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| 1 | Fluid balance concepts in medicine:Principles and practice显示文摘The regulation of body fluid balance is a key concern in health and disease and comprises three concepts. The first concept pertains to the relationship between total body water(TBW) and total effective solute and is expressed in terms of the tonicity of the body fluids. Disturbances in tonicity are the main factor responsible for changes in cell volume, which can critically affect brain cell function and survival. Solutes distributed almost exclusively in the extracellular compartment(mainly sodium salts) and in the intracellular compartment(mainly potassium salts) contribute to tonicity, while solutes distributed in TBW have no effect on tonicity. The second body fluid balance concept relates to the regulation and measurement of abnormalities of sodium salt balance and extracellular volume. Estimation of extracellular volume is more complex and error prone than measurement of TBW. A key function of extracellular volume, which is defined as the effective arterial blood volume(EABV), is to ensure adequate perfusion of cells and organs. Other factors, including cardiac output, total and regional capacity of both arteries and veins, Starling forces in the capillaries, and gravity also affect the EABV. Collectively, these factors interact closely with extracellular volume and some of them undergo substantial changes in certain acute and chronic severe illnesses. Their changes result not only in extracellular volume expansion, but in the need for a larger extracellular volume compared with that of healthy individuals. Assessing extracellular volume in severe illness is challenging because the estimates of this volume by commonly used methods are prone to large errors in many illnesses. In addition, the optimal extracellular volume may vary from illness to illness, is only partially based on volume measurements by traditional methods, and has not been determined for each illness. Further research is needed to determine optimal extracellular volume levels in several illnesses. For these reasons, extracellular volume in severe illness merits a separate third concept of body fluid balance. | Maria-Eleni Roumelioti Robert H Glew Zeid J Khitan Helbert Rondon-Berrios Christos P Argyropoulos Deepak Malhotra Dominic S Raj Emmanuel I Agaba Mark Rohrscheib Glen H Murata Joseph I Shapiro Antonios H Tzamaloukas | 2018 | World Journal of Nephrology2018，7，1： | 3 |
| 2 | The effect of section of the medial collateral ligament on force generated in the anterior cruciate ligament 显示文摘 | Shapiro M S Markolf K L Finerman G A M Mitchell P W | 1991 | Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery1991，72，： | 1 |
| 3 | Adaptation of HIV-1to human leukocyte antigen class I显示文摘 | Kawashima Y Pfafferott K Frater J Matthews P Payne R Addo M Gatanaga H Fujiwara M Hachiya A Koizumi H Kuse N Oka S Duda A Prendergast A Crawford H Leslie A Brumme Z Brumme C Allen T Brander C Kaslow R Tang J Hunter E Allen S Mulenga J Branch S Roach T John M Mallal S Ogwu A Shapiro R Prado J G Fidler S Weber J Pybus O G Klenerman P Ndung'u T Phillips R Heckerman D Harrigan P R Walker B D Takiguchi M Goulder P | 2009 | Nature2009，458，7238： | 1 |
| 4 | Genetic and experimental evidence for cross -species infection by swine hepatitis E virus显示文摘 | Meng X J Halbur P G Shapiro M S | 1998 | J Virol1998，72，： | 1 |
| 5 | The physcomitrella genome reveals evolutionary insights into the conquest of land by plants 显示文摘 | Rensing S A Lang D Zimmer A D Terry A Salamov A Shapiro H Nishiyama T Perroud P F Lindquist E A Kamisugi Y | 2008 | Science2008，319，5859： | 1 |
| 6 | Effects of an immunostimulating agent on acute exacerbations and hospitalizations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease显示文摘 | Collet JP Shapiro S Ernst P | 1997 | Am J Respir Crit Care Med1997，156，： | 1 |
| 7 | Genome, transcriptome, and secretome analysis of wood decay fungus Postia placenta supports unique mechanisms of lignocellulose conversion 显示文摘 | Martinez D Challacombe J Morgenstern 1 Hibbett D Schmoll M Kubicek CP Ferreira P Ruiz-Duenas FJ Martinez AT Kersten P Hammel KE Wymelenberg AV Gaskell J Lindquist E Sabat G BonDurant SS Larrondo LF Canessa P Vicuna R Yadav J Doddapaneni H Subramanian V Pisabarro AG Lavin JL Oguiza JA Master E Henrissat B Coutinho PM Harris P Magnuson JK Baker SE Bruno K Kenealy W Hoegger PJ Kties U Ramaiya P kucas S Salamov A Shapiro H Tu H Chee CL Misra M Xie G Teter S Yaver D James T Mokrejs M Pospisek M Grigoriev IV Brettin T Rokhsar D Berka R Cullen D | 2009 | PNAS2009，106，6： | 1 |
| 8 | Elastic waves in thinly layered sediments:The equivalent medium and generalized O'Doherty-Anstey formulas显示文摘 | Shapiro S A Hurbal P | 1996 | Geophysics1996，61，5： | 1 |
| 9 | SARPs: a family of secreted apoptosis-related proteins 显示文摘 | Melkonyan H S Chang W C Shapiro J P | 1997 | Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1997，94，13： | 1 |
| 10 | Cdc2-mediated inhibition of epidermal growth factor activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway during mitosis 显示文摘 | Dangi S Shapiro P | 2005 | J Biol Chem2005，280，24： | 1 |
| 11 | Subjective andphysiologic measures of sleepiness in head injury patients显示文摘 | Chung S Sadeghniia K Hwang P Shapiro C | 2004 | Sleep2004，，： | 1 |
| 12 | Inhaled nitric oxide in acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pilot randomized controlled study 显示文摘 | Troncy E Collet J P Shapiro S | 1998 | Am J Respir Crit Care Med1998，157，51： | 1 |
| 13 | MMP12,lung function, and COPD in high risk populations 显示文摘 | Hunninghake G M Cho M H Tesfaigzi Y Soto - Quiros M E Avila L Lasky - Su J Stidley C Melen E Soderhall C Hallberg J Kull I KercJ Svartengren M Pershagen G Wickman M Lange C Demeo D L Hersh C P Klanderman B J Raby B A Sparrow D Shapiro S D Silverman E K Litonjua A A Weiss S T Celedon J C | 2009 | New England Journal of Medicine2009，361，27： | 1 |
| 14 | Paelitaxel-Induced Apoptosis and Mitotic Arrest Assessed by Serial Fine-Needle Aspiration : Implications for Early Prediction of Breast Cancer Response to Neoadjuvant Treatment 显示文摘 | SYMMANS W F VOLM M D SHAPIRO R L PERKINS A B KIM A Y DEMARIA S YEE H T MCMULLEN H ORATZ R KLEIN P FORMENTI S C MUGGIA F | 2000 | Clin Cancer Res2000，6，12： | 1 |
| 15 | Genetic and experimental evidence for cross-species infection by swine hepatitis E virus显示文摘 | MENG X J HALBUR P G SHAPIRO M S | 1998 | J Virol1998，72，12： | 1 |
| 16 | Agency Theory 显示文摘 | Shapiro S P | 2005 | Annual Review of Sciology2005，31，： | 1 |
| 17 | A two-temperature accretion disk model for cygnus X-l-structure and Spectrum显示文摘 | Shapiro S L Lightman A P Eardley D M | 1976 | ApJ1976，204，： | 1 |
| 18 | Genetic and experimental evidence for cross-species infection by swine hepatitis E virus显示文摘 | Meng X J Halbur P G Shapiro M S | 1998 | Virol1998，72，： | 1 |
| 19 | HDTrans: a low-overhead dynamic translator显示文摘 | Sridhar S Shapiro J S Bungale P P | 2007 | ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News2007，35，1： | 1 |
| 20 | A randomized, controlled trial of protocol-directed versus physician-directed weaning from mechanical ventilation 显示文摘 | Kollef M H Shapiro S D Silver P | 1997 | Crit Care Med1997，25，4： | 1 |
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