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| 1 | Silvicultural alternatives to conventional even-aged forest man-agement-what limits global adoption?显示文摘Background: The development of forestry as a scientific and management discipline over the last two centuries has mainly emphasized intensive management operations focused on increased commodity production, mostly wood. This 'conventional' forest management approach has typically favored production of even-aged, single-species stands. While alternative management regimes have generally received less attention, this has been changing over the last three decades, especially in countries with developed economies. Reasons for this change include a combination of new information and concerns about the ecological consequences of intensive forestry practices and a willingness on the part of many forest owners and society to embrace a wider set of management objectives. Alternative silvicultural approaches are characterized by a set of fundamental principles, including avoidance of clearcutting, an emphasis on structural diversity and small-scale variability, deployment of mixed species with natural regeneration,and avoidance of intensive site-preparation methods.Methods: Our compilation of the authors' experiences and perspectives from various parts of the world aims to initiate a larger discussion concerning the constraints to and the potential of adopting alternative silvicultural practices.Results: The results suggest that a wider adoption of alternative silvicultural practices is currently hindered by a suite of ecological, economic, logistical, informational, cultural, and historical constraints. Individual contexts display their own unique combinations and relative significance of these constraints, and accordingly, targeted efforts, such as regulations and incentives, may help to overcome specific challenges.Conclusions: In a broader context, we propose that less emphases on strict applications of principles and on stand structures might provide additional flexibility and facilitate the adoption of alternative silvicultural regimes in a broader set of circumstances. At the same time, the acceptance of alternative silvicultural systems as the 'preferred or default mode of management' wil necessitate and benefit from the continued development of the scientific basis and valuation of a variety of ecosystem goods and services. This publication is aimed to further the discussion in this context. | Klaus J Puettmann Scott McG Wilson Susan C Baker Pablo J Donoso Lars Dr?ssler Girma Amente Brian D Harvey Thomas Knoke Yuanchang Lu Susanna Nocentini Francis E Putz Toshiya Yoshida Jürgen Bauhus | 2015 | Forest Ecosystems2015，2，2： | 4 |
| 2 | Removal of nonbiodegradable chemicals fi'om mixtures during granular activated carbon bioregeneration 显示文摘 | Putz A R H Losh D E Speitel G E | 2005 | Journal of Environmental Engineering2005，131，： | 1 |
| 3 | Orirntation of MOMS-O2/D2 and MOMS-2P/PRIRODA 显示文摘 | Koryus W Ohlhof T Putz E | 1999 | ISPRS Journal of Photogramnetry and Remote Sensing1999，54，： | 1 |
| 4 | Buried seeds,newly dispersed seeds,and the dynamics of a lowland forest in Malaysia显示文摘 | PUTZ F E APPANAH B | 1987 | Biotropica1987，19，： | 1 |
| 5 | Orientation of MOMS-O2/D2 and MOMS-2P/PRIRODA显示文摘 | Ebner H Koryus W Ohlhof T Putz E | 1999 | ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing1999，54，： | 1 |
| 6 | The natural history of lianas on Barro Colorado Island Panama显示文摘 | Putz F E | 1984 | Ecology1984，65，： | 1 |
| 7 | 显示文摘 | Putz M V Russo N Siclia E | 2004 | J Comput Chem2004，25，： | 1 |
| 8 | Uhrastructure of the vitreoretinal interface following plasmin assisted vitrectomy 显示文摘 | Gandorfer A Putz E Welge-Lussen U | 2001 | Br J Ophthalmol2001，85，1： | 1 |
| 9 | 显示文摘 | Putz M V Russo N Sicilia E | 2004 | Journal of Computational Chemical2004，25，7： | 1 |
| 10 | Treefall pits and mounds,buried seeds,and the importance of soil disturbance to pioneer trees on Barro Colorado Island,Panama显示文摘 | Putz F E | 1983 | Ecology1983，64，5： | 1 |
| 11 | Soluble CPG15 expressed during early development rescues cortical progenitors from apoptosis显示文摘 | Putz U Harwell C Nedivi E | | 0，，03： | 1 |
| 12 | Natural disturbance and gap-phase re- generation in a wind- exposed tropical lower mountain rain forest 显示文摘 | Lawton R O Putz F E | 1988 | Ecology1988，，69： | 1 |
| 13 | Soluble CPG15 expressed during early development rescues cortical progenitors from apoptosis 显示文摘 | Putz U Harwell C Nedivi E | 2005 | Nat Neurosci2005，8，3： | 1 |
| 14 | On the applicability of the HSAB principle through the use of improved computational schemes for chemical hardness evaluation显示文摘 | PUTZ M V RUSSO N SICILIA E | 2004 | J Comput Chem2004，25，7： | 1 |
| 15 | Orimtation of MOMS-O2/D2 and MOMS-2P/PRIRODA显示文摘 | Koryus W O hlhof T Putz E | 1999 | ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing1999，54，： | 1 |
| 16 | Natural disturbance and gap-phase regeneration in a wind-exposed tropical cloud forest 显示文摘 | Lawton L R Putz F E | 1988 | Ecology1988，69，3： | 1 |
| 17 | Soluble CPG15 expressed during early development rescues cortical progenitors from apoptosis显示文摘 | PUTZ U HARWELL C NEDIVI E | 2005 | Nat Neurosci2005，8，3： | 1 |
| 18 | Duodeno-gastric-esopha geal reflux-what is pathologic Comparison of patients with Barrett's esophagus and agematched volunteers显示文摘 | Wolfgarten E Putz B Heelscher AH | 2007 | J Gastrointest Surg2007，11，4： | 1 |
| 19 | Ultrastructure of the vttreorettnal interface following plasmin assisted vitrectomy 显示文摘 | Gandorfer A Putz E Welge-Lussen U | 2001 | Br J Ophthalmol2001，85，1： | 1 |
| 20 | Uprooting and snapping of trees: structural determinants and ecological consequences 显示文摘 | Putz F E Coley P D Lu K | 1983 | Canadian Journal of Forest Research1983，13，5： | 1 |
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