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| 1 | 健康教育及心理护理干预对妊娠期糖尿病患者血糖控制及妊娠结局的影响显示文摘妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)是妇产科常见疾病类型,是指妊娠期妇女因糖耐量异常或糖尿病所致的不同程度高血糖,具有较高发病率,相关数据统计[1],我国GDM发生率为1%~5%,且近年受饮食习惯改变等因素影响,该病发病率有明显升高趋势。目前,积极控制孕妇血糖、预防母婴并发症发生是GDM主要处理原则,但多数孕妇对疾病缺乏正确认知, | 刘宝霞 | 2017 | 山西医药杂志2017，46，3： | 126 |
| 2 | Diabetes mellitus: The epidemic of the century显示文摘The epidemic nature of diabetes mellitus in different regions is reviewed. The Middle East and North Africa region has the highest prevalence of diabetes in adults(10.9%) whereas, the Western Pacific region has the highest number of adults diagnosed with diabetes and has countries with the highest prevalence of diabetes(37.5%). Different classes of diabetes mellitus, type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes and other types of diabetes mellitus are compared in terms of diagnostic criteria, etiology and genetics. The molecular genetics of diabetes received extensive attention in recent years by many prominent investigators and research groups in the biomedical field. A large array of mutations and single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes that play a role in the various steps and pathways involved in glucose metabolism and the development, control and function of pancreatic cells at various levels are reviewed. The major advances in the molecular understanding of diabetes in relation to the different types of diabetes in comparison to the previous understanding in this field are briefly reviewed here. Despite the accumulation of extensive data at the molecular and cellular levels, the mechanism of diabetes development and complications are still not fully understood. Definitely, more extensive research is needed in this field that will eventually reflect on the ultimate objective to improve diagnoses, therapy and minimize the chance of chronic complications development. | Akram T Kharroubi Hisham M Darwish | 2015 | World Journal of Diabetes2015，6，6： | 53 |
| 3 | 个体化营养护理干预对妊娠糖尿病孕妇治疗效果及妊娠结局的影响显示文摘近年来,由于人们生存环境、生活方式的改变及产检的规范化,妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)的检出率呈逐年上升趋势[1]。GDM可对母婴健康产生近期和远期的影响。因此GDM的诊断及治疗受到医护人员的广泛关注。目前临床治疗GDM的首先方法是营养治疗[2]。然而,大多数孕妇对营养健康知识匮乏,对营养干预在治疗GDM中的作用认知程度不够, | 胡新荣 王坤 曹锦彦 艾利利 | 2017 | 中国药物与临床2017，17，7： | 43 |
| 4 | Changing trends in management of gestational diabetes mellitus显示文摘Gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM)is on the rise globally.In view of the increasing prevalence of GDM and fetal and neonatal complications associated with it,there is a splurge of research in this field and management of GDM is undergoing a sea change.Trends are changing in prevention,screening,diagnosis,treatment and future follow up.There is emerging evidence regarding use of moderate exercise,probiotics and vitamin D in the prevention of GDM.Regarding treatment,newer insulin analogs like aspart,lispro and detemir are associated with better glycemic control than older insulins.Continuous glucose monitoring systems and continuous subcutaneous insulin systems may play a role in those who require higher doses of insulin for sugar control.Evidence exists that favors metformin as a safer alternative to insulin in view of good glycemic control and better perinatal outcomes.As the risk of developing GDM in subsequent pregnancies and also the risk of overt diabetes in later life is high,regular assessment of these women is required in future.Lifestyle interventions or metformin should be offered to women with a history of GDM who develop pre-diabetes.Further studies are required in the field of prevention of GDM for optimizing obstetric outcome. | Gunasekaran Kala Poomalar | 2015 | World Journal of Diabetes2015，6，2： | 32 |
| 5 | 我国妊娠期糖尿病研究的发展与展望显示文摘近年来,我国成年2型糖尿病发生率逐年攀升,据报道,在18岁以上的女性中,11%患有糖尿病,50.1%处于糖尿病前期。不仅如此,由于缺乏规律的体格检查,我国的育龄女性中存在大量未经诊断的显性糖尿病。研究发现,在中国成年人中有60%的糖尿病患者未被诊断。妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)患者及其子代均为糖尿病明确的高危人群,远期糖尿病、肥胖等代谢综合征发生率均将明显升高。 | 魏玉梅 杨慧霞 | 2018 | 中华围产医学杂志2018，21，4： | 32 |
| 6 | Gestational diabetes mellitus: Challenges for different ethnic groups显示文摘Ethnicity is defined as'belonging to a social groupthat has a common national or cultural tradition'.Membership of certain ethnic groups has long been associated with increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM).Studies that examined ethnic differences amongst women with GDM were often conducted in western countries where women from various ethnic backgrounds were represented.The prevalence of GDM appears to be particularly high among women from South Asia and South East Asia,compared to Caucasian,African-American and Hispanic communities.For some,but not all ethnic groups,the body mass index is a risk factor for the development of GDM.Even within a particular ethnic group,those who were born in their native countries have a different risk profile for GDM compared to those born in western countries.In terms of treatment,medical nutrition therapy(MNT)plays a key role in the management of GDM and the prescription of MNT should be culturally sensitive.Limited studies have shown that women who live in an English-speaking country but predominantly speak a language other than English,have lower rates of dietary understanding compared with their English speaking counterparts,and this may affect compliance to therapy.Insulin therapy also plays an important role and there appears to be variation as to the progression of women who progress to requiring insulin among different ethnicities.As for peri-natal outcomes,women from Pacific Islander countries have higher rates of macrosomia,while women from Chinese backgrounds had lower adverse pregnancy outcomes.From a maternal outcome point of view,pregnant women from Asia with GDM have a higher incidence of abnormal glucose tolerance test results post-partum and hence a higher risk of future development of type2 diabetes mellitus.On the other hand,women from Hispanic or African-American backgrounds with GDM are more likely to develop hypertension post-partum.This review highlights the fact that management needs to be individualised and the clinician should be mindful of the impact that differences in ethnicity may have on the clinical characteristics and pregnancy outcomes inwomen affected by GDM,particularly those living in Western countries.Understanding these differences is critical in the delivery of optimal antenatal care for women from diverse ethnic backgrounds. | Lili Yuen Vincent W Wong | 2015 | World Journal of Diabetes2015，6，8： | 29 |
| 7 | 妊娠期糖尿病产后糖代谢转归的研究进展显示文摘妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)是指妊娠期首次发生的糖代谢异常,不包括妊娠前已经存在的糖尿病或糖尿病前期。孕期会发生生理性胰岛素抵抗,若母体胰岛功能不足以代偿这种抵抗时,就会发生GDM[1]。应用最新的国际糖尿病与妊娠研究组(IADPSG)诊断标准, GDM全球患病率高达17.8%[2]。GDM对母、婴两代人的影响不会因妊娠终止而终止,产后发生各种代谢相关疾病的风险显著增加。 | 张扬子 吴红花 | 2016 | 中华糖尿病杂志2016，8，5： | 30 |
| 8 | Gestational diabetes: weight gain during pregnancy and its relationship to pregnancy outcomes显示文摘Background:Weight gain during pregnancy reflects the mother's nutritional status.However, it may be affected by nutritional therapy and exercise interventions used to control blood sugar in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).This study aimed to evaluate weight gain during gestation and pregnancy outcomes among women with GDM.Methods:A retrospective study involving 1523 women with GDM was conducted between July 2013 and July 2016.Demographic data, gestational weight gain (GWG), blood glucose, glycated-hemoglobin level, and maternal and fetal outcomes were extracted from medical records.Relationships between GWG and pregnancy outcomes were investigated using multivariate logistic regression.Results:In total, 451 (29.6%) women showed insufficient GWG and 484 (31.8%) showed excessive GWG.Excessive GWG was independently associated with macrosomia (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.50-3.52, P<0.001), large for gestational age (aOR 2.06, 95% CI 1.44-2.93, P<0.001), small for gestational age (aOR 0.49, 95% CI 0.25-0.97, P=0.040), neonatal hypoglycemia (aOR 3.80, 95% CI 1.20-12.00, P=0.023), preterm birth (aOR 0.45, 95% CI 0.21-0.96, P=0.040), and cesarean delivery (aOR 1.45, 95% CI 1.13-1.87, P=0.004).Insufficient GWG increased the incidence of preterm birth (aOR 3.53, 95% CI 1.96-6.37, P<0.001).Conclusions:Both excessive and insufficient weight gain require attention in women with GDM.Nutritional therapy and exercise interventions to control blood glucose should also be used to control reasonable weight gain during pregnancy to decrease adverse pregnancy outcomes. | Bao-Hua Gou Hui-Min Guan Yan-Xia Bi Bing-Jie Ding | 2019 | Chinese Medical Journal2019，，2： | 28 |
| 9 | 《国际妇产科联盟妊娠期糖尿病实用指南》带来的启示显示文摘目前,糖尿病合并妊娠(diabetes in pregnancy, DIP)和妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM)的发生率逐年升高[1-3]。据报道,GDM在我国的发生率已达18.9%[4],成为孕期最常见的合并症之一,且呈现发病年轻化趋势,形势不容乐观。与此同时,我国成年2型糖尿病发生率亦逐年攀升,据报道已达11.6%[5]。GDM母儿已明确为糖尿病的高危人群,远期糖尿病、肥胖等代谢综合征的发生率均明显升高。而孕期有效管理及产后合理指导可使上述不良结局明显降低。由此可见,制定合理且有效的GDM实用指南尤为重要。 | 魏玉梅 杨慧霞 | 2016 | 中华围产医学杂志2016，19，5： | 26 |
| 10 | Gestational diabetes mellitus: An update on the current international diagnostic criteria显示文摘The approach to screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM) around the world is disorderly. The protocols for diagnosis vary not only in-between countries, but also within countries. Furthermore, in any country, this disparity occurs in-between its hospitals and often exists within a single hospital. There are many reasons for these differences. There is the lack of an international consensus among preeminent health organizations(e.g., American College of Gynecologists and World Health Organization). Often there is a disagreement between the country's national diabetes organization, its local health society and its regional obstetric organization with each one recommending a different option for approaching GDM. Sometimes the causes for following an alternate approach are very obvious, e.g., a resource strapped hospital is unable to follow the ivory-tower demanding recommendation of its obstetric organization. But more often than not, the rationale for following or not following a guideline, or following different guideline within the same geographic area is without any perceivable explanation. This review is an attempt to understand the problems afflicting the screening and diagnosis of GDM globally. It traces the major temporal changes in the diagnostic criteria of(1) some respected health organizations; and(2) a few selected countries. With an understanding of the reasons for this disparity, a way forward can be found to reach the ultimate goal: a single global guideline for GDM followed worldwide. | Mukesh M Agarwal | 2015 | World Journal of Diabetes2015，6，6： | 21 |
| 11 | 优质护理模式对产妇合并妊娠糖尿病不良结局的应用研究显示文摘妊娠糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)为妊娠期产妇出现血糖代谢的异常疾病,其于产妇中的发病率高达7%,且随着产妇年龄的升高、饮食结构改变及二胎的普及,其发病率持续上升[1,2]。产妇合并GDM属于高危产妇,容易并发低血糖、高血压综合征、畸形及早产甚至导致母婴死亡等[3]。因此对产妇合并妊娠糖尿病采取何种护理方式进行干预显得十分重要,本院对GDM产妇于常规治疗的基础上实施优质护理干预措施,对血糖指数和不良结局可以进行有效控制,现报告如下。1 | 魏丽梅 李巧平 刘园园 | 2018 | 山西医药杂志2018，47，21： | 19 |
| 12 | 糖化血红蛋白联合空腹血糖检测在妊娠糖尿病筛查中的应用价值显示文摘妊娠糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)一般分为以下2种情况:1妊娠前已经确诊为患有糖尿病,即为糖尿病合并妊娠;2妊娠前糖耐量正常或潜在糖耐量减退妊娠期才出现或确诊的糖尿病,即为妊娠期糖尿病。 | 张惠 张眉花 | 2016 | 实用医技杂志2016，23，7： | 18 |
| 13 | Gestational diabetes: A clinical update显示文摘Gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM)is increasing in prevalence in tandem with the dramatic increase inthe prevalence of overweight and obesity in women of childbearing age.Much controversy surrounds the diagnosis and management of gestational diabetes,emphasizing the importance and relevance of clarity and consensus.If newly proposed criteria are adopted universally a significantly growing number of women will be diagnosed as having GDM,implying new therapeutic challenges to avoid foetal and maternal complications related to the hyperglycemia of gestational diabetes.This review provides an overview of clinical issues related to GDM,including the challenges of screening and diagnosis,the pathophysiology behind GDM,the treatment and prevention of GDM and the long and short term consequences of gestational diabetes for both mother and offspring. | Ulla Kampmann Lene Ring Madsen Gitte Oeskov Skajaa Ditte Smed Iversen Niels Moeller Per Ovesen | 2015 | World Journal of Diabetes2015，6，8： | 17 |
| 14 | 二甲双胍治疗妊娠期糖尿病的研究进展显示文摘妊娠期糖尿病( gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM )是指仅限于妊娠期间发生或首次出现的糖尿病或糖耐量异常。根据世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO )2013标准,我国GDM发病率高达17.5%。妊娠期高血糖与母儿不良结局相关,积极有效地控制血糖可改善围产期结局。目前对GDM的治疗,除生活方式指导外,主要依靠胰岛素,但胰岛素治疗存在一些不足,如需注射给药、易发生低血糖、增加体重等。 | 陆静波 程海东 | 2017 | 中华围产医学杂志2017，20，11： | 17 |
| 15 | 妊娠期甲状腺功能亢进症的诊断与治疗显示文摘妊娠期甲状腺功能亢进增加母婴并发症和不良妊娠结局的发生率,其中妊娠期一过性甲状腺功能亢进综合征(gestational transient hyperthyroidism,GTH)最常见,发病率为1%~3%^([1]);毒性弥漫性甲状腺肿(Graves病)的发病率为0.1%~1.0%^([2]);其他较少见的原因主要包括:甲状腺功能腺瘤、结节甲状腺肿、妊娠期亚急性甲状腺炎等。 | 连岩 王谢桐 | 2015 | 实用妇产科杂志2015，31，12： | 16 |
| 16 | 妊娠期糖尿病一日门诊教育模式的效果观察显示文摘妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)是指妇女在怀孕前未患有糖尿病,在怀孕时才发现血糖过高的一种妊娠期特发的并发症,全球发病率为16%-18%-([1-4])。GDM如不进行治疗,母体、胎儿可能会产生一些并发症, | 黄巧 余友霞 肖正华 张媛 乐一 明菲 田芹 熊鹭 | 2016 | 重庆医学2016，45，21： | 16 |
| 17 | 妊娠合并糖尿病诊治指南(2014)(一)显示文摘妊娠合并糖尿病包括孕前糖尿病(pre-gestational diabetes mellitus,PGDM)和妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus.GDM),PGDM可能在孕前已确诊或在妊娠期首次被诊断。随着糖尿病发病率日益升高,以及GDM筛查诊断受到广泛重视,妊娠合并糖尿病患者不断增多。 | 杨慧霞 | 2014 | 健康管理2014，0，11： | 16 |
| 18 | 妊娠期糖尿病孕妇产后发展为2型糖尿病的风险:系统综述与meta分析显示文摘2020年5月,《英国医学杂志》(British Medical Journal,BMJ)发表了一项有关妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)孕妇产后发展为2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)风险的系统综述与meta分析。该研究比较了GDM孕妇和健康对照女性产后发生T2DM风险的差异,结果显示,GDM孕妇产后发生T2DM的风险是健康产妇的近10倍,强调了从产后早期开始通过产后筛查和相应的干预措施预防T2DM的重要性。 | 隽娟 杨慧霞 | 2020 | 中华围产医学杂志2020，23，7： | 16 |
| 19 | Challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia worldwide显示文摘Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia(GTN) is a rare tumor that originates from pregnancy that includes invasive mole, choriocarcinoma(CCA), placental site trophoblastic tumor and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor(PSTT/ETT). GTN presents different degrees of proliferation, invasion and dissemination, but, if treated in reference centers, has high cure rates, even in multi-metastatic cases.The diagnosis of GTN following a hydatidiform molar pregnancy is made according to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics(FIGO)2000 criteria: four or more plateaued human chorionic gonadotropin(hCG)concentrations over three weeks; rise in hCG for three consecutive weekly measurements over at least a period of 2 weeks or more; and an elevated but falling hCG concentrations six or more months after molar evacuation. However,the latter reason for treatment is no longer used by many centers. In addition,GTN is diagnosed with a pathological diagnosis of CCA or PSTT/ETT. For staging after a molar pregnancy, FIGO recommends pelvic-transvaginal Doppler ultrasound and chest X-ray. In cases of pulmonary metastases with more than 1cm, the screening should be complemented with chest computed tomography and brain magnetic resonance image. Single agent chemotherapy, usually Methotrexate(MTX) or Actinomycin-D(Act-D), can cure about 70% of patients with FIGO/World Health Organization(WHO) prognosis risk score ≤ 6(low risk), reserving multiple agent chemotherapy, such as EMA/CO(Etoposide,MTX, Act-D, Cyclophosphamide and Oncovin) for cases with FIGO/WHO prognosis risk score ≥ 7(high risk) that is often metastatic. Best overall cure rates for low and high risk disease is close to 100% and > 95%, respectively. The management of PSTT/ETT differs and cure rates tend to be a bit lower. The early diagnosis of this disease and the appropriate treatment avoid maternal death,allow the healing and maintenance of the reproductive potential of these women. | Antonio Braga Paulo Mora Andréia Cristina de Melo Angélica Nogueira-Rodrigues Joffre Amim-Junior Jorge Rezende-Filho Michael J Seckl | 2019 | World Journal of Clinical Oncology2019，10，2： | 15 |
| 20 | 妊娠期糖尿病肠道菌群和代谢特征改变及其相互作用显示文摘妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)是一种常见的妊娠并发症,指在妊娠期间首次发生或发现的糖代谢异常。我国GDM发病率高达17.5%〜18.9%,且有逐年上升和年轻化趋势。GDM与近远期不良母儿结局密切相关,如巨大儿、宫内窘迫以及远期增加母儿患糖尿病、肥胖、心脏病等的风险。目前GDM发病机制仍不明确,需深入研究。 | 王星 漆洪波 | 2021 | 中华围产医学杂志2021，24，1： | 15 |
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