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| 1 | Therapeutic efficacy of acupuncture combined with neuromuscular joint facilitation in treatment of hemiplegic shoulder pain显示文摘BACKGROUND Stroke is a type of cerebrovascular disease with high prevalence,mortality,and onset of disability.As a neurodevelopmental therapy,neuromuscular joint facilitation(NJF)is widely used in the treatment of orthopedic and neurological disorders in the clinical practice.It is mainly used for central nervous system diseases or orthopedic diseases,movement disorders,and pain rehabilitation.According to related studies,NJF can also be used as a rehabilitation treatment in patients with hemiplegic shoulder pain(HSP).AIM To investigate the clinical efficacy of acupuncture combined with NJF in patients with HSP.METHODS Forty patients with HSP were randomly divided into a treatment group and a control group.The treatment group was treated with acupuncture combined with NJF and the control group was treated with acupuncture alone.All patients were assessed by using the visual analogue scale(VAS),Fugl-Meyer assessment(FMA),Barthel index(BI),and passive range of motion(PROM)before and after the training.All the clinical data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 statistical software.RESULTS There was no statistical difference in the general characteristics between the two groups.In the terms of duration of treatment,age,and pre-treatment indicators,the two groups were comparable(P>0.05).After the treatment,VAS,PROM,BI,and FMA scores were significantly improved in the two groups of patients(P<0.05).The VAS,PROM and FMA scores were significantly higher in the treatment group than in the control group(P<0.05).However,there was no significant difference in BI scores between the two groups(P>0.05).CONCLUSION Both acupuncture alone and acupuncture combined with NJF in the treatment of HSP are effective,and can improve the clinical symptoms of patients.Acupuncture combined with NJF can improve the upper limb motor function,relieve pain,and increase joint mobility in patients with HSP.The combination therapy is better than acupuncture alone.However,there is no significant difference in improving the score of patients’self-care ability. | Yan-Hui Wei De-Chao Du Ke Jiang | 2019 | World Journal of Clinical Cases2019，7，23： | 10 |
| 2 | 图式理论与阅读教学显示文摘图式理论与阅读教学叶为尔一、前言在外语教学中,Alderson曾推测,外语阅读既有语言方面的因素,也有非语言方面的因素。这里,语言因素主要指语言水平;非语言因素主要指与阅读有关的背景知识和阅读策略。近年来对背景知识作用的研究导致了“图式理论”(sch... | 叶为尔 | 1996 | 佛山科学技术学院学报(社会科学版)1996，14，S1： | 3 |
| 3 | Spatial point-pattern analysis as a powerful tool in identifying pattern-process relationships in plant ecology: an updated review显示文摘Background:Ecological processes such as seedling establishment,biotic interactions,and mortality can leave footprints on species spatial structure that can be detectable through spatial point-pattern analysis(SPPA).Being widely used in plant ecology,SPPA is increasingly carried out to describe biotic interactions and interpret patternprocess relationships.However,some aspects are still subjected to a non-negligible debate such as required sample size(in terms of the number of points and plot area),the link between the low number of points and frequently observed random(or independent)patterns,and relating patterns to processes.In this paper,an overview of SPPA is given based on rich and updated literature providing guidance for ecologists(especially beginners)on summary statistics,uni-/bi-/multivariate analysis,unmarked/marked analysis,types of marks,etc.Some ambiguities in SPPA are also discussed.Results:SPPA has a long history in plant ecology and is based on a large set of summary statistics aiming to describe species spatial patterns.Several mechanisms known to be responsible for species spatial patterns are actually investigated in different biomes and for different species.Natural processes,plant environmental conditions,and human intervention are interrelated and are key drivers of plant spatial distribution.In spite of being not recommended,small sample sizes are more common in SPPA.In some areas,periodic forest inventories and permanent plots are scarce although they are key tools for spatial data availability and plant dynamic monitoring.Conclusion:The spatial position of plants is an interesting source of information that helps to make hypotheses about processes responsible for plant spatial structures.Despite the continuous progress of SPPA,some ambiguities require further clarifications. | Mariem Ben-Said | 2021 | Ecological Processes2021，10，1： | 2 |
| 4 | Seasonal patterns of root and shoot interactions in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau显示文摘Aims Numerous studies have showed that the balance between negative and positive plant–plant interactions shifted along environmental gradients.But little is known how the positive or negative plant–plant interactions varied with temporal fluctuating habitat conditions and plant ontogenetic phases.Methods In a 2-year experiment,the four perennial grasses(Kobresia humilis,Stipa aliena,Elymus nutans and Saussurea superba)were grown under four interaction treatments(no root or shoot interaction,only shoot interaction,only root interaction,root and shoot interaction).Intensity of above-and belowground interactions is proposed to vary with the fluctuation of seasonal climatic conditions and soil available nutrients.Here we report measurements of above-and belowground interactions during entire growing season.Correlation between plant interaction intensity and seasonal soil available N as well as habitat climate conditions was also performed.Important findings Our experiment found that root interactions had negative effect on plant growth for the four species during growing season.However,both negative and positive shoot interactions occurred among the four species.Despite there being shoot facilitative effect for E.nutans and S.superba,the full interaction was negative,suggested that root interaction take more important role on plant growth than that of shoot interaction.The interaction between root and shoot effect varied as a function of species identity and growth phases.The weak correlation of plant interaction intensity to habitat environmental factors suggested that plant ontogenetic characteristics may be primary factors causing temporal variation in plant interaction. | Minghua Song Qiwu Hu Yuqiang Tian Hua Ouyang | 2012 | Journal of Plant Ecology2012，5，2： | 2 |
| 5 | Impacts of Coriaria nepalensis colonization on vegetation structure and regeneration dynamics in a mixed conifer forest of Indian Central Himalaya显示文摘This study evaluated impacts of Coriaria nepalensis Wall.colonization on soil characteristics,vegetation structure and composition,regeneration status and expected future compositional changes,biomass and carbon stock in tree species of a mixed conifer forest of Central Himalaya.Three sites(1 ha each in an old landslide area)differing in Coriaria density(low:20 individuals ha^(-1);medium:120 indiv.ha^(-1);high:190 indiv.ha^(-1))were used to enumerate the tree species.A total of 9 tree species and 2830 individuals were recorded from the three study sites that represented a gradient of Coriaria density.Number of species varied from 3 to 7 and the individuals from 690 to 1270 per site with lowest numbers at low Coriaria density and highest at medium Coriaria density.The number of seedlings increased with increasing Coriaria density,and the sites were unique in their seedling composition,indicating marked temporal dynamics.Site wise regeneration analysis showed that regeneration was poor at the site with low Coriaria density and good at the high-density site where many species emerged as seedlings.These results indicate that the ameliorative effects of Coriaria in terms of soil buildup,and accumulation of nutrients and organic matter helped more species to colonize the area.This facilitative ability of Coriaria can be used to restore degraded forest ecosystems of Indian Central Himalaya. | Nidhi Rani Mourya Kiran Bargali Surendra Singh Bargali | 2019 | Journal of Forestry Research2019，30，1： | 1 |
| 6 | Interactions of the indigenous evergreen shrub Sabina vulgariswith coexisting species in the Mu Us sandland显示文摘Aims Facilitation is widespread in plant communities and particularly common in highly stressful environments.In the semi-arid Mu Us sandland where soil water and nutrients are short and grazing is heavy,many species grow within the large patches formed by the dense individuals of the unpalatable clonal shrub Sabina vulgaris,the only natural evergreen shrub species in the Mu Us sandland.However,the interactions between S.vulgaris and these coexisting species remain unclear,and we hypothesize that S.vulgaris can facilitate at least some species because within the patches vegetation is not grazed and soil water and nutrients may also be higher.Methods We measured the maximum height,coverage and number of individuals of each vascular species,little cover and thickness of biological crust at the soil surface in 1 m×1 m plots in three types of microsites associated with 40 patches of S.vulgaris:(i)at the center,(ii)at the inner edge and(iii)outside the patches.We also took soil samples and measured soil water content and content of total N,P,K and organic matter.Important Findings Soil water,nitrogen,organic matter and litter cover were the highest at the patch center,lowest outside the patches and intermediate at the inner edge of the patches,whereas thickness of biological crust was greater outside than at the center or at the inner edge.Among the 32 species recorded,six species preferred to occur within the patches,suggesting that S.vulgaris can facilitate these species most likely by grazing exclusion,increasing water and/or nitrogen resources in soil.However,most(19)species did not show preference and seven preferred outside.Also,species richness,pooled cover and number of individuals of all species were greater outside than within the patches,and such effects did not vary with the size of the S.vulgaris patches.These results suggest that the dominant interactions between S.vulgaris and the coexisting species are competition.The findings add to our knowledge that facilitation can be shown even when the competitive effects from the potential nurse plants are very strong. | Lei Ning Chun-Xiang Liu Wei-Ming He Fei-Hai Yu | 2013 | Journal of Plant Ecology2013，6，1： | 1 |
| 7 | Positive interactions by cushion plants in high mountains:fact or artifact?显示文摘Positive interactions are defined as non-trophic interactions where at least one of the interacting species is benefited in terms of fitness and the other remains unaffected.Nevertheless,the bidirectional feedbacks between species may be positive,neutral or negative.Thus,if facilitated species induce negative effects on their‘nurses’,the assumed definition of positive interactions could be reconsidered.Methods We assessed if ecological interactions between cushions of Azorella madreporica and their facilitated species are positive.Specifically,we tested if cover of facilitated species has any costs for cushion plants from an ecophysiological perspective,and if these costs increase with the amount of cover of facilitated species.In addition,through pathway analysis and correlations,we assessed if cover and richness of facilitated species have a direct and/or indirect effect on the fitness of cushion plants.Important Findings We found that facilitated plant species induced a significant cost for their nurses(cushion plants),and this cost increases with cover of the facilitated species.Additionally,the facilitated species exert a strong direct negative effect on the cushion’s fitness and a moderate indirect negative cost evident through the nutrient status and physiological performance of cushion plants.We thus contribute evidence that positive interactions between high mountain cushion plants of central Chile and their‘facilitated’species may be an artifact more than a fact,especially when bidirectional effects are considered;contrasting with the majority of studies that document only one side of the interaction. | Marco A.Molina-Montenegro Rómulo Oses Ian S.Acuña-Rodríguez Cristian Fardella Ernesto I.Badano Patricio Torres-Morales Jorge Gallardo-Cerda Cristian Torres-Díaz | 2016 | Journal of Plant Ecology2016，9，2： | 1 |
| 8 | Effects of plant-soil feedback on tree seedling growth under arid conditions显示文摘Plants are able to influence their growing environment by changing biotic and abiotic soil conditions.These soil conditions in turn can influence plant growth conditions,which is called plant–soil feedback.Plant–soil feedback is known to be operative in a wide variety of ecosystems ranging from temperate grasslands to tropical rain forests.However,little is known about how it operates in arid environments.We examined the role of plant–soil feedbacks on tree seedling growth in relation to water availability as occurring in arid ecosystems along the west coast of South America.Methods In a two-phased greenhouse experiment,we compared plant–soil feedback effects under three water levels(no water,10%gravimetric moisture and 15%gravimetric moisture).We used sterilized soil inoculated with soil collected from northwest Peru(Prosopis pallida forests)and from two sites in north-central Chile(Prosopis chilensis forest and scrublands without P.chilensis).Important Findings Plant–soil feedbacks differed between plant species and soil origins,but water availability did not influence the feedback effects.Plant–soil feedbacks differed in direction and strength in the three soil origins studied.Plant–soil feedbacks of plants grown in Peruvian forest soil were negative for leaf biomass and positive for root length.In contrast,feedbacks were neutral for plants growing in Chilean scrubland soil and positive for leaf biomass for those growing in Chilean forest soil.Our results show that under arid conditions,effects of plant–soil feedback depend upon context.Moreover,the results suggest that plant–soil feedback can influence trade-offs between root growth and leaf biomass investment and as such that feedback interactions between plants and soil biota can make plants either more tolerant or vulnerable to droughts.Based on dissecting plant–soil feedbacks into aboveground and belowground tissue responses,we conclude that plant–soil feedback can enhance plant colonization in some arid ecosystems by promoting root growth. | Seline S.Meijer Milena Holmgren Wim H.Van der Putten | 2011 | Journal of Plant Ecology2011，4，4： | 1 |
| 9 | 英语口语的主要特点显示文摘英语口语的主要特点董孝感语言是人类最重要的交际工具,也是人类用以进行思想活动的必要手段,是人类区别于其它动物的本质特征之一。语言有口语(spokenlarguage)和书面语(writtenlanguage。书面语源于口语,是在文学创制以后逐渐形成和... | 董孝感 | 1996 | 佛山科学技术学院学报(社会科学版)1996，14，S1： | 1 |
| 10 | A mathematical model of synaptotagmin 7 revealing functional importance of short-term synaptic plasticity显示文摘Synaptotagmin 7(Syt7), a presynaptic calcium sensor, has a significant role in the facilitation in shortterm synaptic plasticity: Syt7 knock out mice show a significant reduction in the facilitation. The functional importance of short-term synaptic plasticity such as facilitation is not well understood. In this study, we attempt to investigate the potential functional relationship between the short-term synaptic plasticity and postsynaptic response by developing a mathematical model that captures the responses of both wild-type and Syt7 knock-out mice. We then studied the model behaviours of wild-type and Syt7 knock-out mice in response to multiple input action potentials. These behaviors could establish functional importance of short-term plasticity in regulating the postsynaptic response and related synaptic properties. In agreement with previous modeling studies, we show that release sites are governed by non-uniform release probabilities of neurotransmitters. The structure of non-uniform release of neurotransmitters makes shortterm synaptic plasticity to act as a high-pass filter. We also propose that Syt7 may be a modulator for the long-term changes of postsynaptic response that helps to train the target frequency of the filter. We have developed a mathematical model of short-term plasticity which explains the experimental data. | Yao He Don Kulasiri Jingyi Liang | 2019 | Neural Regeneration Research2019，14，4： | 1 |
| 11 | Application of Flipped Classroom in English Majors’ Grammar Teaching显示文摘 | 滕丽梅 | 2016 | 校园英语2016，，29： | 0 |
| 12 | Spatiotemporal behavior of predators and prey in an arid environment of Central Asia显示文摘The mechanisms of interactions between apex and smaller carnivores may range from competition to facilitation.Conversely,interactions between predators and prey are mainly driven by the prey reducing the likelihood of encounters with predators.In this study,we investigated(1)the spatiotemporal interactions between an apex(the snow leopard)and a meso-predator(the red fox),and(2)the temporal interactions between the snow leopard and its potential prey(Siberian ibex,argali,Asian wild ass,Tolai hare)through camera trapping in the Mongolian Great Gobi-A.The probability of occurrence for the red fox was higher in the presence of the snow leopard than in its absence.Moreover,the red fox activity pattern matched that of the snow leopard,with both species mostly active at sunset.This positive spatiotemporal interaction suggests that the presence of the snow leopard may be beneficial for the red fox in terms of scavenging opportunities.However,other explanations may also be possible.Amongst prey,the Siberian ibex and the argali were mainly active during the day,whereas the Asian wild ass and the Tolai hare were more nocturnal.These findings suggest that potential prey(especially the Siberian ibex and the argali)may shape their behavior to decrease the opportunity for encounters with the snow leopard.Our results have revealed complex interactions between apex and smaller predators andbetween apexpredatorand its potential prey. | Marcello Franchini Luciano Atzeni Sandro Lovari Battogtokh Nasanbat Samiya Ravchig Francisco Ceacero Herrador Giovanni Bombieri Claudio Augugliaro | 2023 | Current Zoology2023，69，6： | 0 |
| 13 | Effects of drought and slope aspect on canopy facilitation in a mountainous rangeland显示文摘Aims Species composition and diversity of the mountainous rangelands are results of interactions between environmental severities,het-erogeneous topography and facilitative effects by nurse plants.This research was aimed to compare relative effects of these three envi-ronmental variables on the natural vegetation of a mountainous rangeland.For a more detailed understanding,effects of four dif-ferent nurse species were separately compared on the various plant growth forms and on two community plant responses(diversity and abundance).Methods A mountainous semiarid rangeland was selected in Baharkish,Quchan,Northeast of Iran.Density and canopy cover of all plant species were recorded under the canopy of four different shrubs and in open areas,in north and south-facing aspects,and in a normal and a drought year.Shannon diversity,total abundance(%cover)and the abundance of different growth forms were used as crite-ria for assessing effects of the environmental variables.Data were arranged in a factorial combination and analyzed by three-way analysis of variance using a GLM analysis.Important Findings(i)Drought,aspect and canopy created niche differentiation:annual forbs and shrubs were more affected by drought,whereas geophytes and grasses were more responsive to slope aspects.Effects of drought and slope aspect were more profound on species diversity,whereas that of canopy facilitation was stronger on plant abundance.(ii)Canopy facili-tation was dependent on severity of the abiotic factors and life history of interacting species.Canopy facilitation allowed for the persistence of only annual forbs,but it was disadvantaged during the drought year.Plant community responses to abiotic factors(slope and drought)were more dependent on the plant growth form,while responses to canopy facilitation were more dependent on the morphology and/or ecology of nurse shrubs.(iii)Effect of shrubs was dependent on their morphology and ecology:shrubs with larger canopy area and nitrogen fixation capa-bility increased,but those with allelopathic effects or a dense canopy structure decreased the diversity of the understory species. | Mohammad Farzam Hamid Ejtehadi | 2017 | Journal of Plant Ecology2017，10，4： | 0 |
| 14 | Grazing and heat stress protection of native grass by a sand-fixing shrub in the arid lands of northern China显示文摘Shrub species are used in restoration projects on dryland for their facilitation effects,which include environmental improvements and protection from herbivore feeding.Facilitation effects on forage grasses are potentially important in improving grazing capacity on rangelands.However,the morphology-dependent performance of benefactor plants in facilitating forage species growth and supplementation under moderate grazing intensity remains unclear.Here,our main purpose was to measure facilitation performance in terms of the survival of a native forage grass,Agropyron cristatum(L.)Gaertn.(Gramineae).,in accordance with the growth conditions of a sand-fixing benefactor shrub,Caragana microphylla Lam.,in the Hulun Buir Grassland,northern China.Six study sites with patches of A.cristatum and C.microphylla were established at the foot of fixed sand dunes.At each site,five quadrats were set in places where C.microphylla coverage was 100%and A.cristatum grew among the shrubs(shrub quadrats),and another five were set where A.cristatum grew alone without C.microphylla(grass quadrats).We measured the morphological traits of C.microphylla and A.cristatum in all 60 quadrats,along with the soil water content and soil temperature.The data were compared between the shrub and grass quadrats by generalized linear mixed-effect models to assess the shrub's facilitation effects.We also used such models to elucidate the relationship between the average height of C.microphylla and the morphological traits of A.cristatum in the shrub quadrats.The maximum height,average grazed height,and the number of seed heads of A.cristatum were greater in the shrub quadrats than in the grass quadrats.The soil surface temperature was lower in the shrub quadrats.The maximum height and seed head number of A.cristatum were positively associated with the average height of C.microphylla.These results suggest that the grazing impact and heat stress were smaller in shrub quadrats than in grass quadrats,and that the degree of this protective effect depended on the shrub height.The shrub canopy seemed to reduce the increase in soil temperature and keep the grass vigorous.Livestock likely avoided grazing grasses in the C.microphylla patches because of the shrub's spiny leaves;only the upper parts of the grass stems(including the seed heads)protruding from the shrub canopy were grazed.The sand-fixing shrub thus moderates the grazing impact and soil temperature,and contributes to vegetation restoration and grazing system sustainability. | Keiichi KIMURA Akito KONO Susumu YAMADA Tomoyo F KOYANAGI Toshiya OKURO | 2022 | Journal of Arid Land2022，14，8： | 0 |
| 15 | Invasive weed disrupts facilitation of nutrient uptake in grass-clover assemblage显示文摘Nutrient constraints in low-fertility soil were modified by different species combinations.Grass-clover assemblages benefited both species in terms of nutrient procurement.Interplay of competition and facilitation is demonstrated.An invasive weed removed essential nutrients from the grazing cycle.To investigate the interplay of competition and facilitation between plants in low-fertility pasture grasslands of New Zealand,we compared nutrient uptake and acquisition of key nutrients of three species from different func-tional groups.Combinations of Pilosella officinarum(mouse-eared hawk-weed,an invasive weed),Trifolium repens(white clover,a nitrogen fixer)and Dactylis glomerata(cocksfoot,a pasture grass)were planted into a soil with low-to-deficient concentrations of key nutrients.Highest yields were achieved by the grass growing alone but,when the clover and grass had grown together,there were complementary benefits in terms of procurement of a wide range of nutrients from soil despite lower root biomass.The inva-sive weed negated these benefits,and soil nutrients were exploited less efficiently when Pilosella had grown alone or in a mixture with the other species.Competition from the weed removed the benefits of grass-legume coexistence.These findings are interpreted to suggest that requirements for legumes to be the main source of nitrogen in pasture grasslands may be compromised unless competitive weeds are controlled to avoid disrupted procurement of key nutrients.It is likely these constraints to nutrient procurement would similarly impact conservation grasslands. | Wei Zhang Rick Muir Nicholas Dickinson | 2024 | Soil Ecology Letters2024，6，1： | 0 |
| 16 | Emergent interactions influence functional traits and success of dune building ecosystem engineers显示文摘Aims Dune building processes are affected by interactions between the growth of ecosystem engineering dune grasses and environmen-tal factors associated with disturbance such as sand burial and sea spray.Research investigating how species interactions influence dune community structure and functional trait responses in high abiotic stress environments is minimal.We investigated how spe-cies interactions influence the functional trait responses of three dominant dune grasses to common abiotic stressors.Methods We performed a multi-factorial greenhouse experiment by plant-ing three common dune grasses(Ammophila breviligulata Fern.,Uniola paniculata L.and Spartina patens Muhl.)in different interspecific combinations,using sand burial and sea spray as abiotic stressors.Sand burial was applied once at the beginning of the study.Sea spray was applied three times per week using a calibrated spray bottle.Morphological functional trait meas-urements(leaf elongation,maximum root length,aboveground biomass and belowground biomass)were collected at the end of the study.the experiment continued from May 2015 to August 2015.Important Findings Species interactions between A.breviligulata and U.paniculata negatively affected dune building function traits of A.breviligulata,indicating that interactions with U.paniculata could alter dune community structure.Furthermore,A.breviligulata had a negative interaction with S.patens,which decreased S.patens functional trait responses to abiotic stress.When all species occurred together,the interactions among species brought about coexistence of all three species.Our data suggest that species interactions can change traditional functional trait responses of dominant species to abiotic stress. | Joseph K.Brown Julie C.Zinnert Donald R.Young | 2018 | Journal of Plant Ecology2018，11，4： | 0 |
| 17 | DEVIATION IN THE SENSE OF THE CREATIVE ASPECT OF LANGUAGE USE显示文摘DEVIATIONINTHESENSEOFTHECREATIVEASPECTOF LANGUAGEUSE崔建社Windsstampedingthefields(TedHughes)(1)Hesanghisdidn'thedancedhisdid(E.... | 崔建社 | 1996 | 佛山科学技术学院学报(社会科学版)1996，14，S1： | 0 |
| 18 | 英语非谓语动词句法功能简析显示文摘英语非谓语动词句法功能简析吴明非谓语动词是英语动间中的难点,具体地说,这一难点包括三个方面,一是非谓语动词在充当某一句子成份时,它们之间到底有什么区别;二是非谓语动词完成体与被动语态的用法;三是非谓语动词的逻辑主语与复合结构的问题。本文仅就第一方面:... | 吴明 | 1996 | 佛山科学技术学院学报(社会科学版)1996，14，S1： | 0 |
| 19 | 论英语ING形式的潜在功能显示文摘论英语ING形式的潜在功能吴国良现代语言学家并不满足于对英语不定式和ING形式的用法特征的探讨,而是要对它们的潜在功能作深层次的分析。笔者曾对英语不定式的潜在功能作过探索。本文旨在对ING形式的某些功能从语义学的角度加以研讨,以就教于前辈和同行。IN... | 吴国良 | 1996 | 佛山科学技术学院学报(社会科学版)1996，14，S1： | 0 |
| 20 | Germination response of desert annuals to shrub facilitation is species specific but not ecotypic显示文摘Aims Positive plant interactions can promote higher species density of beneficiary species in deserts.However,there is limited evidence examining the trait sets of seeds from beneficiary species.in this study,we examined the hypothesis that shrubs(benefactors)influ-ence the germination of desert annuals(beneficiaries)and promote ecotypic differentiation by generating distinct microhabitats through abiotic stress amelioration.The following predictions were tested using growth chambers and field-collected seeds:(i)seed mass and viability will be greater and less variable for seeds collected from within shrub understory relative to seeds from open microhabitats,(ii)germination of seeds from shrub and open microhabitats will be greatest under simulated home(source)conditions,(iii)seeds from the shrub microhabitat will adaptively accelerate their germination rate when germinated in simulated home(source)microhabitats relative to their simulated away(reciprocal)microhabitat.Methods Seeds and their associated maternal plants were collected from four annual species found within a shrub understory(Larrea triden-tata)and open microhabitats in the Mojave Desert of California(35.30ºN,117.26ºW,793 m.a.s.l.),and then reciprocally germi-nated in growth chambers simulating both microclimatic conditions.Cumulative germination and germination rate was measured every 4-5 days for 42 days.Important Findings There was no significant difference in the mean or coefficient of variation for seed mass and viability between the shrub and open microhabitats.The source of the seeds did not significantly impact the cumulative germination,and there was no accelerated rate of germination within potential species ecotypes thereby suggesting no ecotypic differentiation.Cumulative germination was signifi-cantly higher within the shrub-simulated microhabitat for three out of the four species examined.Cumulative germination and germina-tion rate were significantly different between species.Hence,shrubs influence the germination of desert annuals,and the outcome of this interaction is species specific,but shrub microhabitats do not nec-essarily alter the more conserved seed biology traits.Future studies should examine the influence of gene flow on beneficiary adapta-tion and the influence of species-specificity on beneficiary species response to facilitation. | Amanda R.Liczner Diego A.Sotomayor Alessandro Filazzola Christopher J.Lortie | 2017 | Journal of Plant Ecology2017，10，2： | 0 |
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