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| 1 | 分割放射治疗中剂量、时间因素的生物学基础显示文摘The biology rationale for radiotherapy in the treatment of malignant disease is based on repair, repopulation,reoxygenation and cell cycle redistribution. Various aspects of the roles of the 4R’ are discussed, including in determining the sensitivity of tumors and normal tissue tolerances. An improvement in therapeutic ratio may derive from reducing the dose per fraction and minimizing the overall treatmemt duration. Some methods have developed to predict the response of normal and tumor tissues before radiotherapy. The parameters of cell survival at 2Gy(SF2) was correlated with clinical outcome. There is reasons to suppose that the pretreatment tumor LI and Tpot mat be good predictors for tumor repopulation kinetics. This review also discussed the rationale for the use of LQ model in fractionated radiotherapy. | 冯炎 | 1995 | 中华放射肿瘤学杂志1995，4，2： | 42 |
| 2 | Gastrointestinal radiation injury:Symptoms,risk factors and mechanisms显示文摘Ionising radiation therapy is a common treatment modality for different types of cancer and its use is expected to increase with advances in screening and early detection of cancer.Radiation injury to the gastrointestinal tract is important factor working against better utility of this important therapeutic modality.Cancer survivors can suffer a wide variety of acute and chronic symptoms following radiotherapy,which significantly reduces their quality of life as well as adding an extra burden to the cost of health care.The accurate diagnosis and treatment of intestinal radiation injury often represents a clinical challenge to practicing physicians in both gastroenterology and oncology.Despite the growing recognition of the problem and some advances in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of radiation injury,relatively little is known about the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal radiation injury or any possible susceptibility factors that could aggravate its severity.The aims of this review are to examine the various clinical manifestations of post-radiation gastrointestinal symptoms,to discuss possible patient and treatment factors implicated in normal gastrointestinal tissue radiosensitivity and to outline different mechanisms of intestinal tissue injury. | Abobakr K Shadad Frank J Sullivan Joseph D Martin Laurence J Egan | 2013 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2013，19，2： | 35 |
| 3 | Two new ornithurine birds from the Early Cretaceous of western Liaoning,China显示文摘We describe two new ornithurine birds from the Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of western Liaoning, northeast China: Yanornis martini gen. et sp. nov. and Yixianornis grabaui gen. et sp. nov. They represent the best fossil record of ornithurine birds known from the Early Cretaceous. They are more advanced than the most primitive ornithurine Liaoningornis, and are more similar to the other two Chinese Early Cretaceous ornithurines Chaoyangia and Songlingornis. Compared with Confuciusornis, Liaoxiornls and Eoenantiornis from the same age, the two new birds show remarkable advanced characteristics and suggest the presence of powerful flight capability like modern birds. Compared with Yixianornis and Chaoyangia, Yanornis is larger, with a more elongated skull and relatively long wings. The new discoveries indicate that by the Early Cretaceous both enantiornithine and ornithurine birds had already radiated significantly. The flight structures of Yanornis and Yixianornis are hardly distinguishable from | Zhonghe Zhou Fucheng Zhang | 2001 | Chinese Science Bulletin2001，46，15： | 36 |
| 4 | Aerosol and boundary-layer interactions and impact on air quality显示文摘Air quality is concerned with pollutants in both the gas phase and solid or liquid phases. The latter are referred to as aerosols, which are multifaceted agents affecting air quality, weather and climate through many mechanisms. Unlike gas pollutants, aerosols interact strongly with meteorological variables with the strongest interactions taking place in the planetary boundary layer(PBL). The PBL hosting the bulk of aerosols in the lower atmosphere is affected by aerosol radiative effects. Both aerosol scattering and absorption reduce the amount of solar radiation reaching the ground and thus reduce the sensible heat fluxes that drive the diurnal evolution of the PBL. Moreover, aerosols can increase atmospheric stability by inducing a temperature inversion as a result of both scattering and absorption of solar radiation, which suppresses dispersion of pollutants and leads to further increases in aerosol concentration in the lower PBL.Such positive feedback is especially strong during severe pollution events. Knowledge of the PBL is thus crucial for understanding the interactions between air pollution and meteorology. A key question is how the diurnal evolution of the PBL interacts with aerosols, especially in vertical directions, and affects air quality.We review the major advances in aerosol measurements, PBL processes and their interactions with each other through complex feedback mechanisms, and highlight the priorities for future studies. | Zhanqing Li Jianping Guo Aijun Ding Hong Liao Jianjun Liu Yele Sun Tijian Wang Huiwen Xue Hongsheng Zhang Bin Zhu | 2017 | National Science Review2017，4，6： | 37 |
| 5 | Gastrointestinal radiation injury:Prevention and treatment显示文摘With the recent advances in detection and treatment of cancer,there is an increasing emphasis on the efficacy and safety aspects of cancer therapy.Radiation therapy is a common treatment for a wide variety of cancers,either alone or in combination with other treatments.Ionising radiation injury to the gastrointestinal tract is a frequent side effect of radiation therapy and a considerable proportion of patients suffer acute or chronic gastrointestinal symptoms as a result.These side effects often cause morbidity and may in some cases lower the efficacy of radiotherapy treatment.Radiation injury to the gastrointestinal tract can be minimised by either of two strategies:technical strategies which aim to physically shift radiation dose away from the normal intestinal tissues,and biological strategies which aim to modulate the normal tissue response to ionising radiation or to increase its resistance to it.Although considerable improvement in the safety of radiotherapy treatment has been achieved through the use of modern optimised planning and delivery techniques,biological techniques may offer additional further promise.Different agents have been used to prevent or minimize the severity of gastrointestinal injury induced by ionising radiation exposure,including biological,chemical and pharmacological agents.In this review we aim to discuss various technical strategies to prevent gastrointestinal injury during cancer radiotherapy,examine the different therapeutic options for acute and chronic gastrointestinal radiation injury and outline some examples of research directions and considerations for prevention at a pre-clinical level. | Abobakr K Shadad Frank J Sullivan Joseph D Martin Laurence J Egan | 2013 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2013，19，2： | 32 |
| 6 | Inflammatory bowel disease and cancer: The role of inflammation, immunosuppression, and cancer treatment显示文摘In patients with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD), chronic inflammation is a major risk factor for the development of gastrointestinal malignancies. The pathogenesis of colitis-associated cancer is distinct from sporadic colorectal carcinoma and the critical molecular mechanisms underlying this process have yet to be elucidated. Patients with IBD have also been shown to be at increased risk of developing extra-intestinal malignancies. Medical therapies that diminish the mucosal inflammatory response represent the foundation of treatment in IBD, and recent evidence supports their introduction earlier in the disease course. However, therapies that alter the immune system, often used for long durations, may also promote carcinogenesis. As the population of patients with IBD grows older, with longer duration of chronic inflammation and longer exposure to immunosuppression, there is an increasing risk of cancer development. Many of these patients will require cancer treatment, including chemotherapy, radiation, hormonal therapy, and surgery. Many patients will require further treatment for their IBD. This review seeks to explore the characteristics and risks of cancer in patients with IBD, and to evaluate the limited data on patients with IBD and cancer, including management of IBD after a diagnosis of cancer, the effects of cancer treatment on IBD, and the effect of IBD and medications for IBD on cancer outcomes. | Jordan E Axelrad Simon Lichtiger Vijay Yajnik | 2016 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2016，22，20： | 33 |
| 7 | Surgical strategy for bile duct cancer:Advances and current limitations显示文摘The aim of this review is to describe recent advances and topics in the surgical management of bile duct cancer.Radical resection with a microscopically negative margin(R0)is the only way to cure cholangiocarcinoma and is associated with marked survival advantages compared to margin-positive resections.Complete resection of the tumor is the surgeon’s ultimate aim,and several advances in the surgical treatment for bile duct cancer have been made within the last two decades.Multidetector row computed tomography has emerged as an indispensable diagnostic modality for the precise preoperative evaluation of bile duct cancer,in terms of both longitudinal and vertical tumor invasion.Many meticulous operative procedures have been established,especially extended hepatectomy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma,to achieve a negative resection margin,which is the only prognostic factor under the control of the surgeon.A complete caudate lobectomy and resection of the inferior part of Couinaud’s segmentⅣcoupled with right or left hemihepatectomy has become the standard surgical procedure for hilar cholangiocarcinoma,and pyloruspreserving pancreaticoduodenectomy is the first choice for distal bile duct cancer.Limited resection for middle bile duct cancer is indicated for only strictly selected cases.Preoperative treatments including biliary drainage and portal vein embolization are also indicated for only selected patients,especially jaundiced patients anticipating major hepatectomy.Liver transplantation seems ideal for complete resection of bile duct cancer,but the high recurrence rate and decreased patient survival after liver transplant preclude it from being considered standard treatment.Adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy have a potentially crucial role in prolonging survival and controlling local recurrence,but no definite regimen has been established to date.Further evidence is needed to fully define the role of liver transplantation and adjuvant chemo-radiotherapy. | Nobuhisa Akamatsu Yasuhiko Sugawara Daijo Hashimoto | 2011 | World Journal of Clinical Oncology2011，2，2： | 27 |
| 8 | 为弥漫的甲状腺腺病理的评估的 ARFI elastography : 初步的结果显示文摘 AIM:To assess whether acoustic radiation force impulse(ARFI)elastography can differentiate normal from pathological thyroid parenchyma.METHODS:We evaluated 136 subjects(mean age 45.8±15.6 years,106 women and 30 men):44(32.3%) without thyroid pathology,48(35.3%)with BasedowGraves’disease(GD),37(27.2%)with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis(CAT;diagnosed by specific tests),4(2.9%)with diffuse thyroid goiter and 3(2.2%)cases with thyroid pathology induced by amiodarone.In all patients,10 elastographic measurements were made in the right thyroid lobe and 10 in the left thyroid lobe,using a 1-4.5 MHZ convex probe and a 4-9 MHz linear probe,respectively.Median values were calculated for thyroid stiffness and expressed in meters/second(m/s).RESULTS:Thyroid stiffness(TS)assessed by means of ARFI in healthy subjects(2±0.40 m/s)was significantly lower than in GD(2.67±0.53 m/s)(P<0.0001) and CAT patients(2.43±0.58 m/s)(P=0.0002),but the differences were not significant between GDvs CAT patients(P=0.053).The optimal cut-off value for the prediction of diffuse thyroid pathology was 2.36 m/s.For this cut-off value,TS had 62.5%sensitivity,79.5% specificity,87.6%predictive positive value,55.5% negative predictive value and 72.7%accuracy for the presence of diffuse thyroid gland pathology(AUROC=0.804).There were no significant differences between the TS values obtained with linear vs convex probes and when 5 vs 10 measurements were taken in each lobe(median values).CONCLUSION:ARFI seems to be a useful method for the assessment of diffuse thyroid gland pathology. | Ioan Sporea Roxana Sirli Simona Bota Mihaela Vlad Alina Popescu Ioana Zosin | 2012 | World Journal of Radiology2012，4，4： | 25 |
| 9 | Practice guidelines for ultrasound-guided percutaneous microwave ablation for hepatic malignancy显示文摘Primary liver cancer and liver metastases are among the most frequent malignancies worldwide,with an increasing number of new cases and deaths every year.Traditional surgery is only suitable for a limited proportion of patients and imaging-guided percutaneous thermal ablation has achieved optimistic results for management of hepatic malignancy.This synopsis outlines the first clinical practice guidelines for ultrasoundguided percutaneous microwave ablation therapy for hepatic malignancy,which was created by a joint task force of the Society of Chinese Interventional Ultrasound.The guidelines aim at standardizing the microwave ablation procedure and therapeutic efficacy assessment,as well as proposing the criteria for the treatment candidates. | Ping Liang Jie Yu Ming-De Lu Bao-Wei Dong Xiao-Ling Yu Xiao-Dong Zhou Bing Hu Ming-Xing Xie Wen Cheng Wen He Jian-Wen Jia Guo-Rong Lu | 2013 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2013，19，33： | 26 |
| 10 | Is ARFI elastography reliable for predicting fibrosis severity in chronic HCV hepatitis?显示文摘AIM:To determine whether acoustic radiation force impulse(ARFI) elastography is a reliable method for predicting fibrosis severity in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus(HCV) hepatitis.METHODS:We performed a multicenter study including 274 subjects with HCV chronic hepatitis in which we compared ARFI with liver biopsy(LB).In each patient we performed LB(evaluated according to the Metavir score) and ARFI measurements(using a Siemens Acuson S2000TM ultrasound system:10 valid measurements were performed and median values were calculated and expressed in meters/second(m/s).RESULTS:A direct,strong,correlation(Spearman r = 0.707) was found between ARFI measurements and fibrosis(P < 0.0001).For predicting the presence of fibrosis(F ≥ 1 Metavir),significant fibrosis(F ≥ 2),severe fibrosis(F ≥ 3) and cirrhosis(F = 4),the cutoff values of 1.19,1.21,1.58 and 1.82 m/s were determined,respectively,liver stiffness measurements had 73%,84%,84% and 91% Se respectively;93%,91%,94%,90% Sp,respectively;with AUROCs of 0.880,0.893,0.908 and 0.937,respectively.CONCLUSION:ARFI measurement is a reliable method for predicting the severity of fibrosis in HCV | Ioan Sporea Roxana Sirli Simona Bota Carmen Fierbinteanu-Braticevici Alina Popescu Radu Badea Monica Lupsor Ana Petrisor Mirela Dnil | 2011 | World Journal of Radiology2011，3，7： | 24 |
| 11 | Characterization of focal liver masses using acoustic radiation force impulse elastography显示文摘AIM:To investigate the diagnostic performance of acoustic radiation force impulse(ARFI) elastography for characterizing focal liver mass by quantifying their stiffness.METHODS:This prospective study included 62 patients with a focal liver mass that was well visualized on conventional ultrasonography performed in our institution from February 2011 to November 2011.Among them,12 patients were excluded for ARFI measurement failure due to a lesion that was smaller than the region of the interest and at an inaccessible location(deeper than 8 cm)(n = 7) or poor compliance to hold their breath as required(n = 5).Finally,50 patients with valid ARFI measurements were enrolled.If a patient had multiple liver masses,only one mass of interest was chosen.The masses were diagnosed by histological examination or clinical diagnostic criteria.During ultrasonographic evaluation,stiffness,expressed as velocity,was checked 10 times per focal liver mass and the surrounding liver parenchyma.RESULTS:After further excluding three masses that were non-diagnostic on biopsy,a total of 47 focal mass lesions were tested,including 39(83.0%) malignant masses [24 hepatocellular carcinomas(HCC),seven cholangiocellular carcinomas(CCC),and eight liver metastases] and eight(17.0%) benign masses(five hemangiomas and three focal nodular hyperplasias,FNH).Thirty-seven(74.0%) masses were confirmed by histological examination.The mean velocity was 2.48 m/s in HCCs,1.65 m/s in CCCs,2.35 m/s in metastases,1.83 m/s in hemangiomas,and 0.97 m/s in FNHs.Although considerable overlap was still noted between malignant and benign masses,significant differences in ARFI values were observed between malignant and benign masses(mean 2.31 m/s vs 1.51 m/s,P = 0.047),as well as between HCCs and benign masses(mean 2.48 m/s vs 1.51 m/s,P = 0.006).The areas under the receiver operating characteristics curves(AUROC) for discriminating the malignant masses from benign masses was 0.724(95%CI,0.566-0.883,P = 0.048),and the AUROC for discriminating HCCs from benign masses was 0.813(95%CI,0.649-0.976,P = 0.008).To maximize the sum of sensitivity and specificity,an ARFI value of 1.82 m/s was selected as the cutoff value to differentiate malignant from benign liver masses.Furthermore,the cutoff value for distinguishing HCCs from benign masses was also determined to be 1.82 m/s.The diagnostic performance of the sum of the ARFI values for focal liver masses and the surrounding liver parenchyma to differentiate liver masses improved(AUROC = 0.853;95%CI,0.745-0.960;P = 0.002 in malignant liver masses vs benign ones and AUROC = 0.948;95%CI,0.896-0.992,P < 0.001 in HCCs vs benign masses).CONCLUSION:ARFI elastography provides additional information for the differential diagnosis of liver masses.However,our results should be interpreted in clinical context,because considerable overlap in ARFI values existed among liver masses. | Hana Park Jun Yong Park Do Young Kim Sang Hoon Ahn Chae Yoon Chon Kwang-Hyub Han Seung Up Kim | 2013 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2013，19，2： | 22 |
| 12 | Radiation pneumonitis after stereotactic radiation therapy for lung cancer显示文摘Stereotactic body radiation therapy(SBRT)has a locacontrol rate of 95%at 2 years for non-small cell lungcancer(NSCLC)and should improve the prognosis oinoperable patients,elderly patients,and patients withsignificant comorbidities who have early-stage NSCLCThe safety of SBRT is being confirmed in internationalmulti-institutional PhaseⅡtrials for peripheral lungcancer in both inoperable and operable patients,bureports so far have found that SBRT is a safe and effective treatment for early-stage NSCLC and early metastatic lung cancer.Radiation pneumonitis(RP)is oneof the most common toxicities of SBRT.Although mospost-treatment RP is Grade 1 or 2 and either asymptomatic or manageable,a few cases are severe,symptomatic,and there is a risk for mortality.The reportedrates of symptomatic RP after SBRT range from 9%to28%.Being able to predict the risk of RP after SBRT isextremely useful in treatment planning.A dose-effecrelationship has been demonstrated,but suggesteddose-volume factors like mean lung dose,lung V20and/or lung V2.5 differed among the reports.We foundthat patients who present with an interstitial pneumo-nitis shadow on computed tomography scan and high levels of serum Krebs von den Lungen-6 and surfactant protein D have a high rate of severe radiation pneumo-nitis after SBRT.At our institution,lung cancer patients with these risk factors have not received SBRT since 2006,and our rate of severe RP after SBRT has de-creased significantly since then. | Hideomi Yamashita Wataru Takahashi Akihiro Haga Keiichi Nakagawa | 2014 | World Journal of Radiology2014，6，9： | 22 |
| 13 | Multislice CT angiography in coronary artery disease: Technical developments, radiation dose and diagnostic value显示文摘Multislice computed tomography (CT) angiography has been increasingly used in the detection and diagnosis of coronary artery disease because of its rapid technical evolution from the early generation of 4-slice CT scanners to the latest models such as 64-slice, 256-slice and 320-slice CT scanners. Technical developments of multislice CT imaging enable improved diagnostic value in the detection of coronary artery disease, and this indicates that multislice CT can be used as a reliable lessinvasive alternative to invasive coronary angiography in selected patients. In addition, multislice CT angiography has played a significant role in the prediction of disease progression and cardiac events. Despite promising results reported in the literature, multislice CT has the disadvantage of having a high radiation dose which could contribute to the radiation-induced malignancy. A variety of strategies have been currently undertaken to reduce the radiation dose associated with multislice CT coronary angiography while in the meantime acquiring diagnostic images. In this article, the author will review the technical developments, radiation dose associated with multislice CT coronary angiography, and strategies to reduce radiation dose. The diagnostic and prognostic value of multislice CT angiography in coronary artery disease is briefly discussed, and future directions of multislice CT angiography in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease will also be highlighted. | Zhonghua Sun, Discipline of Medical Imaging, Department of Imaging and Applied Physics, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia | 2010 | World Journal of Cardiology2010，2，10： | 19 |
| 14 | Long-term outcomes of a phase Ⅱ randomized controlled trial comparing intensity-modulated radiotherapy with or without weekly cisplatin for the treatment of locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma显示文摘Background:Salvage treatment for locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC) is complicated and relatively limited.Radiotherapy,combined with effective concomitant chemotherapy,may improve clinical treatment outcomes.We conducted a phase Ⅱ randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of intensity-modulated radiotherapy with concomitant weekly cisplatin on locally recurrent NPC.Methods:Between April 2002 and January 2008,69 patients diagnosed with non-metastatic locally recurrent NPC were randomly assigned to either concomitant chemoradiotherapy group(n = 34) or radiotherapy alone group(n = 35).All patients received intensity-modulated radiotherapy.The radiotherapy dose for both groups was 60 Gy in 27 fractions for 37 days(range 23-53 days).The concomitant chemotherapy schedule was cisplatin 30 mg/m^2 by intravenous infusion weekly during radiotherapy.Results:The median follow-up period of all patients was 35 months(range 2-112 months).Between concomitant chemoradiotherapy and radiotherapy groups,there was only significant difference in the 3-year and 5-year overall survival(OS) rates(68.7%vs.42.2%,P = 0.016 and 41.8%vs.27.5%,P = 0.049,respectively).Subgroup analysis showed that concomitant chemoradiotherapy significantly improved the 5-year OS rate especially for patients in stage rT3-4(33.0%vs.13.2%,P = 0.009),stages Ⅲ-Ⅳ(34.3%vs.13.2%,P = 0.006),recurrence interval >30 months(49.0%vs.20.6%,P = 0.017),and tumor volume >26 cm^3(37.6%vs.0%,P = 0.006).Conclusion:Compared with radiotherapy alone,concomitant chemoradiotherapy can improve OS of the patients with locally recurrent NPC,especially those with advanced T category(rT3-4) and stage(lll-IV) diseases,recurrence intervals >30 months,and tumor volume >26 cm^3. | Ying Guan Shuai Liu Han-Yu Wang Ying Guo Wei-Wei Xiao Chun-Yan Chen Chong Zhao Tai-Xiang Lu Fei Han | 2016 | Chinese Journal of Cancer2016，35，4： | 19 |
| 15 | Seismic damage-cracking analysis of arch dams using different earthquake input mechanisms显示文摘In this study, a nonlinear model is presented for analysis of damage-cracking behavior in arch dams during strong earthquakes using different seismic input mechanisms. The nonlinear system includes a plastic-damage model for cyclic loading of concrete considering strain softening and a contact boundary model of contraction joint opening. Two different earthquake input mechanisms are used for comparison, including massless foundation input model and viscous-spring boundary model considering radiation damping due to infinite canyon. The results demonstrate that effects of seismic input mechanism and radiation damping on nonlinear response and damage-cracking of the dam are significant. Compared with the results of using massless foundation input model, the damage-cracking region and contraction joint opening are substantially reduced when using viscous-spring boundary model to take into account radiation damping. However, if the damping ratio of the dam is artificially increased to about 10%―15% for massless foundation input model, the joint opening and damage-cracking of the dam are comparable to the results obtained from the viscous-spring boundary model. | JianWen Pan ChuHan Zhang JinTing Wang YanJie Xu | 2009 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2009，52，2： | 18 |
| 16 | Combined acoustic radiation force impulse, aminotransferase to platelet ratio index and Forns index assessment for hepatic fibrosis grading in hepatitis B显示文摘AIM: To investigate the combined diagnostic accuracy of acoustic radiation force impulse(ARFI), aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index(APRI) and Forns index for a non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B(CHB). METHODS: In this prospective study, 206 patients had CHB with liver fibrosis stages F0-F4 classified by METAVIR and 40 were healthy volunteers were measured by ARFI, APRI and Forns index separately or combined as indicated. RESULTS: ARFI, APRI or Forns index demonstrated a significant correlation with the histological stage(all P < 0.001). According to the AUROC of ARFI and APRI for evaluating fibrotic stages more than F2, ARFI showed an enhanced diagnostic accuracy than APRI(P < 0.05). The combined measurement of ARFI and APRI exhibited better accuracy than ARFI alone when evaluating ≥ F2 fibrotic stage(Z = 2.77, P = 0.006). Combination of ARFI, APRI and Forns index did not obviously improve the diagnostic accuracy compared to the combination of ARFI and APRI(Z = 0.958, P = 0.338). CONCLUSION: ARFI + APRI showed enhanced diagnostic accuracy than ARFI or APRI alone for significant liver fibrosis and ARFI + APRI + Forns index shows the same effect with ARFI + APRI. | Chang-Feng Dong Jia Xiao Ling-Bo Shan Han-Ying Li Yong-Jia Xiong Gui-Lin Yang Jing Liu Si-Min Yao Sha-Xi Li Xiao-Hua Le Jing Yuan Bo-Ping Zhou George L Tipoe Ying-Xia Liu | 2016 | World Journal of Hepatology2016，8，14： | 18 |
| 17 | Novel concepts in radiation-induced cardiovascular disease显示文摘Radiation-induced cardiovascular disease(RICVD) is the most common nonmalignant cause of morbidity and mortality among cancer survivors who have undergone mediastinal radiation therapy(RT).Cardiovascular complications include effusive or constrictive pericarditis,cardiomyopathy,valvular heart disease,and coronary/vascular disease.These are pathophysiologically distinct disease entities whose prevalence varies depending on the timing and extent of radiation exposure to the heart and great vessels.Although refinements in RT dosimetry and shielding will inevitably limit future cases of RICVD,the increasing number of long-term cancer survivors,including those treated with older higher-dose RT regimens,will ensure a steady flow of afflicted patients for the foreseeable future.Thus,there is a pressing need for enhanced understanding of the disease mechanisms,and improved detection methods and treatment strategies.Newly characterized mechanisms responsible for the establishment of chronic fibrosis,such as oxidative stress,inflammation and epigenetic modifications,are discussed and linked to potential treatments currently under study.Novel imaging modalities may serve as powerful screening tools in RICVD,and recent research and expert opinion advocating their use is introduced.Data arguing for the aggressive use of percutaneous interventions,such as transcutaneous valve replacement and drug-eluting stents,are examined and considered in the context of prior therapeutic approaches.RICVD and its treatment options are the subject of a rich and dynamic body of research,and patients who are at risk or suffering from this disease will benefit from the care of physicians with specialty expertise in the emerging field of cardiooncology. | Jason R Cuomo Gyanendra K Sharma Preston D Conger Neal L Weintraub | 2016 | World Journal of Cardiology2016，8，9： | 17 |
| 18 | 放射生物学概念在鼻咽癌、食管癌及肺癌治疗中的应用显示文摘The term 'altered factionation' is relative to the conventonal fractionation, which is defined as follows: for curative treatment of most cancers, 180 to 200 cGy per fraction is given once a day, 5 times per week, to a total dose determined by the tumor being treated and the tolerance of critical normal tissues within the target volume, usually 60 to 70 Gy within 6~7 weeks. The basic rationales for altered fractionation can be summaried by (1) The late-responding tissues are much more sensitive to fraction size than the early-responding tissues, with multiple smaller fractions. The late responding tissues can tolerate an increased total dose and the effects on the tumor therefore may be increased by the higher total radiation dose with improved tumor control; (2) Reduction in overall treatment time decreases the opportunity of accelerated regeneration of tumor cells during treatment and therefore inceases the probability of tumor control for a given total dose. In general,altered fractionation schemes can be categoriclly divided in to the following:(1) Hypofraction(2) Split-course radiation therapy(3) Hyperfractionation(4) Accelerated fractionation(5) Accelerated hyperfractionationIn recently years, we have tested various altered fractionation schedules for the treatment of nasopharyngeal, esophageal and lung cancer. For the nasopharyngeal caricnoma, hyperfractionation was used firstly by 1.1 Gy/F, 2F/day with an interval of >6hrs, followed by concomitant boost to a total dose of 74 Gy within 6 weeks. In lung cancer, the program was 1.15~1.25 Gy per fraction, two fractions per day for a total dose of 70 Gy with overall treatment time about 6 to 7 weeks. Esophageal cancer, conventional fractionation was given to total dose about 41 Gy followed by a boost for an additional 28 Gy by 1.5 Gy per fraction twice daily with overall treatment time about 6.3 weeks.Our preliminary treatment data showed that the local tumor control rates were higher in these study groups than the conventional groups and the acute reactions were increased as expected but tolerable. The main points of altered fractionation radiation schedules are also discussed. | 何少琴 | 1995 | 中华放射肿瘤学杂志1995，4，1： | 16 |
| 19 | Recent progress on ULF wave and its interactions with energetic particles in the inner magnetosphere显示文摘The global distribution properties of Ultra Low Frequency wave (ULF) in the inner magnetospgere and its interactions with energetic particles, such as the wave-particle resonance, modulation, and particle acceleration, are active topics in space physics research. These problems are fundamentally important issues to understand the energy transport from the solar wind into the magnetosphere. In this paper we briefly reviewed the recent research progress on ULF wave and its interactions with energetic particles in the inner magnetosphere; furthermore, we suggested some open questions for future study. | Theodore A. FRITZ | 2008 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2008，51，10： | 16 |
| 20 | Noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B显示文摘Infection with hepatitis B virus is an important healthproblem worldwide:it affects more than 350 millionpeople and is a leading cause of liver-related morbidity,accounting for 1 million deaths annually.Hepatic fibrosis is a consequence of the accumulation of extracellular matrix components in the liver.An accurate diagnosis of liver fibrosis is essential for the management of chronic liver disease.Liver biopsy has been considered the gold standard for diagnosing disease,grading necroinflammatory activity,and staging fibrosis.However,liver biopsy is unsuitable for repeated evaluations because it is invasive and can cause major complications,including death.Several noninvasive evaluations have been introduced for the assessment of liver fibrosis:serum biomarkers,combined indices or scores,and imaging techniques including transient elastography,acoustic radiation force impulse,real-time tissue elastography,and magnetic resonance elastography.Here,we review the recent progress of noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B.Most noninvasive evaluations for liver fibrosis have been validated first in patients with chronic hepatitis C,and later in those with chronic hepatitis B.The establishment of a noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis is urgently needed to aid in the management of this leading cause of chronic liver disease. | Masaru Enomoto Hiroyasu Morikawa Akihiro Tamori Norifumi Kawada | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，34： | 16 |
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