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| 1 | 钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白-2抑制剂或胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂治疗成人2型糖尿病:临床实践指南显示文摘临床问题对于存在不同心血管风险及肾脏结局的2型糖尿病患者,在原有生活方式干预和/或其他降糖药物的基础上加用钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白2(SGLT-2)抑制剂和胰高血糖素样肽1(GLP-1)受体激动剂的获益及风险是什么?现行做法几十年来,2型糖尿病的治疗决策都以控制血糖为主导。SGLT-2抑制剂和GLP-1受体激动剂在传统观念中常被用于二甲双胍治疗后血糖仍控制不佳的患者。目前这一现状已经发生了改变,这得益于多项临床研究结果。研究显示SGLT-2抑制剂和GLP-1受体激动剂拥有独立于药物降糖作用之外的对于动脉粥样硬化性心血管病(CVD)和慢性肾脏病(CKD)的获益。建议本指南阐述了针对不同风险分层的成人2型糖尿病患者使用SGLT-2抑制剂或GLP-1受体激动剂的建议。•伴有3种或更少的心血管风险因素且不存在CVD或CKD:不建议启动SGLT-2抑制剂或GLP-1受体激动剂治疗。(推荐等级:弱)•伴有3种以上心血管风险因素且不存在CVD或CKD:建议启动SGLT-2抑制剂治疗,不建议启动GLP-1受体激动剂治疗。(推荐等级:弱)•已经存在CVD或CKD:建议启动SGLT-2抑制剂治疗和GLP-1受体激动剂治疗。(推荐等级:弱)•已经存在CVD和CKD:建议启动SGLT-2抑制剂治疗(推荐等级:强)和GLP-1受体激动剂治疗。(推荐等级:弱)•对于那些想要进一步降低CVD和CKD结局风险的患者:推荐优先启用SGLT-2抑制剂治疗而非GLP-1受体激动剂治疗。(推荐等级:弱)这项指南是如何制订的一个由患者、临床医生和方法学家共同组成的国际小组提出了这些推荐意见。这些推荐意见基于可信度较高的指南的标准,并使用GRADE分级方法进行评估。该小组采用了息者个体化的观点。证据一项关于获益与风险的系统综述和网络meta分析(764项随机对照研究,包括421346例参与者)发现SGLT-2抑制剂和GLP-1受体激动剂可以降低总体死亡率、心肌梗死发生率、终末期肾病或肾衰竭的发生率(中等至高等质量的证据)。在不同的亚组中这些药物对卒中、因心力衰竭所致住院和其他主要不良事件有不同的影响。药物绝对获益的程度因患者个体风险的不同有很大的差异。(例如,对于接受了超过5年药物治疗的1000例患者,在最低风险人群中死亡人数减少了5人,在最高风险人群中死亡人数减少了48人)。一项关于预后的综述确认了14种风险预测模型,其中一种(RECODe)在证据总结中报告了大部分基线风险评估数据,小组利用该模型以支持风险分层的建议。考虑到患者的价值观及个体差异,指南推荐的支撑证据包括一项对已发表论文的系统综述、一项患者焦点小组研究、一项临床问题总结,以及一项指南调查。指南解读我们依据不同的CVD和CKD风险水平,综合考虑获益、风险和其他因素的平衡,以及每一个风险组别的实际问题,来对推荐意见进行分层。本指南强烈建议CVD和CKD患者使用SGLT-2抑制剂治疗,这说明专家组认为其具有显著的获益。而对于其他成人2型糖尿病患者,推荐等级较弱,这说明专家组想要在获益、风险及治疗花费上取得一个更好的平衡。临床医生通过该指南可以使用可靠的风险计算模型,如RECODe,来明确其患者的个体心血管和肾脏疾病风险。医患交互式总结临床证据和制订决策有助于患者知晓治疗选择,包括进行共同决策。2型糖尿病人群(全球患病率不断增长1-2)正面临着不断增加的心血管疾病、肾脏病和其他并发症的风险3。数十年来,2型糖尿病的管理始终以控制血糖及糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)为治疗目标4-5,但是,最近的高质量随机对照研究已经对这种以血糖为中心的治疗模式发起了挑战。研究结果显示,强化血糖控制未必会降低大血管不良事件,它还可能带来不利影响监管机构现在要求新型糖尿病药物必须证明其具有心血管和肾脏获益才能获得批准。对两类新药--钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白2(SGLT-2)抑制剂和胰高血糖素样肽1(GLP-1)受体激动剂(见框图1)的临床试验结果显示,在现有治疗方案(常规治疗)之上加用这些药物,对死亡、心肌梗死、卒中、心力衰竭和肾脏的结局(如进展为终末期肾病)都有获益8-12。 | Sheyu Li Per Olav Vandvik Lyubov Lytvyn Gordon H Guyatt Suetonia C Palmer Rene Rodriguez-Gutierrez Farid Foroutan Thomas Agoritsas Reed A C Siemieniuk Michael Walsh Lawrie Frere David J Tunnicliffe Evi V Nagler Veena Manja Bjφrn Olav Asvold Vivekanand Jha Mieke Vermandere Karim Gariani Qian Zhao Yan Ren Emma Jane Cartwright Patrick Gee Alan Wickes Linda Fems Robin Wright Ling Li Qiukui Hao Reem A Mustafa 无 郭鹤鸣(译) | 2021 | 英国医学杂志中文版2021，24，9： | 7 |
| 2 | 直肠癌术后低位前切除综合征的发生率及其对生活质量的影响:一项基于人群的研究显示文摘背景:据报道,直肠癌术后严重的低位前切除综合征(low anterior resection syndrome, LARS)的发生率为17.8%~56.0%,但来自高质量研究的数据较少。本项研究的目的是在一个大型的、明确的、基于人群的队列研究中,确定LARS的发生率及其与患者生活质量(quality of life,Qo L)的关系。方法:这是一项基于人群的队列研究,纳入了2007年至2013年在瑞典斯德哥尔摩市所有接受直肠系膜全部或部分切除的直肠癌根治术的患者。 | 佟伟华(评论) PIENIOWSKI E H A NORDENVALL C PALMER G | 2020 | 结直肠肛门外科2020，26，4： | 5 |
| 3 | A Faraday current sensor using a novel multi-optic-loop sensing element 显示文摘 | NING Y N WANG Z P PALMER A W | 1995 | Meas Sci & Technol1995，6，： | 2 |
| 4 | Physiological effects of amyloid precursor protein and its derivatives on neural stem cell biology and signaling pathways involved显示文摘The pathological implication of amyloid precursor protein(APP)in Alzheimer’s disease has been widely documented due to its involvement in the generation of amyloid-β peptide.However,the physiological functions of APP are still poorly understood.APP is considered a multimodal protein due to its role in a wide variety of processes,both in the embryo and in the adult brain.Specifically,APP seems to play a key role in the proliferation,differentiation and maturation of neural stem cells.In addition,APP can be processed through two canonical processing pathways,generating different functionally active fragments:soluble APP-α,soluble APP-β,amyloid-β peptide and the APP intracellular C-terminal domain.These fragments also appear to modulate various functions in neural stem cells,including the processes of proliferation,neurogenesis,gliogenesis or cell death.However,the molecular mechanisms involved in these effects are still unclear.In this review,we summarize the physiological functions of APP and its main proteolytic derivatives in neural stem cells,as well as the possible signaling pathways that could be implicated in these effects.The knowledge of these functions and signaling pathways involved in the onset or during the development of Alzheimer’s disease is essential to advance the understanding of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease,and in the search for potential therapeutic targets. | Raquel Coronel Charlotte Palmer Adela Bernabeu-Zornoza María Monteagudo Andreea Rosca Alberto Zambrano Isabel Liste | 2019 | Neural Regeneration Research2019，14，10： | 2 |
| 5 | Vascular niche for adult hippocampal neurogenesis显示文摘 | Palmer T D Willhoite A R Gage F H | 2000 | J Comp Neurol2000，425，4： | 1 |
| 6 | Large-scale asymmetric synthesis of the 3,6,7,8-tetrahydrochromeno imidazole BYK 405879 : a promising candidate for the treatment of acid-related diseases显示文摘 | PALMER A M WEBEL M SCHEUFLER C | 2008 | Org Process Res Dev2008，12，6： | 1 |
| 7 | Rheology and microrheology of semiflexible polymer solutions: actin filament networks 显示文摘 | Xu J Palmer A Wirtz D | 1998 | Macromolecules1998，31，19： | 1 |
| 8 | Species diversity on-hances ecosystem functioning through interspecific facilitation 显示文摘 | Cardinale B J Palmer M A Collins S L | 2002 | Nature2002，415，6870： | 1 |
| 9 | Simulation and optimization of diode and insulated gate bipolar transistor interaction in a chopper cell using Matlab and Simulink 显示文摘 | Bryant A T Palmer P R | 2007 | IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications2007，43，： | 1 |
| 10 | MR imaging of sports-related groin pain 显示文摘 | Nelson EN Kassarjian A Palmer WE | 2005 | Magn Reson hnaging Clin N Am2005，13，： | 1 |
| 11 | Development of a European Muhimodel Ensemble System for Seasonal - to - interannual Prediction 显示文摘 | Palmer T N Alessandri A Andersen U | 2004 | American Meteorological Society2004，，6： | 1 |
| 12 | An analysis of high-power IGBT switching under cascadeactive voltage control 显示文摘 | WANG Y PALMER P R BRYANT A T | 2009 | IEEE Transactions on In- dustry Applications2009，45，2： | 1 |
| 13 | Enhanced repair of the anterior cruciate ligament by in situ gene transfer:evaluation in an in vitro model显示文摘 | Pascher A steinert AF Palmer GD | 2004 | Mol Ther2004，10，2： | 1 |
| 14 | The relative significance of factors influencing and/or associated with beef tenderness 显示文摘 | Alsmeyer R H Palmer A Z Koger M | 1959 | Processing Meat Industry Research Conference1959，11，： | 1 |
| 15 | Insulin- stimulated fatty acid synthase gene expression does not require increased sterol response element binding protein 1 transcription in primary adipoeytes显示文摘 | PALMER D G RUTTER G A TAVARE J M | 2002 | Biochem Bio- ph Res Commun2002，291，3： | 1 |
| 16 | Ancillary Benefits ofReduced Air Pollution in the US from Moderate Greenhouse GasMitigation Policies in the Electricity Sector 显示文摘 | BurtrawD Krupnick A Palmer K | 2003 | EnvironmentalEconomics and Managemen2003，45，3： | 1 |
| 17 | MR imaging ofthe rotator cuff 显示文摘 | Kassarjian A Bencardino JT Palmer WE | 2006 | Radiol Clin North Am2006，44，4： | 1 |
| 18 | Understanding the cogni- tive impact on children who are treated for Medulloblastoma显示文摘 | Palmer SL Reddick WE Gajjar A | 2007 | J Pediatr Psycho/2007，32，9： | 1 |
| 19 | High invertase activity in tomato reproductive organs correlates with enhanced sucrose import into, and heat tolerance of, young fruit 显示文摘 | Li Z Palmer W M Martin A P | 2012 | Joumal of Experimental Botany2012，63，3： | 1 |
| 20 | Environmental regulation and in- novation: a panel data study 显示文摘 | Jaffe A B Palmer J K | 1997 | Review of Economics and Statistics1997，79，4： | 1 |
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