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| 1 | Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the rectum: An update and implications for treatment显示文摘AIM: To provide an update on the aetiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, staging and management of rectal squamous cell carcinoma(SCC).METHODS: A systematic review was conducted according to the preferred reporting items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. A comprehensive search of Ovid MEDLINE was performed with the reference list of selected articles reviewed to ensure all relevant publications were captured. The search strategy was limited to the English language, spanning from 1946 to 2015. A qualitative analysis was undertaken examining patient demographics, clinical presentation, diagnosis, staging, treatment and outcome. The quantitaive analysis was limited to data extracted on treatment and outcomes including radiological, clinical and pathological complete response where available. The narrative and quantitative review were synthesised in concert.RESULTS: The search identified 487 articles in total with 79 included in the qualitative review. The quantitative analysis involved 63 articles, consisting of 43 case reports and 20 case series with a total of 142 individual cases. The underlying pathogenesis of rectal SCC while unclear, continues to be defined, with increasing evidence of a metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence and a possible role for human papilloma virus in this progression. The presentation is similar to rectal adenocarcinoma, with a diagnosis confirmed by endoscopic biopsy. Many presumed rectal SCC's are in fact an extension of an anal SCC, and cytokeratin markers are a useful adjunct in this distinction. Staging is most accurately reflected by the tumour-nodemetastasis classification for rectal adenocarcinoma. It involves examining locoregional disease by way of magnetic resonance imaging and/or endorectal ultrasound, with systemic spread excluded by way of computed tomography. Positron emission tomography is integral in the workup to exclude an external siteof primary SCC with metastasis to the rectum. While the optimal treatment remains as yet undefined, recent studies have demonstrated a global shift away from surgery towards definitive chemoradiotherapy as primary treatment. Pooled overall survival was calculated to be 86% in patients managed with chemoradiation compared with 48% for those treated traditionally with surgery. Furthermore, local recurrence and metastatic rates were 25% vs 10% and 30% vs 13% for the chemoradiation vs conventional treatment cohorts.CONCLUSION: The changing paradigm in the treatment of rectal SCC holds great promise for improved outcomes in this rare disease. | Glen R Guerra Cherng H Kong Satish K Warrier Andrew C Lynch Alexander G Heriot Samuel Y Ngan | 2016 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery2016，8，3： | 5 |
| 2 | Onset of nucleate boiling and active nucleation site den- sity during subcooled flow boiling显示文摘 | BASU N WARRIER G R DHIR V K | 2002 | Journal of Heat Transfer2002，124，4： | 1 |
| 3 | Silver Coating on Carbon and SiC Fibres显示文摘 | Warrier S G Lin R Y | 1993 | J Mater Sci1993，28，18： | 1 |
| 4 | Onset of nucleate boiling and active nucleation site density during subcooled flow boiling显示文摘 | Basu N Warrier G R Dhir V K | 2002 | Journal of Heat Transfer2002，124，4： | 1 |
| 5 | Onset of Nucleate Boiling and Active Nucleation Site Density During Subcooled Flow Boiling 显示文摘 | Basu N Warrier G R Dhir V K | 2002 | Journal of Heat Transfer2002，124，： | 1 |
| 6 | Onset of nucleate boiling and active nucleation site den- sity during subcooled flow boiling显示文摘 | BASU N WARRIER G R DHIR V K | 2002 | Journal of Heat Transfer2002，124，4： | 1 |
| 7 | Heat transfer and pressure drop in narrow rectangular channel显示文摘 | WARRIER G R DHIR V K MOMODA L A | 2002 | Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science2002，26，8： | 1 |
| 8 | Silver coating on carbon and SiC fibres 显示文摘 | WARRIER S G LIN R Y | 1993 | Journal of Materials Science1993，28，： | 1 |
| 9 | Silver coating on carbon and SiC fibres 显示文摘 | Warrier S G Lin R Y | 1993 | Journal of Materials Science1993，28，18： | 1 |
| 10 | Implications of tangential shear stress induced failure during transverse loading of SiC/Ti-6Al-4V composites显示文摘 | Warrier S G Majumdar B S Gundel D B | 1997 | Acta Mater1997，45，8： | 1 |
| 11 | Control of interfaces in Al-C fibre composites显示文摘 | WARRIER S G BLUE C A LIN R Y | 1993 | Journal of Materials Science1993，28，3： | 1 |
| 12 | Sensitized fluorescence of Ce^3+/Mn^2+ system in phosphate glass 显示文摘 | Paulose P I Jose G Thomas V Unnikrishnan N V Warrier M | 2003 | Journal of Physics And Chemistry of Solids2003，64，5： | 1 |
| 13 | Effects of the interface on the fatigue crack growth response of titanium matrix composites: modeling and impact on interface design显示文摘 | Warrier S G Majumdar B S | 1997 | Materials Science and Engineering A1997，237，2： | 1 |
| 14 | Heat transfer and pressure droop in narrow rectangular channels显示文摘 | Warrier G R Dhir V K Momoda L A | 2002 | Experimental and Fluid Science2002，26，： | 1 |
| 15 | Heat transfer and pressure drop in narrow rectangular channels显示文摘 | WARRIER G R DHIR V K MOMODA L A | | 0，，01： | 1 |
| 16 | Silver Coating on Carbon and SiC Firbers 显示文摘 | Warrier S G Lin R Y | 1993 | J Mater SCI1993，28，18： | 1 |
| 17 | Silver coating on carbon and SiC fibres 显示文摘 | Warrier S G Lin R Y | 1993 | Journal of materials science1993，28，18： | 1 |
| 18 | Onset of nucleate boiling and active nucleation site den- sity during subcooled boiling显示文摘 | BASU N WARRIER G R DHIR V K | 2002 | Journal of Heat Transfer2002，124，4： | 1 |
| 19 | Oxidation Protection of Ti-Aluminide Orthorhombic Alloys:An Engineered Multilayer Approach显示文摘 | Warrier S G Krishnamurtby S Smith P R | | 0，，04： | 1 |
| 20 | Oxidation protection of Ti-aluminide orthorhombic alloys:An engineered multilayer approach显示文摘 | Warrier S G Krishnamurthy S Smith P R | 1998 | Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A1998，29，4： | 1 |
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