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| 1 | Current characteristics of congenital coronary artery fistulas in adults:A decade of global experience显示文摘AIM:To describe the characteristics of coronary artery fistulas(CAFs) in adults,including donor vessels and whether termination was cameral or vascular. METHODS:A PubMed search was performed for articles between 2000 and 2010 to describe the current characteristics of congenital CAFs in adults.A group of 304 adults was collected.Clinical data,presentations,diagnostic modalities,angiographic fistula findings and treatment strategies were gathered and analyzed.With regard to CAF origin,the subjects were tabulated into unilateral,bilateral or multilateral fistulas and compared.The group was stratified into two major subsets according to the mode of termination;coronary-cameral fistulas(CCFs) and coronary-vascular fistulas(CVFs) . A comparison was made between the two subsets. Fistula-related major complications[aneurysm formation,infective endocarditis(IE) ,myocardial infarction(MI) ,rupture,pericardial effusion(PE) and tamponade] were described.Coronary artery-ventricular multiple micro-fistulas and acquired CAFs were excluded as well as anomalous origin of the coronary arteries from the pulmonary artery(PA) . RESULTS:A total of 304 adult subjects(47%male) with congenital CAFs were included.The mean age was51.4 years(range,18-86 years) ,with 20%older than 65 years of age.Dyspnea(31%) ,chest pain(23%) and angina pectoris(21%) were the prevalent clinical presentations.Continuous cardiac murmur was heard in 82%of the subjects.Of the applied diagnostic modalities,chest X-ray showed an abnormal shadow in 4%of the subjects.The cornerstone in establishing the diagnosis was echocardiography(68%) ,and conventional contrast coronary angiography(97%) .However,multislice detector computed tomography was performed in 16%.The unilateral fistula originated from the left in 69%and from the right coronary artery in 31%of the subjects.Most patients(80%) had unilateral fistulas,18%presented with bilateral fistulas and 2%with multilateral fistulas.Termination into the PA was reported in unilateral(44%) ,bilateral(73%) and multilateral(75%) fistulas.Fistulas with multiple origins(bilateral and multilateral) terminated more frequently into the PA(29%) than into other sites(10.6%)(P=0.000) . Aneurysmal formation was found in 14%of all subjects.Spontaneous rupture,PE and tamponade were reported in 2%of all subjects.In CCFs,the mean age was 46.2 years whereas in CVFs mean age was 55.6 years(P=0.003) .IE(4%) was exclusively associated with CCFs,while MI(2%) was only found in subjects with CVFs.Surgical ligation was frequently chosen for unilateral(57%) ,bilateral(51%) and multilateral fistulas(66%) ,but percutaneous therapeutic embolization(PTE) was increasingly reported(23%,17%and 17%,respectively) . CONCLUSION:Congenital CAFs are currently detected in elderly patients.Bilateral fistulas are more frequently reported and PTE is more frequently applied as a therapeutic strategy in adults. | Salah AM Said | 2011 | World Journal of Cardiology2011，3，8： | 17 |
| 2 | A new weld repair technique for friction stir welded aluminium structure:inertia friction pull plug welding显示文摘The paper gives an analysis on technical characteristics of repair techniques for friction stir welding defects. To overcome the defects,a new repair technique, inertia friction pull plug welding( IFPPW), was researched and its equipment was developed as well. Elementary datum was achieved by investigating the influences of technological parameters on mechanical properties and by analyzing the structural characteristics of repair joint with IFPPW. The study shows that the stability and reliability of welding process of IFPPW can be guaranteed through the constant energy from the flywheel.Integrated with the advantages of friction pull plug welding,the IFPPW,free from back anvil,is considered as a promising technique in repair of termination keyhole of bobbin tool friction stir welding and point-like defects in aluminum alloy welding. | 王国庆 赵衍华 张丽娜 白景斌 朱瑞灿 | 2017 | China Welding2017，26，4： | 17 |
| 3 | An analytical solution to contaminant transport through composite liners with geomembrane defects显示文摘To investigate the performance of landfill composite liner system,a one-dimensional model was developed for solute transport through composite liners containing geomembrane defects.An analytical solution to the model was obtained by the method of Laplace transformation.The results obtained by the presented solution agree well with those obtained by the numerical method.Results show that leachate head and construction quality of geomembrane(GM) have significant influences on the performance of the composite liners for heavy metal ions.The breakthrough time of lead decreases from 50 a to 19 a when the leachate head increases from 0.3 m to 10 m.It is also indicated that the contaminant mass flux of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) induced by leakage can not be neglected in case of poor construction quality of the landfill barrier system.It is shown that diffusion coefficient and partition coefficient of GM have great influences on solute transport through composite liners for VOCs.The breakthrough time of heavy metal ions will be greatly overestimated if the effects of diffusion and adsorption of clay and geosynthetic clay liner(GCL) are neglected.The composite liner consisting of a geomembrane and a GCL provides a poor barrier for VOCs.The presented analytical solution is relatively simple to apply and can be used for preliminary design of composite liners,evaluating experimental results,and verifying more complex numerical models. | XIE HaiJian1,2,CHEN YunMin1 & LOU ZhangHua1,2 1MOE Key Laboratory of Soft Soils and Geoenvironmental Engineering,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310058,China 2Institute of Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310058,China | 2010 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2010，53，5： | 15 |
| 4 | A novel image segmentation approach for wood plate surface defect classification through convex optimization显示文摘Detection of wood plate surface defects using image processing is a complicated problem in the forest industry as the image of the wood surface contains different kinds of defects. In order to obtain complete defect images, we used convex optimization(CO) with different weights as a pretreatment method for smoothing and the Otsu segmentation method to obtain the target defect area images. Structural similarity(SSIM) results between original image and defect image were calculated to evaluate the performance of segmentation with different convex optimization weights. The geometric and intensity features of defects were extracted before constructing a classification and regression tree(CART) classifier. The average accuracy of the classifier is 94.1% with four types of defects on Xylosma congestum wood plate surface: pinhole, crack,live knot and dead knot. Experimental results showed that CO can save the edge of target defects maximally, SSIM can select the appropriate weight for CO, and the CART classifier appears to have the advantages of good adaptability and high classification accuracy. | Zhanyuan Chang Jun Cao Yizhuo Zhang | 2018 | Journal of Forestry Research2018，29，6： | 14 |
| 5 | Water contents and deformation mechanism in ductile shear zone of middle crust along the Red River fault in southwestern China显示文摘Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), we measured water contents of quartz and feldspar for four thin sections of felsic mylonite and two thin sections of banded granitic gneiss col- lected from a ductile shear zone of middle crust along the Red Rivers-Ailaoshan active fault. The ab- sorbance spectra and peak position suggest that water in quartz and feldspar of granitic gneiss and felsic mylonite occurs mainly as hydroxyl in crystal defect, but also contains inclusion water and grain boundary water. The water contents of minerals were calculated based on the absorbance spectra. Water content of feldspar in granitic gneiss is 0.05 wt%-0.15 wt%, and that of quartz 0.03 wt%-0.09 wt%. Water content of feldspar ribbon and quartz ribbon in felsic mylonite is 0.095 wt%-0.32 wt%, and those of fine-grained feldspar and quartz are 0.004 wt%-0.052 wt%. These data show that the water content of weakly deformed feldspar and quartz ribbons is much higher than that of strongly deformed fine-grained feldspar and quartz. This suggests that strong shear deformation leads to breakage of the structures of constitutional water, inclusion and grain boundary water in feldspar and quartz, and most of water in minerals of mylonite is released to the upper layer in the crust. | ZHOU YongSheng HE ChangRong YANG XiaoSong | 2008 | Science China Earth Sciences2008，51，10： | 14 |
| 6 | Transcatheter closure of ventricular septal defect in patients with aortic valve prolapse and mild aortic regurgitation:feasibility and preliminary outcome显示文摘Objective:To evaluate the feasibility,safety and efficacy of transcathcter closure of ventricular septal defect(VSD)in patients with aortic valve prolapse(AVP)and mild aortic regurgitation(AR).Methods:Between January 2008 and July 2014,transcatheter closure of VSD was attempted in 65 patients.Results:The total intermediate closure successful rate in all subjects was 96.9%.During the perioperative period,no death,major bleeding,pericardial tamponade,occluder dislodgement,residual shunt or hemolysis occurred.Two procedures had been forced to suspend due to significant aggregation of device related aortic regurgitation,three cases of transient complete left bundle branch block occurred but did not sustain.At 1-year followup,no patients had residual shunts and complications.Furthermore,grade of residual AR were relieved in 61.9%(39/63)cases and degree of AVP were ameliorated in 36.5%(23/63)patients;Conclusions:Transcatheter closure VSD in selected patients with AVP and mild AR is technically feasible and highly effective.Long term safety and efficacy needs to be assessed. | Guan-Liang Chen Hai-Tao Li Hai-Rong Li Zhi-Wei Zhang | 2015 | Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine2015，8，4： | 14 |
| 7 | An improved binarization algorithm of wood image defect segmentation based on non-uniform background显示文摘In this study,an image binarization optimization algorithm,based on local threshold algorithms,is proposed because global and traditional local threshold segmentation algorithms cannot effectively address the problems of nonuniform backgrounds of wood defect images.The proposed algorithm calculates the threshold by the mean,standard deviation and the extreme value of the window.The results indicate that this modified algorithm enhances the image segmentation for wood defect images on a complex background,which is much superior to the global threshold algorithm and the Bernsen algorithm,and slightly better than the Niblack algorithm and Sauvola algorithm.Compared with similar models,the algorithm proposed in this paper has higher segmentation accuracy,as high as 92.6%for wood defect images with a complex background. | Wei Luo Liping Sun | 2019 | Journal of Forestry Research2019，30，4： | 13 |
| 8 | A review of nanocarbons in energy electrocatalysis: Multifunctional substrates and highly active sites显示文摘Nanocarbons are of progressively increasing importance in energy electrocatalysis, including oxygen reduction, oxygen evolution, hydrogen evolution, CO_2 reduction, etc. Precious-metal-free or metal-free nanocarbon-based electrocatalysts have been revealed to potentially have effective activity and remarkable durability, which is promising to replace precious metals in some important energy technologies,such as fuel cells, metal–air batteries, and water splitting. In this review, rather than overviewing recent progress completely, we aim to give an in-depth digestion of present achievements, focusing on the different roles of nanocarbons and material design principles. The multifunctionalities of nanocarbon substrates(accelerating the electron and mass transport, regulating the incorporation of active components,manipulating electron structures, generating confinement effects, assembly into 3 D free-standing electrodes) and the intrinsic activity of nanocarbon catalysts(multi-heteroatom doping, hierarchical structure,topological defects) are discussed systematically, with perspectives on the further research in this rising research field. This review is inspiring for more insights and methodical research in mechanism understanding, material design, and device optimization, leading to a targeted and high-efficiency development of energy electrocatalysis. | Cheng Tang Maria-Magdalena Titirici Qiang Zhang | 2017 | Journal of Energy Chemistry2017，26，6： | 13 |
| 9 | Cartilage repair techniques of the talus: An update显示文摘Symptomatic chondral or osteochondral defects of the talus reduce the quality of life of many patients.Although their pathomechanism is well understood,it is well known that different aetiologic factors play a role in their origin.Additionally,it is well recognised that the talar articular cartilage strongly differs from that in the knee.Despite this fact,many recommendations for the management of talar cartilage defects are based on approaches that were developed for the knee.Conservative treatment seems to work best in paediatric and adolescent patients with osteochondritis dissecans.However,depending on the size of the lesions,surgical approaches are necessary to treat many of these defects.Bone marrow stimulation techniques may achieve good results in small lesions.Large lesions may be treated by open procedures such as osteochondral autograft transfer or allograft transplantation.Autologous chondrocyte transplantation,as a restorative procedure,is well investigated in the knee and has been applied in the talus with increasing popularity and promising results but the evidence to date is poor.The goals of the current article are to summarise the different options for treating chondral and osteochondral defects of the talus and review the available literature. | Mike H Baums Wolfgang Schultz Tanja Kostuj Hans-Michael Klinger | 2014 | World Journal of Orthopedics2014，5，3： | 11 |
| 10 | Deep learning analysis of defect and phase evolution during electron beam-induced transformations in WS_(2)显示文摘Recent advances in scanning transmission electron microscopy(STEM)allow the real-time visualization of solid-state transformations in materials,including those induced by an electron beam and temperature,with atomic resolution.However,despite the ever-expanding capabilities for high-resolution data acquisition,the inferred information about kinetics and thermodynamics of the process,and single defect dynamics and interactions is minimal.This is due to the inherent limitations of manual ex situ analysis of the collected volumes of data.To circumvent this problem,we developed a deep-learning framework for dynamic STEM imaging that is trained to find the lattice defects and apply it for mapping solid state reactions and transformations in layered WS_(2).The trained deep-learning model allows extracting thousands of lattice defects from raw STEM data in a matter of seconds,which are then classified into different categories using unsupervised clustering methods.We further expanded our framework to extract parameters of diffusion for sulfur vacancies and analyzed transition probabilities associated with switching between different configurations of defect complexes consisting of Mo dopant and sulfur vacancy,providing insight into pointdefect dynamics and reactions.This approach is universal and its application to beam-induced reactions allows mapping chemical transformation pathways in solids at the atomic level. | Artem Maksov Ondrej Dyck Kai Wang Kai Xiao David B.Geohegan Bobby G.Sumpter Rama K.Vasudevan Stephen Jesse Sergei V.Kalinin Maxim Ziatdinov | 2019 | npj Computational Materials2019，，1： | 11 |
| 11 | HIGH ACCURACY ANALYSIS OF THE WILSON ELEMENT显示文摘In this paper, the Wilson nonconforming finite element is considered for solvinga class of second-order elliptic boundary value problems. Based on an asymptoticerror expansion for the Wilson finite element, the global superconvergences, thelocal superconvergences and the defect correction schemes are presented. | Luo, P Lin, Q | 1999 | Journal of Computational Mathematics1999，17，2： | 11 |
| 12 | Feature extraction of welding defect based on machine vision显示文摘There are many flaws in welding images such as noise, low contrast, and blurred edges, which affect feature extraction from welding defect regions and impede classification and recognition of welding defects. To deal with the complexity of welding defect images, this paper proposes an effective method for extracting the features of welding defect regions. Firstly, image preprocessing, image segmentation and image background removal are carried out to a welding image in order to extract welding defect region; and then an 8-connected-component labeling method is used to mark defect regions. Finally, it extracts geometric characteristic parameters including perimeter, area, circularity and others. The experimental result shows that the method proposed in the paper can accurately extract the features of welding defect regions. It has good adaptability and practicability. | 齐继阳 李金燕 | 2019 | China Welding2019，28，1： | 10 |
| 13 | Mg-based absorbable membrane for guided bone regeneration(GBR): a pilot study显示文摘A novel calcium-phosphate(Ca–P)-coated magnesium(Mg) membrane used for guided bone regeneration(GBR) was studied.The microstructural characterization, electrochemical test, immersion test,fluorescence labeling analysis and histopathological evaluation were carried out.The results showed that Ca–P coating could obviously improve the corrosion resistance of the pure Mg membrane.The in vivo results showed that Mg membrane coated with Ca–P would take 8 weeks to be completely absorbed.However, Mg membrane was completely absorbed within 1 week.Histopathological evaluation showed that the Ca–P-coated Mg membranes were significantly better than Ti membranes at the early implantation time(4 weeks), and with the time prolonging,the performance of the coated Mg membrane was not as good as pure Ti membranes(but still better than blank group) at 8 and 12 weeks.The coated biodegradable Mg membrane had a good promising application in GBR.But further studies have to be done to further decrease the degradation rate of pure Mg membrane. | Wei Peng Jun-Xiu Chen Xian-Feng Shan Yi-Chuan Wang Fan He Xue-Jin Wang Li-Li Tan Ke Yang | 2019 | Rare Metals2019，38，6： | 10 |
| 14 | Biomaterial-based strategies for maxillofacial tumour therapy and bone defect regeneration显示文摘Issues caused by maxillofacial tumours involve not only dealing with tumours but also repairing jaw bone defects.In traditional tumour therapy,the systemic toxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs,invasive surgical resection,intractable tumour recurrence,and metastasis are major threats to the patients’lives in the clinic.Fortunately,biomaterial-based intervention can improve the efficiency of tumour treatment and decrease the possibility of recurrence and metastasis,suggesting new promising antitumour therapies.In addition,maxillofacial bone tissue defects caused by tumours and their treatment can negatively affect the physiological and psychological health of patients,and investment in treatment can result in a multitude of burdens to society.Biomaterials are promising options because they have good biocompatibility and bioactive properties for stimulation of bone regeneration.More interestingly,an integrated material regimen that combines tumour therapy with bone repair is a promising treatment option.Herein,we summarized traditional and biomaterial-mediated maxillofacial tumour treatments and analysed biomaterials for bone defect repair.Furthermore,we proposed a promising and superior design of dual-functional biomaterials for simultaneous tumour therapy and bone regeneration to provide a new strategy for managing maxillofacial tumours and improve the quality of life of patients in the future. | Bowen Tan Quan Tang Yongjin Zhong Yali Wei Linfeng He Yanting Wu Jiabao Wu Jinfeng Liao | 2021 | International Journal of Oral Science2021，13，1： | 9 |
| 15 | Defects in Graphene:Generation,Healing,and Their Effects on the Properties of Graphene:A Review显示文摘Graphene has attracted immense investigation since its discovery.Lattice imperfections are introduced into graphene unavoidably during graphene growth or processing.These structural defects are known to significantly affect electronic and chemical properties of graphene.A comprehensive understanding of graphene defect is thus of critical importance.Here we review the major progresses made in defectrelated engineering of graphene.Firstly,we give a brief introduction on the types of defects in graphene.Secondly,the generation and healing of the graphene defects are summarized.Then,the effects of defects on the chemical,electronic,magnetic,and mechanical properties of graphene are discussed.Finally,we address the associated challenges and prospects on the future study of defects in graphene and other nanocarbon materials. | Lili Liu Miaoqing Qing Yibo Wang Shimou Chen | 2015 | Journal of Materials Science & Technology2015，31，6： | 9 |
| 16 | Defect and Doping Co‑Engineered Non‑Metal Nanocarbon ORR Electrocatalyst显示文摘Exploring low-cost and earth-abundant oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)electrocatalyst is essential for fuel cells and metal–air batteries.Among them,non-metal nanocarbon with multiple advantages of low cost,abundance,high conductivity,good durability,and competitive activity has attracted intense interest in recent years.The enhanced ORR activities of the nanocarbons are normally thought to originate from heteroatom(e.g.,N,B,P,or S)doping or various induced defects.However,in practice,carbon-based materials usually contain both dopants and defects.In this regard,in terms of the co-engineering of heteroatom doping and defect inducing,we present an overview of recent advances in developing non-metal carbon-based electrocatalysts for the ORR.The characteristics,ORR performance,and the related mechanism of these functionalized nanocarbons by heteroatom doping,defect inducing,and in particular their synergistic promotion effect are emphatically analyzed and discussed.Finally,the current issues and perspectives in developing carbon-based electrocatalysts from both of heteroatom doping and defect engineering are proposed.This review will be beneficial for the rational design and manufacturing of highly efficient carbon-based materials for electrocatalysis. | Jian Zhang Jingjing Zhang Feng He Yijun Chen Jiawei Zhu Deli Wang Shichun Mu Hui Ying Yang | 2021 | Nano-Micro Letters2021，13，4： | 8 |
| 17 | Wavelength and oscillator strength of dipole transition 1s^22p—1s^2nd for Mn^(22+) ion显示文摘The transition energies, wavelengths and dipole oscillator strengths of 1s22p-1s2nd (3≤n≤9) for Mn22+ ion are calculated. The fine structure splittings of 1s2nd (n≤9) states for this ion are also evaluated. In calculating energy, the higher-order relativistic contribution is estimated under a hydrogenic approximation. The quantum defect of Rydberg series 1s2nd is determined according to the quantum defect theory. The results obtained in this paper excellently agree with the experi-mental data available in literatures. | WANG ZhiWen, WANG YaNan, HU MuHong, LI XinRu & LIU Ying School of Physics and Electronic Technology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China | 2008 | Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy)2008，51，11： | 8 |
| 18 | Role of endoscopic vacuum therapy in the management of gastrointestinal transmural defects显示文摘A gastrointestinal(GI) transmural defect is defined as total rupture of the GI wall,and these defects can be divided into three categories: perforations,leaks,and fistulas. Surgical management of these defects is usually challenging and may be associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Recently,several novel endoscopic techniques have been developed,and endoscopy has become a firstline approach for therapy of these conditions. The use of endoscopic vacuum therapy(EVT) is increasing with favorable results. This technique involves endoscopic placement of a sponge connected to a nasogastric tube into the defect cavity or lumen. This promotes healing via five mechanisms,including macrodeformation,microdeformation,changes in perfusion,exudate control,and bacterial clearance,which is similar to the mechanisms in which skin wounds are treated with commonly employed wound vacuums. EVT can be used in the upper GI tract,small bowel,biliopancreatic regions,and lower GI tract,with variable success rates and a satisfactory safety profile. In this article,we review and discuss the mechanism of action,materials,techniques,efficacy,and safety of EVT in the management of patients with GI transmural defects. | Diogo Turiani Hourneaux de Moura Bruna Furia Buzetti Hourneaux de Moura Michael A Manfredi Kelly E Hathorn Ahmad N Bazarbashi Igor Braga Ribeiro Eduardo Guimaraes Hourneaux de Moura Christopher C Thompson | 2019 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy2019，11，5： | 6 |
| 19 | Defect engineering: A versatile tool for tuning the activation of key molecules in photocatalytic reactions显示文摘Many photocatalytic reactions such as CO2 reduction and N2 fixation are often limited by the activation of some key molecules. Defects in solid materials can robustly introduce coordinately unsaturated sites to serve as highly active sites for molecular chemisorption and activation. As a result, rational defect engineering has endowed a versatile approach to further develop photocatalytic applications beyond water splitting. The subtly designed defects in photocatalysts can play critical and decisive roles in molecular activation as proven in recent years. The defects cannot only serve as active sites for molecular chemisorption, but also spatially supply channels for energy and electron transfer. In this review, we aim to summarize the diversiform photocatalytic applications using defects as active sites, including but not limited to CO2 reduction, O2 activation,H2O dissociation, N2 fixation as well as activation of other molecules. In particular, we emphatically outline how the parameters of defects (e.g.,concentration,location,geometric and electronic structures) can serve as the knobs for maneuvering molecular adsorption and activation as well as altering subsequent reaction pathway. Moreover, we underline the remaining challenges at the current stage and the potential development in the future.It is anticipated that this review consolidates the in-depth understanding towards the structure-activity relationship between defects and related reactions. | Ning Zhang Chao Gao Yujie Xiong | 2019 | Journal of Energy Chemistry2019，28，10： | 6 |
| 20 | Soft measurement of wood defects based on LDA feature fusion and compressed sensor images显示文摘We proposed a detection method for wood defects based on linear discriminant analysis(LDA) and the use of compressed sensor images. Wood surface images were captured, using a camera Oscar F810C IRF camera,and then the image segmentation was performed, and the defect features were extracted from wood board images. To reduce the processing time, LDA algorithm was used to integrate these features and reduce their dimensions. Features after fusion were used to construct a data dictionary and a compressed sensor was designed to recognize the wood defects types. Of the three major defect types, 50 images live knots, dead knots, and cracks were used to test the effects of this method. The average time for feature fusion and classification was 0.446 ms with the classification accuracy of 94%. | Chao Li Yizhuo Zhang Wenjun Tu Cao Jun Hao Liang Huiling Yu | 2017 | Journal of Forestry Research2017，28，6： | 6 |
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