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| 1 | Diversity and ecological distribution of endophytic fungi associated with medicinal plants显示文摘A total of 973 isolates of endophytic fungi were recovered from 1144 tissue fragments of the six me-dicinal plant species belonging to 4 families collected in the Beijing Botanical Garden. Of these isolates 778 sporulated and were identified into 21 taxa by morphological characteristics. Among the taxa 11 belonged to Coelomycetes, 6 to Ascomycetes, and 4 to Hyphomycetes. Various numbers of endophytic fungi (5―8 taxa) were obtained from each plant. Alternaria alternata was the dominant species in the 6 plants, and Microsphaeropsis conielloides was also dominant in Eucommia ulmoides. There were high colonization rates (47.9%―63.1%) and isolation rates (0.7―0.93) of endophytic fungi, and they were conspicuously higher in twigs than those in leaves in the 6 plants examined. The colonization and isolation rates of endophytic fungi increased with the twig age. The results based on the analyses of cluster and Sorenson's similarity coefficients indicated that some endophytic fungi showed a certain degree of host and tissue preference. | SUN JianQiu1,2,3, GUO LiangDong1, ZANG Wei2,3, PING WenXiang4 & CHI DeFu3 1 Systematic Mycology and Lichenology Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China 2 College of Life Science and Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China 3 College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China 4 College of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China | 2008 | Science China(Life Sciences)2008，51，8： | 34 |
| 2 | DNA barcoding:species delimitation in tree peonies显示文摘Delimitations of species are crucial for correct and precise identification of taxa.Unfortunately 'spe-cies' is more a subjective than an objective concept in taxonomic practice due to difficulties in revealing patterns of infra-or inter-specific variations.Molecular phylogenetic studies at the population level solve this problem and lay a sound foundation for DNA barcoding.In this paper we exemplify the necessity of adopting a phylogenetic concept of species in DNA barcoding for tree peonies(Paeonia sect.Moutan).We used 40 samples representing all known populations of rare and endangered species and several populations of widely distributed tree peonies.All currently recognized species and major variants have been included in this study.Four chloroplast gene fragments,i.e.ndhF,rps16-trnQ,trnL-F and trnS-G(a total of 5040 characters,96 variable and 69 parsimony-informative characters) and one variable and single-copy nuclear GPAT gene fragment(2093?2197 bp,279 variable and 148 parsi-mony-informative characters) were used to construct phylogenetic relationships among the taxa.The evolutionary lineages revealed by the nuclear gene and the chloroplast genes are inconsistent with the current circumscriptions of P.decomposita,P.jishanensis,P.qiui,and P.rockii based on morphology.The inconsistencies come from(1) significant chloroplast gene divergence but little nuclear GPAT gene divergence among population systems of P.decomposita + P.rockii,and(2) well-diverged nuclear GPAT gene but little chloroplast gene divergence between P.jishanensis and P.qiui.The incongruence of the phylogenies based on the chloroplast genes and the nuclear GPAT gene is probably due to the chloro-plast capture event in evolutionary history,as no reproductive barriers exist to prevent inter-specific hybridization.We also evaluated the suitability of these genes for use as DNA barcodes for tree peonies.The variability of chloroplast genes among well-defined species or population systems of a species complex is 4.82 times the figure within the groups,and the GPAT gene is twice as variable between the groups as within the groups.The number of completely divergent sites is sufficient to mark the two subsections,the two species in subsection Delavayanae,and the well-divergent species in subsection Vaginatae.But the genes currently used either from the chloroplast genome or from the nuclear genome alone cannot correctly assign samples of P.decomposita,P.jishanensis,P.qiui,or P.rockii to the spe-cies as currently defined.We conclude that(1) DNA barcoding should be based on prior phylogenetic studies to understand the evolutionary lineages and how well the taxonomic species correspond to the lineages;(2) it is unlikely to find a single short fragment as a barcode for every plant and such a frag-ment could result in misidentification when a chloroplast capture event happened in the evolutionary history of plants like tree peonies;and(3) we suggest striving for a universal marker at the familial level and locally universal barcodes within a family instead of looking for a universal barcode for all plants. | ZHANG JinMei1,2,WANG JianXiu1,2,XIA Tao1,2 & ZHOU ShiLiang1 1State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany,Institute of Botany,the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100093,China 2Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100039,China | 2009 | Science China(Life Sciences)2009，52，6： | 22 |
| 3 | Vertebrate diversity of the Jehol Biota as compared with other lagersttten显示文摘In the last twenty years,the extraordinary discoveries of vertebrate fossils from the Jehol Biota not only have important impli-cations for studying the evolution of major Mesozoic vertebrate groups,their paleobiostratigraphy and paleoenvironmentology,but also provide critical evidence for understanding the biodiversity changes of the Early Cretaceous ecosystem.Currently,the Jehol Biota in a narrow sense(i.e.,distribution limited to western Liaoning,northern Hebei,and southeastern Inner Mongolia) comprises a vertebrate assemblage of at least 121 genera and 142 species.Among them are 13 genera and 15 species of mammals,33 genera and 39 species of birds,30 genera and 35 species of dinosaurs,17 genera and species of pterosaurs,5 genera and species of squamates,5 genera and 7 species of choristoderes,2 genera and species of turtles,8 genera and species of am-phibians,7 genera and 13 species of fishes as well as 1 genus and species of agnathan.All these known 121 genera are extinct forms,and only a small percentage of them(e.g.,agnathans,some fishes and amphibians) can be referred to extant families.The Jehol vertebrate diversity already exceeds that of the contemporaneous lagersttten such as Santana Fauna from Brazil and the Las Hoyas Fauna from Spain,and is nearly as great as that of the Jurassic Solnhofen Fauna and the Eocene Messel Fauna from Germany.Therefore,The Jehol Biota undoubtedly represents a world class lagerst?tte in terms of both fossil preservation and vertebrate diversity.The success of the Jehol vertebrate diversity had a complex biological,geological,and paleoenviron-mental background.Analysis of the habitat and diet of various vertebrate groups also indicates that the habitat and dietary dif-ferentiation had played a key role in the success of the taxonomic diversity of vertebrates of various ranks.Furthermore,the interactions among vertebrates,plants,and invertebrates as well as the competitions among various vertebrate groups and some key morphological innovations also contributed to the success of the Jehol vertebrate diversity. | ZHOU ZhongHe* & WANG Yuan Key Laboratory of Evolutionary Systematics,Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100044,China | 2010 | Science China Earth Sciences2010，53，12： | 14 |
| 4 | Contributions to a molecular phylogeny and systematics of Anemone and related genera (Ranunculaceae-Anemoninae)显示文摘Plastid atp B/ rbc L intergenic spacer sequences were obtained from 21 selected taxa and one hybrid of Anemoninae ( Anemone, Pulsatilla, Hepatica ) and compared with Ficaria (Ranunculinae) as an outgroup. From the resulting matrix (1226 bp) a single most parsimonious tree was obtained (Fig. 1). The branching of this tree is confirmed by many informative indels and appears largely congruent with past plastid restriction analyses. Several new taxa are added. The monophyly of the Anemoninae and their early split into two major clades is supported: clade I with the chromosome base number x=8, clade II with the reduced x=7. Clade I is made up of the basal Pulsatilla and the Rivularis + Vitifolia groups. The Multifida group links to the crown groups Coronaria, Blanda and Nemorosa. Clade II consists of the basal Dichotoma group, followed by Hepatica, and finally by the N. Hemisphere Narcissiflora and the S. Hemisphere Antucensis groups as sisters. The problems of the Anemoninae ancestry, phylogenetic differentiation, and recent attempts for systematic classification are critically discussed. In view of the still incomplete sampling of DNA data, a conservative and informal approach to classification problems is recommended. | Friedrich Ehrendorfer Rosabelle Samuel (Department of Higher Plant Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Botany, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria) | 2001 | 植物分类学报2001，39，4： | 5 |
| 5 | Polyphyly of the fern family Tectariaceae sensu Ching:Insights from cpDNA sequence data显示文摘Tectariaceae are a pantropical fern family of about 20 genera, among which 8 are distributed in China. The morphological distinctiveness of the family is widely recognized, yet relatively little systematic research has been conducted on members of Tectariaceae. Phylogenetic analyses of chloroplast DNA sequence data (rbcL and atpB) from 15 species representing all 8 genera in China were carried out under parsimony criteria and Bayesian inference. The phylogenetic reconstructions indicated that the fern family Tectariaceae as traditionally circumscribed are polyphyletic. Ctenitis, Dryopsis, Lastreopsis clustered with and should be included within the newly-defined Dryopteridaceae, and Pleocnemia is also tentatively assigned to it. A narrowly monophyletic Tectariaceae is identified, which includes Ctenitopsis, Hemigramma, Pteridrys, Quercifilix, and Tectaria. In the single rbcL analysis, Arthropteris clustered with the above-mentioned monophyletic Tectariaceae. Although further investigations are still needed to identify infrafamilial relationships within the monophyletic Tectariaceae and to redefine several problematic genera, we propose a working concept here that better reflects the inferred evolu- tionary history of this group. | LIU HongMei1,2, ZHANG XianChun1, CHEN ZhiDuan1, DONG ShiYong3 & QIU YinLong4 1 State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China 2 Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China 3 South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China 4 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA | 2007 | Science China(Life Sciences)2007，50，6： | 5 |
| 6 | New insights into the species problem显示文摘Historical opinions of the 'species problem' are briefly reviewed, and four salient stages are recognized according to origin of species concepts. We propose that species is the unit preserving superior gene assembly and is maintained by specific mechanisms. Based on characteristics of plant evolution, we assume that understanding plant species may include three stages, i.e. morphological recognition stage, multidisciplinary verification stage, and illuminating mechanisms preserving superior gene assembly. | YANG Yong1 & ZHOU ZheKun2 1State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China 2Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China | 2010 | Science China(Life Sciences)2010，53，8： | 4 |
| 7 | Cranial morphology of the Silurian sarcopterygian Guiyu oneiros (Gnathostomata:Osteichthyes)显示文摘Cranial morphological features of the stem-group sarcopterygian Guiyu oneiros Zhu et al.,2009 provided here include the dermal bone pattern and anatomical details of the ethmosphenoid.Based on those features,we restored,for the first time,the skull roof bone pattern in the Guiyu clade that comprises Psarolepis and Achoania.Comparisons with Onychodus,Achoania,coelacanths,and actinopterygians show that the posterior nostril enclosed by the preorbital or the preorbital process is shared by actinopterygians and sarcopterygians,and the lachrymals in sarcopterygians and actinopterygians are not homologous.The endocranium closely resembles that of Psarolepis,Achoania and Onychodus;however,the attachment area of the vomer possesses irregular ridges and grooves as in Youngolepis and Diabolepis.The orbito-nasal canal is positioned mesial to the nasal capsule as in Youngolepis and porolepiforms.The position of the hypophysial canal at the same level or slightly anterior to the ethmoid articulation represents a synapmorphy of the Guiyu clade.The large attachment area of the basicranial muscle indicates the presence of a well-developed intracranial joint in Guiyu. | QIAO Tuo1,2 & ZHU Min1* 1 Key Laboratory of Evolutionary Systematics of Vertebrates,Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100044,China 2 Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China | 2010 | Science China Earth Sciences2010，53，12： | 2 |
| 8 | Four new species and a new Chinese record of the nectrioid fungi显示文摘Four new species belonging to Bionectria, Calonectria, Haematonectria and Neonectria on plant substrates collected from nature reserves in southern and central China are described. Bionectria truncata has smooth perithecia of a flattened to shallow discoid apex, clavate asci with an apical ring, and ellipsoid, smooth to spinulose ascospores. Calonectria dicephalospora is characterized by pyriform perithecia with a warted surface, clavate asci with a simple apex and long, narrow stalk, and fusoid ascospores with a cap-like appendage at each end. Haematonectria lushanensis possesses warted perithecia which are laterally collapsing when dry, cylindrical asci with a simple apex, and ellipsoid, spinulose ascospores. Neonectria dinghushanica is distinguishable by subglobose perithecia with a warted surface, clavate asci, and striate ascospores. Morphological features of these new species are described comprehensively and compared with their related fungi. Neonectria castaneicola is recorded as new to China. | LUO Jing & ZHUANG WenYing Key Laboratory of Systematic Mycology and Lichenology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China | 2010 | Science China(Life Sciences)2010，53，8： | 2 |
| 9 | Partial strands synthesizing leads to inevitable aborting and complicated products in consecutive polymerase chain reactions (PCRs)显示文摘Various abnormal phenomena have been observed during PCR so far. The present study performed a series of consecutive PCRs (including many rounds of re-amplification continuously) and found that the abortion of re-amplification was inevitable as long as a variety of complicated product appeared. The aborting stages varied, according to the lengths of targets. Longer targets reached the abortion earlier than the shorter ones, marked by appearance of the complex that was immobile in electropho-resis. Denatured gel-electrophoresis revealed that the complex was mainly made up of shorter or partially synthesized strands, together with small amounts of full-length ones. Able to be digested by S1 nuclease but unable by restriction endonucleases (REs), the complex was proved to consist of both single regions and double-helix regions that kept the complex stable thermodynamically. Simulations gave evidence that partial strands, even at lower concentration, could disturb re-amplification effec- tively and lead to the abortion of re-amplifications finally. It was pointed out that the partial strands formed chiefly via polymerase’s infidelity, and hence the solution to lighten the abnormality was also proposed. | LUO Rui1,2 & ZHANG DaMing 1 State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China 2 Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049, China | 2007 | Science China(Life Sciences)2007，50，4： | 2 |
| 10 | Anatomic and functional results in 156 cases and are view of the literature 显示文摘 | Paris H Tropiano P Clouet D Fractures of the shaft of the humerus: systematic plate fixation | 2000 | Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot2000，86，4： | 1 |
| 11 | Make an Inventory of China's Biodiversity显示文摘The Convention on Biological Diversity, which entered into force in 1993, establishes three main goals: the conservation of biodiversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits from the use of genetic resources. However, the achievement of these objectives depends primarily on background knowledge of these components, including the names, morphological descriptions, origins, and environment and ecological settings of various species. In China, scientists have made enormous efforts at sharpening the understanding in this regard by identifying and cataloguing the species into monographs and databases. The following is a brief introduction to several examples of such magnificent efforts in this country. | Tao Ye and Huang Dawei from the CAS Institute of Zoology Jin Xiaohua,the CAS Institute of Botany GUO Liangdong,Key Laboratory of Systematic Mycology & Lichenology,Institute of Microbiology,CAS, Beijing 100101 Jin Xiaohua,the CAS Institute of Botany,Beijing | 2010 | Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences2010，24，4： | 1 |
| 12 | Terminology of simple symmetrical plane shapes显示文摘 | Systematics Association Committee for Descriptive Terminology 1962 | 1962 | Taxon1962，，： | 1 |
| 13 | Framework for solving geometric constraint analytically显示文摘 | Durand C Hoffmann C M Systematic A | 2000 | J Symbolic Compute2000，30，5： | 1 |
| 14 | 7 显示文摘 | Veloski J Boex JR GrasbergerMJ et aL Systematic review of the literature on assessment feedback and physicians' clinical performance: BEME GuideNo | 2006 | Med Teach2006，28，： | 1 |
| 15 | Systematic review of statins for the prevention of vascular dementia or dementia 显示文摘 | Muangpaisan W Brayne C Alzheimer's Society Vascular Dementia Systematic Review Group | 2010 | Geriatr Gerontal Int2010，1，2： | 1 |
| 16 | Stroke unite Trialists' collaboration显示文摘 | Collaborative systematic review of the randomized reials of organized inpatient (stroke unite)care after stroke | 1997 | BMJ1997，314，： | 1 |
| 17 | GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators 显示文摘 | GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collabrators Global reon- al and national age-sex specific all-cause and canse-specific mor- tality for 240 causes of death 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 | 2015 | Lancet2015，385，9963： | 1 |
| 18 | 显示文摘 | 洪德元 马黎明.? 蓝钟花属的系统学研究(J)Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 1991 (01) | 1991 | Journal of Systematics and Evolution1991，，01： | 1 |
| 19 | Scand 显示文摘 | Palsson M Hallberg IR Norberg A Burnout empathy and of coherence among Swedish District Nurses before and after systematic clinical supervision | 1996 | Caring Sci1996，10，： | 1 |
| 20 | Complications to thyroid surgery: results as reported in a database from a multicenter audit comprising 3,660 patients 显示文摘 | Diagnosis of recurrent a systematic review Jansson S Kristoffersson A | 2008 | Langenbecks Arch Surg2008，393，5： | 1 |
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