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| 1 | 长期施肥下我国典型农田耕层土壤的pH演变显示文摘探索长期不同施肥措施下农田耕层土壤的pH演变,为进一步揭示农田土壤酸化的机制及其预防措施提供依据。收集了我国典型农田6个长期(18~30a)施肥试验(祁阳红壤、进贤红壤、重庆紫色土、公主岭黑土、哈尔滨黑土常量施肥和高量施肥)的历史观测资料,对耕层土壤pH在不同试验阶段(每6a)和施肥措施(对照不施肥(CK)、单施化学氮肥(N)、磷钾配施氮肥(NPK)和有机肥配施化肥(NPKM))间的差异性进行检验,并计算土壤酸化速率。结果表明,试验期间,对照CK处理的耕层pH略有降低,平均土壤酸化速率为0.013pHa-1;N处理的1~6a,祁阳红壤、公主岭黑土和哈尔滨黑土常量施肥试验的耕层pH较对照显著降低0.32~0.55个单位,至最近6a,所有试验的耕层pH较对照显著降低0.64~1.46个单位;NPK处理的耕层pH在试验1~12a明显低于N处理;NPKM处理的耕层pH却较NPK处理高0.30~0.53个单位,pH变化趋势与NPK相似。处理间成对T检验表明,长期施肥农田的土壤酸化速率大小顺序为:N〉NPK〉NPKM—CK,N和NPK处理的土壤酸化速率分别为对照的4.6倍和3.2倍。基于湿润或半湿润地区排水良好的旱作或水旱轮作农田分析了农田土壤酸化过程。尽管存在地域差异性,长期施肥农田耕层土壤的pH演变存在对施肥措施的共性响应特征。 | 孟红旗 刘景 徐明岗 吕家珑 周宝库 彭畅 石孝均 黄庆海 王伯仁 | 2013 | 土壤学报2013，50，6： | 141 |
| 2 | Impacts of chemical fertilizer reduction and organic amendments supplementation on soil nutrient,enzyme activity and heavy metal content显示文摘Excessive use of agro-chemicals(such as mineral fertilizers) poses potential risks to soil quality. Application of organic amendments and reduction of inorganic fertilizer are economically feasible and environmentally sound approaches to develop sustainable agriculture. This study investigated and evaluated the effects of mineral fertilizer reduction and partial substitution of organic amendment on soil fertility and heavy metal content in a 10-season continually planted vegetable field during 2009–2012. The experiment included four treatments: 100% chemical fertilizer(CF100), 80% chemical fertilizer(CF80), 60% chemical fertilizer and 20% organic fertilizer(CF60+OM20), and 40% chemical fertilizer and 40% organic fertilizer(CF40+OM40). Soil nutrients, enzyme activity and heavy metal content were determined. The results showed that single chemical fertilizer reduction(CF80) had no significant effect on soil organic matter content, soil catalase activity and soil heavy metal content, but slightly reduced soil available N, P, K, and soil urease activity, and significantly reduced soil acid phosphatase activity. Compared with CF100, 40 or 60% reduction of chemical fertilizer supplemented with organic fertilizer(CF60+OM20, CF40+OM40) significantly increased soil organic matter, soil catalase activity and urease activity especially in last several seasons, but reduced soil available P, K, and soil acid phosphatase activity. In addition, continuous application of organic fertilizer resulted in higher accumulation of Zn, Cd, and Cr in soil in the late stage of experiment, which may induce adverse effects on soil health and food safety. | NING Chuan-chuan GAO Peng-dong WANG Bing-qing LIN Wei-peng JIANG Ni-hao CAI Kun-zheng | 2017 | Journal of Integrative Agriculture2017，16，8： | 64 |
| 3 | 长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田对土壤氮素淋失风险的影响显示文摘【目的】研究长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田对作物产量及土壤氮素淋失风险的影响,旨在为华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作区增强土壤肥力、提高作物产量及降低农业面源污染风险提供依据。【方法】以国家褐潮土肥力与肥料效益监测基地的长期肥料试验为平台,研究长达27年不同施肥处理对冬小麦-夏玉米产量、土壤肥力、氮素淋失风险和土壤氮素剖面分布的影响,试验共设置5个施肥处理,即:对照(CK);氮磷钾(NPK);氮磷钾+有机肥(NPKM);氮磷钾+过量有机肥(NPKM+);氮磷钾+秸秆还田(NPKS)。【结果】(1)在27年的不同施肥处理中,长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田均能使作物增产,改善土壤肥力。其中,增施有机肥处理尤为显著,与NPK相比,NPKM、NPKM+处理提高小麦和玉米产量分别为41%—50%和30%—32%;增加0—20 cm表层土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)含量分别为62%—121%、107%—187%;但降低小麦、玉米氮肥偏生产力(PFPN)分别达22%—32%、27%—41%。而NPKS处理对作物增产及提升土壤肥力的作用低于增施有机肥处理,对小麦产量、玉米产量、SOC、TN含量的增幅分别为24%、6%、9%、97%,但提高小麦季PFPN为216%、降低玉米季PFPN为40%。(2)长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田处理中,0—20 cm表层土壤SOC、TN、硝态氮(NO3—-N)、可溶性碳氮等养分含量以及氮矿化速率、硝化潜势等微生物学过程显著高于20—200 cm,说明长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田等外源碳的添加对土壤养分及微生物学过程的影响主要发生在表层。(3)与NPK相比,NPKM处理能够显著增加100—200 cm深层土壤中NO3--N含量,NO3--N平均含量为17.8—26.1 mg·kg-1;而NPKS处理在一定程度上能够增加0—100 cm土层NO3--N含量,NO3--N平均含量为3.6—13.4 mg·kg-1,表明增施有机肥会促进土壤NO3--N的向下迁移,而秸秆还田对土壤NO3--N具有一定的固持作用。此外,由于有机肥和秸秆带入的氮素,NPKM、NPKM+、NPKS处理氮盈余比NPK处理增加312%、1 037%、953%,大大增加了土壤氮素淋失风险。【结论】在氮磷钾化肥基础上增施有机肥/秸秆还田会提高作物产量、增强土壤肥力,但会提高土壤氮盈余量,提高氮素淋失风险,尤其是增施有机肥会大大增加氮素淋失风险。 | 盖霞普 刘宏斌 翟丽梅 杨波 任天志 王洪媛 武淑霞 雷秋良 | 2018 | 中国农业科学2018，51，12： | 63 |
| 4 | 长期施肥下红壤地区土壤熟化肥力评价显示文摘以湖南祁阳中国农业科学院红壤实验站的'生土熟化'长期定位试验(1982—2007年)为基础,运用数值化理论综合评价分析了红壤地区3种母质土壤(花岗岩母质土壤、第四纪红壤、紫色砂页岩土壤)在6种熟化措施(不施肥,CK;不施肥+秸秆还田,CKR;施氮磷钾化肥,NPK;施氮磷钾化肥+秸秆还田,NPKR;施有机物稻草,M;施有机物稻草+秸秆还田,MR)下土壤肥力的变化特征.结果表明:综合肥力指数(IFI)与作物相对产量显著相关,能较好地反映土壤肥力状况.3种土壤IFI均表现为NPK,NPKR>M,MR>CK,CKR,且均以NPKR处理最高,分别达到了0.77(花岗岩母质土壤)、0.71(第四纪红壤)和0.71(紫色砂页岩土壤),秸秆还田比秸秆不还田处理提高了6.72%~18.83%.3种母质土壤IFI均在熟化7年左右出现一个拐点;IFI的年增加速率表现为:紫色砂页岩土壤(0.016a-1)>第四纪红壤(0.011a-1)>花岗岩母质土壤(0.006a-1).有机无机肥配施和秸秆还田是快速提高南方红壤地区土壤肥力的重要措施. | 于寒青 徐明岗 吕家珑 包耀贤 孙楠 高菊生 | 2010 | 应用生态学报2010，21，7： | 41 |
| 5 | Amendment of Acid Soils with Crop Residues and Biochars显示文摘The liming potential of some crop residues and their biochars on an acid Ultisol was investigated using incubation experiments. Rice hulls showed greater liming potential than rice hull biochar, while soybean and pea straws had less liming potential than their biochars. Due to their higher alkalinity, biochars from legume materials increased soil pH much compared to biochars from non-legume materials. The alkalinity of biochars was a key factor aflecting their liming potential, and the greater alkalinity of biochars led to greater reductions in soil acidity. The incorporation of biochars decreased soil exchangeable acidity and increased soil exchangeable base cations and base saturation, thus improving soil fertility. | YUAN Jin-Hua XU Ren-Kou WANG Ning LI Jiu-Yu | 2011 | Pedosphere2011，21，3： | 41 |
| 6 | 三种氮肥对红壤硝化作用及酸化过程影响的研究显示文摘以安徽郎溪耕地红壤耕层土壤为对象,采用室内恒温培养方法,研究了CO(NH2)2、(NH4)2SO4及NH4HCO33种氮肥在不同施用量条件下对土壤硝化作用及酸化过程的影响。结果表明,对照处理土壤的净硝化速率为(NO2-+NO3-)-N 25.7μmol/(kg·d);3种化学氮肥添加到土壤后均显著促进了土壤的硝化作用,CO(NH2)2、NH4HCO3处理土壤的净硝化速率分别为(NO2-+NO3-)-N 51.3~189.6、50.7~149.9μmol/(kg·d),且净硝化速率随氮肥用量增加而增加;(NH4)2SO4处理土壤的净硝化速率为(NO2-+NO3-)-N 60.5~107.9μmol/(kg·d),以施用量N 150 mg/kg时最大。研究同时发现,3种化学氮肥均导致土壤pH下降,CO(NH2)2、NH4HCO3处理土壤pH较对照处理分别下降0.11~0.43、0.02~0.36个pH单位,氮肥施用越多,pH值下降越大;(NH4)2SO4处理土壤pH较对照处理下降0.08~0.26个pH单位,以施用量N 150 mg/kg时下降最大,N 300 mg/kg时下降最小。统计分析表明,土壤pH与土壤中(NO2-+NO3-)-N含量呈极显著负相关,土壤酸化速率与净硝化速率有显著的线性相关关系,说明氮肥通过硝化作用影响土壤酸度。 | 佟德利 徐仁扣 | 2012 | 植物营养与肥料学报2012，18，4： | 42 |
| 7 | Influences of Long-Term Fertilizer and Tillage Management on Soil Fertility of the North China Plain显示文摘In the North China Plain, fertilizer management and tillage practices have been changing rapidly during the last three decades; however, the influences of long-term fertilizer applications and tillage systems on fertility of salt-affected soils have not been well understood under a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-maize (Zea mays L.) annual double cropping system. A field experiment was established in 1985 on a Cambosol at the Quzhou Experimental Station, China Agricultural University, to investigate the responses of soil fertility to fertilizer and tillage practices. The experiment was established as an orthogonal design with nine treatments of different tillage methods and/or fertilizer applications. In October 2001, composite soil samples were collected from the 0–20 and 20–40 cm layers and analyzed for soil fertility indices. The results showed that after 17 years of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) fertilizer and straw applications, soil organic matter (SOM) in the top layer was increased significantly from 7.00 to 9.30–13.14 g kg-1 in the 0–20 cm layer and from 4.00 to 5.48–7.75 g kg-1 in the 20–40 cm layer. Soil total N (TN) was increased significantly from 0.37 and 0.22 to 0.79–1.11 and 0.61–0.73 g N kg-1 in the 0–20 and 20–40 cm layers, respectively, with N fertilizer application; however, there was no apparent effect of straw application on TN content. The amounts of soil total P (TP) and rapidly available P (RP) were increased significantly from 0.60 to 0.67–1.31 g kg-1 in the 0–20 cm layer and from 0.52 to 0.60–0.73 g kg-1 in the 20–40 cm layer with P fertilizer application, but were decreased with combined N and P fertilizer applications. The applications of N and P fertilizers significantly increased the crop yields, but decreased the rapidly available potassium (RK) in the soil. Straw return could only meet part of the crop potassium requirements. Our results also suggested that though some soil fertility parameters were maintained or enhanced under the long-term fertilizer and straw applications, careful soil quality monitoring was necessary as other nutrients could be depleted. Spreading straw on soil surface before tillage and leaving straw at soil surface without tillage were two advantageous practices to increase SOM accumulation in the surface layer. Plowing the soil broke aggregates and increased aeration of the soil, which led to enhanced organic matter mineralization. | NIU Ling-An HAO Jin-Min ZHANG Bao-Zhong NIU Xin-Sheng | 2011 | Pedosphere2011，21，6： | 39 |
| 8 | 长期定位施肥对土壤效应的研究进展显示文摘近年来,长期定位施肥研究因其经历气候、年份的时间长,气候类型多,土壤功能变化幅度大以及获得的研究结论相对准确等特点,越来越受到研究人员的重视,国内外在长期定位施肥对土壤效应的影响研究取得了丰硕的成果。本文对国内外的长期定位施肥对土壤物理、养分、微生物以及酶类等方面的影响进行了比较客观详尽的阐述,并在此基础上提出了未来本领域的研究重点,以期对开展相关的研究提供借鉴。 | 聂胜委 黄绍敏 张水清 郭斗斗 张巧萍 张玉亭 宝德俊 陈源泉 | 2012 | 土壤2012，44，2： | 38 |
| 9 | 花生壳生物炭对中国北方典型果园酸化土壤改性研究显示文摘由于长期过量氮肥施用,致使中国北方土壤中大量NH4+积累,加剧了土壤中的硝化作用,导致土壤pH值下降,严重影响了土壤质量和农作物产量。生物炭(biochar)是1种在限氧条件下热解生物质而得到的富碳性材料,含有大量灰分,pH值较高,可以通过中和土壤酸度提高pH,生物炭还可以影响土壤中氮的转化来影响土壤pH值的变化,因而具有改良酸性土壤的巨大潜力。本文通过在300和400℃2种温度下慢速热解花生壳,得到2种生物炭(BC300、BC400),以2.5%和5%的比例添加到招远市果园酸化土壤中。研究表明,经过44d的培育,添加5%的BC400使土壤pH提高了1.33个单位,土壤容重降低了8.2%,同时显著降低了土壤中NO3-含量,抑制了土壤的硝化作用,进而促进了玉米植株生长,尤其是对植株根系生长的促进更为明显。这些结果表明,生物炭能明显改善北方果园酸化土壤的性质,在酸化土壤改良上具有广阔的应用前景。 | 王震宇 徐振华 郑浩 宗海英 李璐 | 2013 | 中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)2013，43，8： | 31 |
| 10 | 不同土壤类型下长期施肥对土壤养分与小麦产量影响的比较研究显示文摘基于湖南、北京两地19年的长期定位施肥试验,开展了不同土壤类型下不同施肥处理对土壤养分、小麦产量及产量构成因素影响的比较研究。结果表明:在褐潮土和红壤2种不同土壤类型上,有机无机均衡施肥(NPKM)均能够明显提高土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、有效磷和速效钾含量,而长期不均衡施用无机肥土壤中N、P、K养分在2种土壤上则表现出较低的水平,尤以红壤上降低最为明显。有机无机肥配施能够显著提高小麦产量,与对照处理(CK)相比,在红壤上增产788.32%,对产量形成的贡献率为88.74%;在褐潮土上增产828.05%,对产量形成的贡献率为89.22%。在2种土壤类型上无机均衡施肥(NPK)小麦产量差异比较明显,在褐潮土上的增产潜力高于红壤,而不施P的NK处理小麦则有不同程度的减产:在褐潮土上减产15.86%,在红壤上则绝产。研究同时发现,在2种土壤上小麦增产途径有所不同,在褐潮土上应以增施磷肥和提高小麦的单位面积穗数为主,而红壤则以增施有机肥和提高小麦的穗粒数为主。 | 董鲁浩 李玉义 逄焕成 孙庆泉 | 2010 | 中国农业大学学报2010，15，3： | 27 |
| 11 | 长期定位施肥对亚热带丘陵地区红壤旱地质量的影响 Ⅰ.酸度显示文摘研究了中国科学院红壤生态实验站长期定位施肥试验5种不同施肥处理对土壤pH、土壤交换性氢、铝的影响,及其与土壤有机质之间的相关性。结果表明,长期不同施肥处理均提高了土壤pH,降低了土壤交换性氢和交换性铝含量,改良了红壤的酸性。施用有机肥(M)、有机肥+菌剂(BM)、有机肥+菌剂+微量元素(BMT)显著优于施用化肥(F)和化肥+微量元素(TF)的处理。添加微量元素和有效菌剂后土壤交换性氢、铝含量略有提高。土壤有机质与土壤pH呈显著正相关,与土壤交换性氢含量的相关性不显著,而与土壤交换性铝含量呈显著负相关。随着土壤有机质含量的增加,土壤交换性氢占土壤交换性酸度比例越大。长期施用有机肥、提高土壤有机质含量是改良红壤酸度和减轻铝毒较好的农艺措施。 | 王小兵 骆永明 李振高 刘五星 何园球 | 2011 | 土壤学报2011，48，1： | 28 |
| 12 | 长期施肥对红壤旱地团聚体特性及不同组分钾素分配的影响显示文摘基于祁阳红壤旱地长期施肥定位试验,选取CK(不施肥)、NP(氮磷肥配施)、N P K(氮磷钾肥配施)、N P K M(氮磷钾肥和猪粪配施)和N P K S(氮磷钾肥和秸秆半量还田)处理,于试验26年(2016年)玉米收获后采集不同施肥处理原状土壤(全土),分析土壤团聚体组分中全钾、非交换性钾和交换性钾含量变化,并进一步探讨土壤团聚体组分钾对全土钾的贡献率及其与作物吸钾量的相关关系。结果表明:(1)在所有处理中,NPKM处理下>2 mm、1~2 mm和0.5~1 m m的团聚体组分比例最高,但0.0 5 3~0.2 5 m m和<0.0 5 3 m m的团聚体组分比例则显著低于其他处理,而NPKS处理下>2 mm、1~2 mm和0.5~1 mm的团聚体组分比例则无显著增加。(2)与NPK处理相比,NPKM处理各团聚体组分中非交换性钾和交换性含量分别增加24.37%~49.04%和82.02%~176.3%,且NPKM处理下较大的团聚体组分(>0.5 mm)中全钾、交换性钾和非交换性钾对全土全钾、交换性钾和非交换性钾的贡献率显著增加(增幅分别为6.25%~31.97%、5.72%~43.16%和6.33%~41.98%),而在较小粒级团聚体组分(<0.25 mm)中则呈下降趋势(降幅分别为14.37%~21.44%、17.04%~33.66%和34.40%~43.84%)。(3)NPKS处理各团聚体组分的非交换性钾和交换性钾含量以及各团聚体组分钾对全土钾的贡献率均与NPK处理无显著差异。(4)线性回归分析表明,当>0.25 mm团聚体组分钾对全土钾的贡献率增加1%时,作物吸钾量相应增加9.92~11.89 kg hm-2。长期化肥配施猪粪可显著改善红壤旱地的团聚体组分,进而提高团聚体组分钾对全土钾的贡献能力,促进作物对钾素的吸收。 | 柳开楼 黄晶 张会民 李冬初 韩天富 蔡泽江 王伯仁 黄庆海 | 2018 | 土壤学报2018，55，2： | 28 |
| 13 | 红壤长期不同施肥对玉米氮肥回收率的影响显示文摘为阐明长期不同施肥下玉米氮肥回收率的变化特征,揭示影响红壤玉米氮肥回收率的关键土壤因素,为红壤氮肥合理施用和提高氮肥回收率提供科学依据,在湖南红壤上连续观测了18年不施肥,施氮、磷、钾化肥,化肥配施有机肥和单施有机肥条件下玉米氮肥回收率的变化特征及其原因。结果表明,与施用化肥相比,玉米的子粒产量和植株氮素积累量在化肥配施有机肥下分别增加了61.5%和63.1%。氮、磷、钾化肥施用8年后,玉米氮肥回收率呈显著下降趋势,年平均下降速率达3.34个百分点;而化肥配施有机肥下氮肥回收率以每年1.24个百分点的速率显著增加;单施有机肥下氮肥回收率保持持平并略有上升。土壤pH、全氮和有机质含量均与氮肥回收率呈显著线性正相关,其中土壤pH对氮肥回收率的影响最明显。在土壤pH 4.5~6.3范围内,红壤pH每降低1个单位,玉米氮肥回收率下降10.9%。长期施用化肥的土壤pH以每年0.06的速率下降;单施有机肥尽管可缓解土壤酸化,但玉米产量较低,而化肥配施有机肥能同时抑制土壤酸化和提高玉米产量及氮肥回收率。因此,化肥配施有机肥具有明显的增产和保肥效果,是红壤上农业生产可持续性的施肥模式。 | 段英华 徐明岗 王伯仁 黄晶 | 2010 | 植物营养与肥料学报2010，16，5： | 26 |
| 14 | Trends of Yield and Soil Fertility in a Long-Term Wheat-Maize System显示文摘The sustainability of the wheat-maize rotation is important to China’s food security.Intensive cropping without recycling crop residues or other organic inputs results in the loss of soil organic matter(SOM)and nutrients,and is assumed to be nonsustainable.We evaluated the effects of nine different treatments on yields,nitrogen use efficiency,P and K balances,and soil fertility in a wheat-maize rotation system(1991-2010)on silt clay loam in Shaanxi,China.The treatments involved the application of recommended dose of nitrogen(N),nitrogen and phosphorus(NP),nitrogen and potassium(NK),phosphorus and potassium(PK),combined NPK,wheat or maize straw(S)with NPK(SNPK),or dairy manure(M)with NPK(M1NPK and M2NPK),along with an un-treated control treatment(CK).The mean yields of wheat and maize ranged from 992 and 2235 kg ha-1 under CK to 5 962 and 6 894 kg ha-1 under M2NPK treatment,respectively.Treatments in which either N or P was omitted(N,NK and PK)gave significantly lower crop yields than those in which both were applied.The crop yields obtained under NP,NPK and SNPK treatments were statistically identical,as were those obtained under SNPK and MNPK.However,M2NPK gave a significant higher wheat yield than NP,and MNPK gave significant higher maize yield than both NP and NPK.Wheat yields increased significantly(by 86 to 155 kg ha-1 yr-1)in treatments where NP was applied,but maize yields did not.In general,the nitrogen use efficiency of wheat was the highest under the NP and NPK treatments;for maize,it was the highest under MNPK treatment.The P balance was highly positive under MNPK treatment,increasing by 136 to 213 kg ha-1 annually.While the K balance was negative in most treatments,ranging from 31 to 217 kg ha-1 yr-1,levels of soil available K remained unchanged or increased over the 20 yr.SOM levels increased significantly in all treatments.Overall,the results indicated that combinations of organic manure and inorganic nitrogen,or returning straw with NP is likely to improve soil fertility,increasing the yields achievable with wheat-maize system in a way which is environmentally and agronomically beneficial on the tested soil. | YANG Xue-yun SUN Ben-hua ZHANG Shu-lan | 2014 | Journal of Integrative Agriculture2014，13，2： | 26 |
| 15 | 吉林省农田耕层土壤pH的时空变化特征显示文摘本研究通过分析2005~2013年测土配方施肥项目在吉林省采集的大量土壤样品,明确了不同地区农田耕层土壤pH的空间变异特征,并与第二次土壤普查数据对比探讨了土壤pH的变化趋势。结果表明,目前吉林省农田耕层土壤pH分布在3.8~9.1之间,平均值为6.5。不同类型农田土壤pH的高低顺序为:黑钙土>风沙土>草甸土>黑土>白浆土≈暗棕壤>水稻土。空间上,吉林省农田耕层土壤呈现自西向东逐渐降低的分布特征,以西部白城市的通榆县最高而东部延边朝鲜族自治州的汪清县最低。时间上,与第二次土壤普相比,吉林省各种土类的pH存在共性的土壤酸化趋势。不同土类间pH的降幅存在较大差异,代表性的黑土下降约0.5个单位,酸化程度较大的草甸土和水稻分别下降了1.4和1.6个单位,而酸化程度较小的白浆土下降了0.1个单位。吉林省农业生产中应控制化肥用量,调整肥料品种,合理增施有机肥,大力推广秸秆还田,从而缓解土壤酸化趋势,改善土壤肥力。 | 王寅 张馨月 高强 李翠兰 焉莉 冯国忠 | 2017 | 土壤通报2017，48，2： | 26 |
| 16 | 长期施用氮磷肥对旱地冬小麦籽粒产量和锌含量的影响显示文摘【目的】小麦是中国北方地区的主要粮食作物,主要种植在低锌的石灰性土壤上,其籽粒锌含量普遍偏低,因此小麦籽粒锌营养强化是近年研究的热点。小麦氮磷与锌的吸收利用存在互作效应。利用从2004年起在中国西北旱地潜在缺锌的石灰性土壤上开展的长期定位试验,研究长期氮磷施用下的小麦产量与锌含量的变化。【方法】田间试验采用完全随机区组设计,设不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N160,施160 kg N·hm^(-2))、单施磷肥(P100,施100 kg P2O5·hm^(-2))和氮磷配施(N160P100,施160 kg N·hm^(-2)、100 kg P2O5·hm^(-2))4个处理。于2012—2016年连续4年进行田间取样,分析小麦的生物量、产量、产量构成,及锌含量与锌吸收和分配。【结果】与不施肥相比,长期单施氮肥使小麦穗数降低9%,籽粒产量和地上部生物量均降低12%,而籽粒锌含量由不施肥处理的29.4 mg·kg-1提高到42.8 mg·kg-1,提高幅度为46%,籽粒和地上部的锌吸收量分别增加29%和37%,地上部的氮锌比和磷锌比分别降低13%和45%;长期单施磷肥使小麦穗数、籽粒产量和地上部生物量分别增加18%、15%和16%,籽粒锌含量、籽粒和地上部的锌吸收量却分别降低31%、19%和17%,同时地上部的氮锌比和磷锌比分别提高19%和83%;氮磷配施的小麦穗数、籽粒产量和地上部生物量也显著增加,增加幅度分别为40%、46%和38%,籽粒和地上部的锌吸收量还分别提高36%和34%,但籽粒的锌含量仅降低8%,同时地上部的氮锌比和磷锌比分别提高43%和27%。与单施磷肥相比,氮磷配施不仅提高了籽粒产量,还提高了籽粒锌含量,主要原因是施用氮肥能够增加小麦锌吸收,减缓了磷肥对小麦锌吸收的抑制作用。【结论】在生产实践中,单施氮肥虽可以提高小麦籽粒的锌含量,达到食物锌营养强化的目的,但长期单施氮肥会导致土壤养分不平衡,不利于维持和提高小麦产量。长期单施磷肥虽能够提高小麦籽粒产量,但抑制小麦锌吸收,不利于籽粒锌累积,降低籽粒含量。因此,在黄土高原旱地石灰性土壤上,建议合理进行氮磷配施,以保证小麦生产高产优质。 | 惠晓丽 王朝辉 罗来超 马清霞 王森 戴健 靳静静 | 2017 | 中国农业科学2017，50，16： | 26 |
| 17 | 长期不同施肥处理红壤旱地剖面养分分布差异显示文摘【目的】研究长期不同施肥措施下红壤旱地的培肥效果、养分迁移特征以及环境风险,对制定红壤旱地合理的养分管理和培肥技术,促进畜禽粪便的循环利用具有重要意义。【方法】依托始于1986年的红壤旱地肥料定位试验,选取不施肥(CK)、氮磷钾肥配施(NPK)、2倍氮磷钾肥配施(2NPK)、有机肥(OM)和有机肥和氮磷钾肥配施(NPKM)5个处理,采集0—10 cm、10—20 cm、20—40 cm、40—60 cm、60—80 cm、80—100cm土壤样品,分析了p H值、有机质及氮磷钾养分含量。【结果】连续施肥28年后,红壤旱地土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、有效磷、速效钾等含量均随着土壤深度增加逐步降低。与对照相比,施用有机肥显著提高了0—40 cm土壤的p H值,其余处理p H有所下降。长期施用化肥后,红壤旱地土壤有效磷、全磷、碱解氮和全氮在0—20 cm耕层累积,土壤速效钾的累积则达到40 cm深;与化肥处理相比,有机肥和有机无机肥配施处理0—40 cm土壤的全氮、碱解氮、速效钾、有效磷和全磷的含量显著增加,土壤全氮和碱解氮的下移累积达到40 cm,而土壤全磷和有效磷的下移累积则达到了60 cm。红壤旱地长期施用猪粪等有机肥主要增加了0—40cm耕层土壤的磷素累积,而在剖面80 cm以下未表现出明显累积现象。【结论】长期施用化肥(28年)处理养分主要在0—20 cm红壤旱地耕层土壤累积,而长期施用有机肥或有机无机肥配施还可以明显提高20—40 cm土壤养分含量,养分下移累积作用明显。此外,红壤旱地长期施用有机肥可以缓解耕层土壤的酸化、提高耕层土壤肥力水平,是增加培肥深度的有效措施,但是长期施用猪粪导致的氮磷下渗深度增加可能引起的环境风险也应引起重视。 | 李大明 柳开楼 叶会财 胡志华 余喜初 徐小林 杨旭初 周利军 胡秋萍 胡惠文 黄庆海 | 2018 | 植物营养与肥料学报2018，24，3： | 26 |
| 18 | Long-Term Application of Organic Manure and Mineral Fertilizer on N_2O and CO_2 Emissions in a Red Soil from Cultivated Maize-Wheat Rotation in China显示文摘A long-term field experiment was established to determine the influence of mineral fertilizer and organic manure on soil fertility.A tract of red soil(Ferralic Cambisol) in Qiyang Red Soil Experimental Station(Qiyang County,Hunan Province,China) was fertilized beginning in 1990 and N2O and CO2 were examined during the maize and wheat growth season of 2007-2008.The study involved five treatments:organic manure(NPKM),fertilizer NPK(NPK),fertilizer NP(NP),fertilizer NK(NK),and control(CK).Manured soils had higher crop biomass,organic C,and pH than soils receiving the various mineralized fertilizers indicating that long-term application of manures could efficiently prevent red soil acidification and increase crop productivity.The application of manures and fertilizers at a rate of 300 kg N ha-1 yr-1 obviously increased N2O and CO2 emissions from 0.58 kg N2O-N ha-1 yr-1 and 10 565 kg C ha-1 yr-1 in the CK treatment soil to 3.01 kg N2O-N ha-1 yr-1 and 28 663 kg C ha-1 yr-1 in the NPKM treatment.There were also obvious different effects on N2O and CO2 emissions between applying fertilizer and manure.More N2O and CO2 released during the 184-d maize growing season than the 125-d wheat growth season in the manure fertilized soils but not in mineral fertilizer treatments.N2O emission was significantly affected by soil moisture only during the wheat growing season,and CO2 emission was affected by soil temperature only in CK and NP treatment during the wheat and maize growing season.In sum,this study indicates the application of organic manure may be a preferred strategy for maintaining red soil productivity,but may result in greater N2O and CO2 emissions than treatments only with mineral fertilizer. | ZHAI Li-mei L1U Hong-bin ZHANG Ji-zong HUANG Jing WANG Bo-ren | 2011 | Agricultural Sciences in China2011，10，11： | 24 |
| 19 | 红壤不同地力条件下直播油菜对施肥的响应显示文摘2009至2010年度在江西、湖南两省的典型红壤区设置8组直播油菜氮磷钾硼肥田间肥效试验,旨在研究红壤不同地力条件下直播油菜对施肥的响应,探寻养分限制因子。结果表明,红壤直播油菜的长势受到地力的显著影响,高、中、低地力田块基础地力产量(不施肥处理产量)平均分别为1230、721和191kg hm-2。施肥不同程度促进了直播油菜的生长发育,养分吸收与累积,提高了籽粒产量并影响收获指数,各地力田块均以氮磷钾硼配施(NPKB)处理最好,其高、中、低地力田块平均产量分别为2529、1681和1065 kghm-2,产量水平随地力上升而大幅提高,但增产率则呈下降趋势。在其他养分配施基础上增施不同肥料的增产增收效果顺序为N>P>B>K,表明红壤直播油菜的养分限制因子依次为氮、磷、硼和钾,但受土壤养分状况差异的影响,不同地力条件下施肥的效果也存在差异,低地力田块施肥的相对增产效果好,绝对增产量及施肥收益仍以高地力田块较好。红壤区直播油菜的氮、磷、钾肥吸收利用率平均分别为34.5%、26.7%和65.4%,且各肥料利用率随地力上升而提高。试验结果说明,红壤区直播油菜的养分管理应重视氮磷钾硼肥的配合施用,缓解养分限制,从而有效增产。通过长期合理施肥以培肥土壤、提高地力,达到持续高产稳产。 | 王寅 李小坤 李雅颖 李继福 肖国滨 郑伟 袁福生 鲁艳红 廖育林 鲁剑巍 | 2012 | 土壤学报2012，49，1： | 24 |
| 20 | 长期定位施肥对作物效应的研究进展显示文摘本文对国内、外农业有关的长期定位试验站进行简要的介绍,系统的阐述了国内外的长期定位施肥对作物的生长发育、产品品质、产量以及肥料效率的影响,运用系统分析法分析了长期定位施肥在我国农业领域研究的分布概况;并在此基础上提出了未来本领域的研究重点,以期为开展长期定位在作物领域的相关研究提供参考。 | 聂胜委 黄绍敏 张水清 郭斗斗 张巧萍 张玉亭 宝德俊 陈源泉 | 2012 | 土壤通报2012，43，4： | 22 |
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