 15, 1988 to estimate the contribution of bacterial biomass carbon (BBC) to the totai particulate organic pools using epifluorescent microscopic technique. The results show that the standing crop of bacteria fluctuated from 0. 95 to 66. 60 mg /m3 (dry weight). Upwelling phenomena appeared in the region around Nanpeng Island in summer while in the region of Waixie in all seasons. The average value of BBC was 27. 60(±6. 08)mg/m3and 21. 32 (±2. 34) mg/m3 respectively. The seasonal and spatial distribution is discussed in relation to environmental factors as well as upwelling phenomena. The role of bacteria in the flow of material and energy in the upwelling ecosystem is emphasized. | Zheng Tianling, Cai Lizhe and Jiang Xianquan Environmental Science Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China Department of Oceanography, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China | 1993 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica1993，12，2： | 14 |
| 13 | Molecular phylogenetic relationships of China Seas groupers based on cytochrome b gene fragment sequences显示文摘The classification and evolutionary relationships are important issues in the study of the groupers. Cytochrome b gene fragment of twenty-eight grouper species within six genera of subfamily Epinephelinae was amplified using PCR techniques and the sequences were analyzed to derive the phylogenetic relationships of the groupers from the China Seas. Genetic information indexes, including Kimura-2 parameter genetic distance and Ts/Tv ratios, were generated by using a variety of biology softwares. With Niphon spinosus, Pagrus major and Pagrus auriga as the designated outgroups, phylogenetic trees, which invoke additional homologous sequences of other Epinephelus fishes from GenBank, were constructed based on the neighbor-joining (NJ), maximum-parsimony (MP), maximum-likelihood (ML) and minimum-evolution (ME) methods. Several conclusions were drawn from the DNA sequences analysis: (1) genus Plectropomus, which was early diverged, is the most primitive group in the subfamily Epinephelinae; (2) genus Variola is more closely related to genus Cephalopolis than the other four genera; (3) genus Cephalopolis is a monophyletic group and more primitive than genus Epinephelus; (4) Promicrops lanceolatus and Cromileptes altivelis should be included in genus Epinephelus; (5) there exist two sister groups in genus Epinephelus. | DING Shaoxiong, ZHUANG Xuan, GUO Feng, WANG Jun, SU Yongquan, ZHANG Qiyong & LI Qifu Department of Oceanography and Institute of Subtropical Oceanography, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China Department of Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China | 2006 | Science China(Life Sciences)2006，49，3： | 14 |
| 14 | Enrichment mechanisms of rare earth elements in marine hydrogenic ferromanganese crusts显示文摘A series of selective extraction experiments were conducted on marine hydrogenic ferromanganese crusts from the seamount near the Line Island to investigate the distribution of rare earth elements(REEs) and the mechanisms of combination between REEs and the hydrogenic ferromanganese crusts.The enrichment of REEs in hydrogenic ferromanganese crusts is attributed mainly to the mineral or oxide/hydroxide of the crust rather than the growth environment.The REEs are present mainly in amorphous ferric oxide/hydroxide rather than in δ-MnO2.Amorphous ferric oxide/hydroxide preferentially combines free REE3+,while δ-MnO2 combines the REE-carbonate complexes in modern seawater.The REEs in seawater are combined more strongly with amorphous ferric oxide/hydroxides than with δ-MnO2.The positive Ce anomaly in hydrogenic ferromanganese crusts results from the oxidation of soluble Ce3+ to insoluble Ce4+ by the actively soluble oxygen of the bottom current rather than by the oxidation of δ-MnO2. | JIANG XueJun1,2,LIN XueHui1,2,YAO De3,4 & GUO WeiDong5 1 Key Laboratory of Marine Oil and Gas Resources and Marine Environment,Ministry of Land and Resources,Qingdao 266071,China 2 Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology,China Geological Survey,Qingdao 266071,China 3 Institute of Resources and Environment,Shandong University of Technology,Zibo 255049,China 4 Institute of Oceanology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Qingdao 266071,China 5 Department of Oceanography,Xiamen University,Xiamen 361005,China | 2011 | Science China Earth Sciences2011，54，2： | 14 |
| 15 | Meso-scale circulation at the intermediate-depth east of Mindanao observed by Argo profiling floats显示文摘The meso-scale circulation at the intermediate depth east of Mindanao is studied using Argo profiling floats observations. The trajectories and the parking-depth velocities of Argo floats show that the intermediate-depth circulation east of Mindanao contains significant meso-scale features that are highly variable both in space and in time. Both cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies at the intermediate depth (1000–2000 m) are indicated by the trajectories east of Mindanao. The mean tangential velocities of these eddies are about 10 cm/s at 2000 m and over 20 cm/s at 1000 m, which indicates that the geostrophic calculation may contain large errors due to the vigorous eddy activity at the reference levels. The analyses also suggest that these eddies might play an important role in mass and vorticity balances of the intermediate-depth circulation east of Mindanao. | ZHOU Hui1, YUAN DongLiang1, GUO PeiFang2, SHI MaoChong2 & ZHANG QiLong 1 Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Wave Studies, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China 2 Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China | 2010 | Science China Earth Sciences2010，53，3： | 12 |
| 16 | Structural deformation and fault activity of the Tan-Lu Fault zone in the Bohai Sea since the late Pleistocene显示文摘The Tan-Lu Fault zone (TLFZ) is a significant fractural zone in eastern China and also a seismicity belt in North China. Based on total 4000-km-long shallow penetrated single seismic data with high-resolution, structural deformation and fault activity of the TLFZ in the Bohai Sea since the late Pleistocene are discussed in detail. The results show that the TLFZ with a discontinuous distribution and a general NNE-trending consists of 14 active subfaults with an NNE or NE strike in the Bohai Sea. Seismic data reveal that deformation zones along the subfaults in the central Bohai Sea and the Laizhou Bay are wider and more complex than those in the Liaodong Gulf. Related folds and lots of secondary normal faults which are characterized by nearly vertical fault planes and a same or reverse dip construct the fractural zone in the Laizhou Bay and the central Bohai Sea. Usually, micro sym-metrical grabens develop on the top of anticlines. In the Liaodong Gulf, subfault fractural zones usually consist of secondary normal faults with the same inclination or opposite inclination. Ages of seismic sequences and cutting relation between subfaults and seismic sequences suggest that the latest faulting age of the TLFZ is the end of the late Pleistocene in the Liaodong Gulf and the early Holocene in the Laizhou Bay and the central Bohai Sea. There is a good match between distribution of earthquakes and that of the subfaults in the Laizhou Bay and the central Bohai. Statistical result shows that total vertical offset of the TLFZ since the late Pleistocene ranges from 6 to 11 m. On the basis of offsets of the subfaults, the vertical slip rate is calculated and results show that average vertical slip rates in the central Bohai Sea are larger than those in the Liaodong Gulf and the Laizhou Bay. Slip rates more than 0.06 mm/a during 23-10 ka B.P. and 85-65 ka B.P. are larger than those in other stages. The TLFZ was mainly dominated by tensional normal component since the late Pleistocene. Synthesizing shallow deformation, activity and distribution of earthquakes, the TLFZ in the Bohai Sea can be divided into three segments: the Laizhou-Bay segment, the Bozhong segment, and the Liaodong-Gulf segment. | LI XiShuang1,2,ZHAO YueXia1,2,LIU BaoHua1,2,LIU ChenGuang1,2,PEI YanLiang1,2,HAN GuoZhong1,2 & HUA QingFeng1,2 1Key Laboratory of Marine Sedimentology & Environmental Geology,State Oceanic Administration,Qingdao 266061,China 2First Institute of Oceanography,State Oceanic Administration,Qingdao 266061,China | 2010 | Chinese Science Bulletin2010，55，18： | 12 |
| 17 | Characteristics of pCO_(2) in surface water of the Bering Abyssal Plain and their effects on carbon cycle in the western Arctic Ocean显示文摘Characteristics of the pCO2 distribution in surface water of the Bering Abyssal Plain and their relationships with the ambient hydrological conditions were discussed using variations of the partial pressure of CO2 in surface water of the Bering Abyssal Plain and the Chukchi Sea. Data in this study are from a field investigation during the First Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition in 1999. Compared to the high productivity in the Bering Continental Shelf, much lower levels of chlorophyll a were observed in the Bering Abyssal Plain. The effect of hydrological factors on the pCO2 distribution in surface seawater of the Plain in summer has become a major driving force and dominated over biological factors. The Plain also presents a High Nutrient Low Chlorophyll (HNLC). In addition, the pCO2 distribution in the Bering Abyssal Plain has also been found to be influenced from the Bering Slope Current which would transform to the Anadyr Cur- rent when it inflows northwestward over the Plain. The Anadyr Current would bring a high nutrient water to the western Arctic Ocean where local nutrients are almost depleted in the surface water during the summer time. Resupplying nutrients would stimulate the growth of phytoplankton and enhance capacity of absorbing atmospheric CO2 in the surface water. Otherwise, in the Bering Sea the dissolved inorganic carbon brought from freshwater are not deposited down to the deep sea water but most of them would be transported into the western Arctic Ocean by the Alaska Coastal Current to form a carbon sink there. Therefore, the two carbon sinks in the western Arctic Ocean, one carried by the Anadyr Current and another by the Alaska Costal Current, will impli- cate the western Arctic Ocean in global change. | CHEN Liqi1,2,GAO Zhongyong1,3,WANG Weiqiang3 & YANG Xulin1,3 1.Key Lab of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry,State Oceanic Administration,Xiamen 361005,China 2.Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration,Beijing 100860,China 3.Third Institute of Oceanography,State Oceanic Administration,Xiamen 361005,China Correspondence should be addressed to Chen Liqi(email: Lqchen@soa.gov.cn) | 2004 | Science China Earth Sciences2004，47，11： | 11 |
| 18 | Optimum segmentation of simple objects in high-resolution remote sensing imagery in coastal areas显示文摘The optimum segmentation of ground objects in a landscape is essential for interpretation of high-resolution remotely sensed imagery and detection of objects; and it is also a technical foundation to efficiently use spatial information in remote sensing imagery. Landscapes are complex system composed of a large number of heterogeneous components. There are many explicit homogeneous image objects that have similar spectral character and yet differ from surrounding objects in high-resolution remote sensing imagery. Thereby, a new concept of Distinctive Feature of fractal is put forward and used in deriving Distinctive Feature curve of fractal evolution in multiscale segmentation. Through distinguishing the extremum condition of Distinctive Feature curve and the inclusion relationship of fractals in multiscale representation the Scalar Order is built. This can help to determinate the optimum scale in image segmentation for simple-objects, and the potential meaningful image-object fitting the intrinsic scale of the dominant landscape object can be obtained. Based on the application in high-resolution remote sensing imagery in coastal areas, a satisfactory result was acquired. | CHEN Jianyu1,2, PAN Delu1 & MAO Zhihua1 1. State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Admini- stration, Hangzhou 310012, China 2. Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200083, China | 2006 | Science China Earth Sciences2006，49，11： | 11 |
| 19 | Warming in Arctic intermediate and deep waters around Chukchi Plateau and its adjacent regions in 1999显示文摘Based on the data measured during Arctic scientific expedition of China in 1999, the characteristics of temperature and salinity distributions around the Chukchi Plateau and its ad-jacent regions have been studied. It was found that the intermediate water with temperature higher than 0.5℃ existed in all parts of a 640 km section with a maximum temperature of 0.85℃ indicating a strong signal of the warming in Arctic Intermediate Water in 1999. Two important phenomena are described in this paper. First, the temperature of warm water was horizontally nonuniform. In the area of Chukchi Plateau, the temperature was higher, the layer of warm water was thicker and the depth of the warm water core was shallower than those in the area of con-tinental slope. The horizontal nonuniformity of the temperature distribution of warming water im-plies that the upward heat flux should also be nonuniform, thus exerting different effects on sea ice thickness, ice extent, and air-sea heat exchange. The mechanism to generate higher tem-perature in the plateau region was the bypassing of current around the plateau area caused by the special local topography, which restricted water exchange across the plateau and conserved heat in the water body. Second, the deep water down to 1400 m was also warming with a tem-perature increase of 0.2℃. The warming in deep water reflects the occurrence of complicated heat redistribution processes in the intermediate water, which altered the thermal structure in the upper 1400 m. The warming data embody the obvious impact of global climate change on the Arctic Ocean and further studies are wanted. | ZHAO Jinping1, GAO Guoping2 & JIAO Yutian1 1. First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China 2. Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China | 2005 | Science China Earth Sciences2005，48，8： | 10 |
| 20 | Improved form of wind wave frequency spectrum显示文摘The lower frequency part of the theoretical wind wave spectrum proposed by the authors (Wen et al. , 1988a, b,c) has been improved and the form of spectrum is appreciably simplified. In addition to the field data collected in the Bohai Sea region and used in the previous papers, those obtained in the Huanghai Sea, the East China Sea and the South China Sea have been employed so that the improved spectra can be verified on a more extensive observational basis. Computed results agree with the observations well. Further comparisons have been made between the proposed spectra and the JONSWAP spectrum. Though the two types of spectrum are close to each other in form, the former shows, as a whole, better agreement with the observation than the latter. By introducing an improved relation between the peak-ness factor and significant wave steepness, the spectrum contains only significant wave height and period as parameters. For spectra given in this form, the computed peak frequencies coincide approximately | Wen Shengchang (S. C. Wen ), Zhang Dacuo, Guo Peifang, Wang Wei, Chen Bohai and Tai Weitao Institute of Physical Oceanography, Ocean University of Qingdao, China | 1989 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica1989，8，4： | 10 |
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