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| 1 | Role and prospects of regenerative biomaterials in the repair of spinal cord injury显示文摘Axonal junction defects and an inhibitory environment after spinal cord injury seriously hinder the regeneration of damaged tissues and neuronal functions. At the site of spinal cord injury, regenerative biomaterials can fill cavities, deliver curative drugs, and provide adsorption sites for transplanted or host cells. Some regenerative biomaterials can also inhibit apoptosis, inflammation and glial scar formation, or further promote neurogenesis, axonal growth and angiogenesis. This review summarized a variety of biomaterial scaffolds made of natural, synthetic, and combined materials applied to spinal cord injury repair. Although these biomaterial scaffolds have shown a certain therapeutic effect in spinal cord injury repair, there are still many problems to be resolved, such as product standards and material safety and effectiveness. | Shuo Liu Yuan-Yuan Xie Bin Wang | 2019 | Neural Regeneration Research2019，14，8： | 16 |
| 2 | Bone tissue engineering via growth factor delivery:from scaffolds to complex matrices显示文摘In recent years,bone tissue engineering has emerged as a promising solution to the limitations of current gold standard treatment options for bone related-disorders such as bone grafts.Bone tissue engineering provides a scaffold design that mimics the extracellular matrix,providing an architecture that guides the natural bone regeneration process.During this period,a new generation of bone tissue engineering scaffolds has been designed and characterized that explores the incorporation of signaling molecules in order to enhance cell recruitment and ingress into the scaffold,as well as osteogenic differentiation and angiogenesis,each of which is crucial to successful bone regeneration.Here,we outline and critically analyze key characteristics of successful bone tissue engineering scaffolds.We also explore candidate materials used to fabricate these scaffolds.Different growth factors involved in the highly coordinated process of bone repair are discussed,and the key requirements of a growth factor delivery system are described.Finally,we concentrate on an analysis of scaffold-based growth factor delivery strategies found in the recent literature.In particular,the incorporation of two-phase systems consisting of growth factor-loaded nanoparticles embedded into scaffolds shows great promise,both by providing sustained release over a therapeutically relevant timeframe and the potential to sequentially deliver multiple growth factors. | Tinke-Marie De Witte Lidy E.Fratila-Apachitei Amir A.Zadpoor Nicholas A.Peppas | 2018 | Regenerative Biomaterials2018，5，4： | 12 |
| 3 | New perspectives for articular cartilage repair treatment through tissue engineering: A contemporary review显示文摘In this paper review we describe benefits and disadvantages of the established methods of cartilage regeneration that seem to have a better long-term effectiveness.We illustrated the anatomical aspect of the knee joint cartilage, the current state of cartilage tissue engineering, through mesenchymal stem cells and biomaterials,and in conclusion we provide a short overview on the rehabilitation after articular cartilage repair procedures.Adult articular cartilage has low capacity to repair itself,and thus even minor injuries may lead to progressive damage and osteoarthritic joint degeneration, result-ing in significant pain and disability. Numerous efforts have been made to develop tissue-engineered grafts or patches to repair focal chondral and osteochondral defects, and to date several researchers aim to implement clinical application of cell-based therapies for cartilage repair. A literature review was conducted on PubM ed, Scopus and Google Scholar using appropriate keywords, examining the current literature on the wellknown tissue engineering methods for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. | Giuseppe Musumeci Paola Castrogiovanni Rosalia Leonardi Francesca Maria Trovato Marta Anna Szychlinska Angelo Di Giunta Carla Loreto Sergio Castorina | 2014 | World Journal of Orthopedics2014，5，2： | 10 |
| 4 | Collagen-chitosan scaffold impregnated with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of traumatic brain injury显示文摘Combinations of biomaterials and cells can effectively target delivery of cells or other therapeutic factors to the brain to rebuild damaged nerve pathways after brain injury.Porous collagen-chitosan scaffolds were prepared by a freeze-drying method based on brain tissue engineering.The scaffolds were impregnated with rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.A traumatic brain injury rat model was established using the 300 g weight free fall impact method.Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells/collagen-chitosan scaffolds were implanted into the injured brain.Modified neurological severity scores were used to assess the recovery of neurological function.The Morris water maze was employed to determine spatial learning and memory abilities.Hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed to measure pathological changes in brain tissue.Immunohistochemistry was performed for vascular endothelial growth factor and for 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine(BrdU)/neuron specific enolase and BrdU/glial fibrillary acidic protein.Our results demonstrated that the transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and collagen-chitosan scaffolds to traumatic brain injury rats remarkably reduced modified neurological severity scores,shortened the average latency of the Morris water maze,increased the number of platform crossings,diminished the degeneration of damaged brain tissue,and increased the positive reaction of vascular endothelial growth factor in the transplantation and surrounding areas.At 14 days after transplantation,increased BrdU/glial fibrillary acidic protein expression and decreased BrdU/neuron specific enolase expression were observed in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in the injured area.The therapeutic effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and collagen-chitosan scaffolds was superior to stereotactic injection of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells alone.To test the biocompatibility and immunogenicity of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and collagen-chitosan scaffolds,immunosuppressive cyclosporine was intravenously injected 12 hours before transplantation and 1-5 days after transplantation.The above indicators were similar to those of rats treated with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and collagen-chitosan scaffolds only.These findings indicate that transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in a collagen-chitosan scaffold can promote the recovery of neuropathological injury in rats with traumatic brain injury.This approach has the potential to be developed as a treatment for traumatic brain injury in humans.All experimental procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Investigation Committee of Capital Medical University,China(approval No.AEEI-2015-035)in December 2015. | Feng Yan Ming Li Hong-Qi Zhang Gui-Lin Li Yang Hua Ying Shen Xun-Ming Ji Chuan-Jie Wu Hong An Ming Ren | 2019 | Neural Regeneration Research2019，14，10： | 9 |
| 5 | Functionalized scaffolds to enhance tissue regeneration显示文摘Tissue engineering scaffolds play a vital role in regenerative medicine.It not only provides a temporary 3-dimensional support during tissue repair,but also regulates the cell behavior,such as cell adhesion,proliferation and differentiation.In this review,we summarize the development and trends of functional scaffolding biomaterials including electrically conducting hydrogels and nanocomposites of hydroxyapatite(HA)and bioactive glasses(BGs)with various biodegradable polymers.Furthermore,the progress on the fabrication of biomimetic nanofibrous scaffolds from conducting polymers and composites of HA and BG via electrospinning,deposition and thermally induced phase separation is discussed.Moreover,bioactive molecules and surface properties of scaffolds are very important during tissue repair.Bioactive molecule-releasing scaffolds and antimicrobial surface coatings for biomedical implants and scaffolds are also reviewed. | Baolin Guo Bo Lei Peng Li Peter X.Ma | 2015 | Regenerative Biomaterials2015，2，1： | 8 |
| 6 | Induced migration of endothelial cells into 3D scaffolds by chemoattractants secreted by pro-inflammatory macrophages in situ显示文摘Cell migration in scaffolds plays a crucial role in tissue regeneration,which can better mimic cell behaviors in vivo.In this study,a novel model has been proposed on controlling 3D cell migration in porous collagen-chitosan scaffolds with various pore structures under the stimulation of inflammatory cells to mimic the angiogenesis process.Endothelial cells(ECs)cultured atop the scaffolds in the Transwell molds which were placed into a well of a 24-well culture plate were promoted to migrate into the scaffolds by chemoattractants such as vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)and tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α)secreted by the pro-inflammatory macrophages incubated in the well culture plate.The phenotype of macrophages was mediated by 50 ng/ml interferongamma(IFN-c)and different concentrations of lipopolysaccharide(LPS,150–300 ng/ml).The cell migration depth had a positive correlation with LPS concentration,and thereby the TNF-a concentration.The ECs migrated easier to a deeper zone of the scaffolds prepared at10C(187 lm in pore diameter)than that at20C(108 lm in pore diameter)as well.The method provides a useful strategy to study the 3D cell migration,and is helpful to reveal the vascularization process during wound healing in the long run. | Xuguang Li Yuankun Dai Tao Shen Changyou Gao | 2017 | Regenerative Biomaterials2017，4，3： | 7 |
| 7 | Delving into the recent advancements of spinal cord injury treatment: a review of recent progress显示文摘Spinal cord injury(SCI) research is a very complex field lending to why reviews of SCI literatures can be beneficial to current and future researchers. This review focuses on recent articles regarding potential modalities for the treatment and management of SCI. The modalities were broken down into four categories: neuroprotectionpharmacologic, neuroprotection-non-pharmacologic, neuroregeneration-pharmacologic, neuroregeneration-non-pharmacologic. Peer-reviewed articles were found using Pub Med with search terms: 'spinal cord injury', 'spinal cord injury neuroregeneration', 'olfactory ensheathing cells spinal cord injury', 'rho-rock inhibitors spinal cord injury', 'neural stem cell', 'scaffold', 'neural stem cell transplantation', 'exosomes and SCI', 'epidural stimulation SCI', 'brain-computer interfaces and SCI'. Most recent articles spanning two years were chosen for their relevance to the categories of SCI management and treatment. There has been a plethora of pre-clinical studies completed with their results being difficult to replicate in clinical studies. Therefore, scientists should focus on understanding and applying the results of previous research to develop more efficacious preclinical studies and clinical trials. | Joseph A.Flack Krishna Deo Sharma Jennifer Yanhua Xie | 2022 | Neural Regeneration Research2022，17，2： | 5 |
| 8 | Enhancing cell infiltration of electrospun fibrous scaffolds in tissue regeneration显示文摘Electrospinning is one of the most effective approaches to fabricate tissue-engineered scaffolds composed of nano-to sub-microscale fibers that simulate a native extracellular matrix.However,one major concern about electrospun scaffolds for tissue repair and regeneration is that their small pores defined by densely compacted fibers markedly hinder cell infiltration and tissue ingrowth.To address this problem,researchers have developed and investigated various methods of manipulating scaffold structures to increase pore size or loosen the scaffold.These methods involve the use of physical treatments,such as salt leaching,gas foaming and custom-made collectors,and combined techniques to obtain electrospun scaffolds with loose fibrous structures and large pores.This article provides a summary of these motivating electrospinning techniques to enhance cell infiltration of electrospun scaffolds,which may inspire new electrospinning techniques and their new biomedical applications. | Jinglei Wu Yi Hong | 2016 | Bioactive Materials2016，1，1： | 5 |
| 9 | Hydrogel-based local drug delivery strategies for spinal cord repair显示文摘Spinal cord injury results in significant loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions. Although a wide range of therapeutic agents have been shown to attenuate secondary injury or promote regeneration/repair in animal models of spinal cord injury, clinical translation of these strategies has been limited, in part due to difficulty in safely and effectively achieving therapeutic concentrations in the injured spinal cord tissue. Hydrogelbased drug delivery systems offer unique opportunities to locally deliver drugs to the injured spinal cord with sufficient dose and duration, while avoiding deleterious side effects associated with systemic drug administration. Such local drug delivery systems can be readily fabricated from biocompatible and biodegradable materials. In this review, hydrogel-based strategies for local drug delivery to the injured spinal cord are extensively reviewed, and recommendations are made for implementation. | Robert B.Shultz Yinghui Zhong | 2021 | Neural Regeneration Research2021，16，2： | 4 |
| 10 | Enhancing survival, engraftment, and osteogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells显示文摘Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)are promising candidates for bone regeneration therapies due to their plasticity and easiness of sourcing.MSC-based treatments are generally considered a safe procedure,however,the long-term results obtained up to now are far from satisfactory.The main causes of these therapeutic limitations are inefficient homing,engraftment,and osteogenic differentiation.Many studies have proposed modifications to improve MSC engraftment and osteogenic differentiation of the transplanted cells.Several strategies are aimed to improve cell resistance to the hostile microenvironment found in the recipient tissue and increase cell survival after transplantation.These strategies could range from a simple modification of the culture conditions,known as cell-preconditioning,to the genetic modification of the cells to avoid cellular senescence.Many efforts have also been done in order to enhance the osteogenic potential of the transplanted cells and induce bone formation,mainly by the use of bioactive or biomimetic scaffolds,although alternative approaches will also be discussed.This review aims to summarize several of the most recent approaches,providing an up-to-date view of the main developments in MSCbased regenerative techniques. | Daniel García-Sánchez Darío Fernández JoséC Rodríguez-Rey Flor M Pérez-Campo | 2019 | World Journal of Stem Cells2019，11，10： | 4 |
| 11 | Single-atom heterogeneous catalysts based on distinct carbon nitride scaffolds显示文摘Carbon nitrides integrating macroheterocycles offer unique potential as hosts for stabilizing metal atoms due to their rich electronic structure. To date, only graphitic heptazine-based polymers have been studied.Here, we demonstrate that palladium atoms can be effectively isolated on other carbon nitride scaffolds including linear melem oligomers and poly(triazine/heptazine imides). Increased metal uptake was linked to the larger cavity size and the presence of chloride ions in the polyimide structures. Changing the host structure leads to significant variation in the average oxidation state of the metal, which can be tuned by exchange of the ionic species as evidenced by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and supported by density functional theory. Evaluation in the semi-hydrogenation of 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol reveals an inverse correlation between the activity and the degree of oxidation of palladium, with oligomers exhibiting the highest activity. These findings provide new mechanistic insights into the influence of the carbon nitride structure on metal stabilization. | Zupeng Chen Evgeniya Vorobyeva Sharon Mitchell Edvin Fako Núria López Sean M.Collins Rowan K.Leary Paul A.Midgley Roland Hauert Javier Pérez-Ramírez | 2018 | National Science Review2018，5，5： | 4 |
| 12 | Anisotropy Properties of Tissues: A Basis for Fabrication of Biomimetic Anisotropic Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering显示文摘Tissue engineering has been a subject of extensive scientific exploration in the last two decades making gradual inroads into clinical studies as well.Along with regenerative cells and growth factors,biomaterial scaffolds are integral to the development of a tissue engi neered construct.It is now appreciated that scaffolds should mimic the target tissue properties intimately in order to provide a micro-environment milieu that allows the seeded cells to differentiate into the desired tissue.Even from a structural viewpoint,mismatch between scaffold and native matrix properties can cause cell necrosis through mechanisms such as stress shielding.One of the key prop erties of most body tissues is that they exhib社anisotropy.However,most fabrication methods generate isotropic scaffolds and require specific modifications to produce anisotropic scaffolds.In the last decade,the advent of additive manufacturing and bioprinting has provided facile tools to fabricate scaffolds with desired anisotropy.On the other hand,a biomimetic scaffold can be designed only when target tissue anisotropy is well known to the tissue engineer.This review presents an overview of the anisotropic properties of different tissues,which will be critical for developing biomimetic engineered constructs.The traditional anatomical records do not adequately present these properties from the perspective of designing tissue engineering scaffolds.Subsequently,present state-of-the art in devel opment of anisotropic scaffolds as well as tissue constructs using different conventional and emerging fabrication techniques is discussed.It is expected that the readers will obtain a comprehensive reference on the research area by examining these two aspects juxtaposed to each other and gain key trends for fabrication of anisotropic scaffolds,plausibly with improved regenerative outcomes. | Pallab Datta Veena Vyas Santanu Dhara Amit Roy Chowdhury Ananya Barui | 2019 | Journal of Bionic Engineering2019，16，5： | 4 |
| 13 | Ice-templated porous tungsten and tungsten carbide inspired by natural wood显示文摘The structures of tungsten and tungsten carbide scaffolds play a key role in determining the properties of their infiltrated composites for multifunctional applications.However,it is challenging to construct and control the architectures by means of self-assembly in W/WC systems because of their large densities.Here we present the development of unidirectionally porous architectures,with high porosities exceeding 65 vol.%,for W and WC scaffolds which in many respects reproduce the design motif of natural wood using a direct ice-templating technique.This was achieved by adjusting the viscosities of suspensions to retard sedimentation during freezing.The processing,structural characteristics and mechanical properties of the resulting scaffolds were investigated with the correlations between them explored.Quantitative relationships were established to describe their strengths based on the mechanics of cellular solids by taking into account both inter-and intra-lamellar pores.The fracture mechanisms were also identified,especially in light of the porosity.This study extends the effectiveness of the ice-templating technique for systems with large densities or particle sizes.It further provides preforms for developing new natureinspired multifunctional materials,as represented by W/WC-Cu composites. | Yuan Zhang Guoqi Tan Da Jiao Jian Zhang Shaogang Wang Feng Liu Zengqian Liu Longchao Zhuo Zhefeng Zhang Sylvain Deville Robert O.Ritchie | 2020 | Journal of Materials Science & Technology2020，42，10： | 4 |
| 14 | Biocompatibility and degradation of tendon-derived scaffolds显示文摘Decellularized extracellular matrix has often been used as a biomaterial for tissue engineering applications.Its function,once implanted can be crucial to determining whether a tissue engineered construct will be successful,both in terms of how the material breaks down,and how the body reacts to the material’s presence in the first place.Collagen is one of the primary components of extracellular matrix and has been used for a number of biomedical applications.Scaffolds comprised of highly aligned collagen fibrils can be fabricated directly from decellularized tendon using a slicing,stacking,and rolling technique,to create two-and three-dimensional constructs.Here,the degradation characteristics of the material are evaluated in vitro,showing that chemical crosslinking can reduce degradation while maintaining fiber structure.In vivo,non-crosslinked and crosslinked samples are implanted,and their biological response and degradation evaluated through histological sectioning,trichrome staining,and immunohistochemical staining for macrophages.Non-crosslinked samples are rapidly degraded and lose fiber morphology while crosslinked samples retain both macroscopic structure as well as fiber orientation.The cellular response of both materials is also investigated.The in vivo response demonstrates that the decellularized tendon material is biocompatible,biodegradable and can be crosslinked to maintain surface features for extended periods of time in vivo.This study provides material characteristics for the use of decellularized tendon as biomaterial for tissue engineering. | Kyle AAlberti Qiaobing Xu | 2016 | Regenerative Biomaterials2016，3，1： | 4 |
| 15 | Investigation of process parameters of electrohydrodynamic jetting for 3D printed PCL fibrous scaffolds with complex geometries显示文摘Tissue engineering is a promising technology in the field of regenerative medicine with its potential to create tissues de novo.Though there has been a good progress in this field so far,there still exists the challenge of providing a 3D micro-architecture to the artificial tissue construct,to mimic the native cell or tissue environment.Both 3D printing and 3D bioprinting are looked upon as an excellent solution due to their capabilities of mimicking the native tissue architecture layer-by-layer with high precision and appreciable resolution.Electrohydrodynamic jetting(E-jetting)is one type of 3D printing,in which,a high electric voltage is applied between the extruding nozzle and the substrate in order to print highly controlled fibres.In this study,an E-jetting system was developed in-house for the purpose of 3D printing of fibrous scaffolds.The effect of various E-jetting parameters,namely the supply voltage,solution concentration,nozzle-to-substrate distance,stage(printing)speed and solution dispensing feed rate on the diameter of printed fibres were studied at the first stage.Optimized parameters were then used to print Polycaprolactone(PCL)scaffolds of highly complex geometries,i.e.,semi-lunar and spiral geometries,with the aim of demonstrating the flexibility and capability of the system to fabricate complex geometry scaffolds and biomimic the complex 3D micro-architecture of native tissue environment.The spiral geometry is expected to result in better cell migration during cell culture and tissue maturation. | Hui Wang Sanjairaj Vijayavenkataraman Yang Wu Zhen Shu Jie Sun Jerry Fuh Ying Hsi | 2016 | International Journal of Bioprinting2016，2，1： | 4 |
| 16 | Role of nanotopography in the development of tissue engineered 3D organs and tissues using mesenchymal stem cells显示文摘Recent regenerative medicine and tissue engineering strategies(using cells, scaffolds, medical devices and gene therapy) have led to fascinating progress of translation of basic research towards clinical applications. In the past decade, great deal of research has focused on developing various three dimensional(3D) organs, such as bone, skin, liver, kidney and ear,using such strategies in order to replace or regenerate damaged organs for the purpose of maintaining or restoring organs' functions that may have been lost due to aging, accident or disease. The surface properties of a material or a device are key aspects in determining the success of the implant in biomedicine, as the majority of biological reactions in human body occur on surfaces or interfaces. Furthermore, it has been established in the literature that cell adhesion and proliferation are, to a great extent, influenced by the micro- and nanosurface characteristics of biomaterials and devices. In addition, it has been shown that the functions of stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells in particular, could be regulated through physical interaction with specific nanotopographical cues. Therefore, guided stem cell proliferation, differentiation and function are of great importance in the regeneration of 3D tissues and organs using tissue engineering strategies. This review will provide an update on the impact of nanotopography on mesenchymal stem cells for the purpose of developing laboratory-based 3D organs and tissues, as well as the most recent research and case studies on this topic. | Shima Salmasi Deepak M Kalaskar Wai-Weng Yoon Gordon W Blunn Alexander M Seifalian | 2015 | World Journal of Stem Cells2015，7，2： | 4 |
| 17 | Structural characterization and strengthening mechanism of forsterite nanostructured scaffolds synthesized by multistep sintering method显示文摘In this study, highly porous forsterite scaffolds with interconnected porosities were synthesized using multi-step sintering(MSS) method. The starting powder was nanosized forsterite, which was synthesized from talc and magnesium carbonate powders. The phase composition, average particle size and morphology of the produced forsterite powder were characterized by X-ray diffraction technique(XRD) and transition electron microscopy(TEM). Forsterite scaffolds were produced by foamy method using polymeric sponges. MSS process including three steps was used to efficiently sinter the forsterite nanopowders without destroying the initial porous structure of polymeric sponges. The results showed that MSS technique is an efficient and appropriate procedure to produce highly porous forsterite scaffolds with pore size in the range of 100-300 μm. The compressive strength, compressive modulus and porosity of C12 specimen(sintered at 1650℃ for 1 h with subsequent annealing at 1000℃ for 1000 min) was 1.88 MPa, 29.2 MPa, and 72.4%, respectively, which is very close to that of cancellous bone. The approach studied in this research can be developed for other nanostructure ceramics to produce highly porous scaffolds with interconnected porosities for load bearing applications. | Fariborz Tavangarian Abbas Fahami Guoqiang Li Mohammadhassan Kazemi Anoosha Forghani | 2018 | Journal of Materials Science & Technology2018，34，12： | 3 |
| 18 | Treatment for cartilage injuries of the knee with a new treatment algorithm显示文摘Treatment of articular cartilage injuries to the knee remains a considerable challenge today. Current procedures succeed in providing relief of symptoms, however damaged articular tissue is not replaced with new tissue of the same biomechanical properties and long-term durability as normal hyaline cartilage. Despite many arthroscopic procedures that often manage to achieve these goals, results are far from perfect and there is no agreement on which of these procedures are appropriate, particularly when full-thickness chondral defects are considered.Therefore, the search for biological solution in long-term functional healing and increasing the quality of wounded cartilage has been continuing. For achieving this goal and apply in wide defects, scaffolds are developed.The rationale of using a scaffold is to create an environment with biodegradable polymers for the in vitro growth of living cells and their subsequent implantation into the lesion area. Previously a few numbers of surgical treatment algorithm was described in reports, however none of them contained one-step or two –steps scaffolds. The ultimate aim of this article was to review various arthroscopic treatment options for different stage lesions and develop a new treatment algorithm which included the scaffolds. | Ahmet ?zmeri? Kadir Bahad?r Alemdaro?lu Nevres Hürriyet Aydo?an | 2014 | World Journal of Orthopedics2014，5，5： | 3 |
| 19 | Bridging the lesion—engineering a permissive substrate for nerve regeneration 5th China-Europe Symposium on Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine(CESB 2015)Hangzhou,China April 7–10,2015显示文摘Biomaterial-based strategies to restore connectivity after lesion at the spinal cord are focused on bridging the lesion and providing an favourable substrate and a path for axonal re-growth.Following spinal cord injury(SCI)a hostile environment for neuronal cell growth is established by the activation of multiple inhibitory mechanisms that hamper regeneration to occur.Implantable scaffolds can provide mechanical support and physical guidance for axon re-growth and,at the same time,contribute to alleviate the hostile environment by the in situ delivery of therapeutic molecules and/or relevant cells.Basic research on SCI has been contributing with the description of inhibitory mechanisms for regeneration as well as identifying drugs/molecules that can target inhibition.This knowledge is the background for the development of combined strategies with biomaterials.Additionally,scaffold design is significantly evolving.From the early simple hollow conduits,scaffolds with complex architectures that can modulate cell fate are currently being tested.A number of promising pre-clinical studies combining scaffolds,cells,drugs and/or nucleic acids are reported in the open literature.Overall,it is considered that to address the multi-factorial inhibitory environment of a SCI,a multifaceted therapeutic approach is imperative.The progress in the identification of molecules that target inhibition after SCI and its combination with scaffolds and/or cells are described and discussed in this review. | Liliana R.Pires Ana P.Peˆgo | 2015 | Regenerative Biomaterials2015，2，3： | 3 |
| 20 | Stem cells, growth factors and scaffolds in craniofacial regenerative medicine显示文摘Current reconstructive approaches to large craniofacial skeletal defects are often complicated and challenging.Critical-sized defects are unable to heal via natural regenerative processes and require surgical intervention,traditionally involving autologous bone(mainly in the form of nonvascularized grafts)or alloplasts.Autologous bone grafts remain the gold standard of care in spite of the associated risk of donor site morbidity.Tissue engineering approaches represent a promising alternative that would serve to facilitate bone regeneration even in large craniofacial skeletal defects.This strategy has been tested in a myriad of iterations by utilizing a variety of osteoconductive scaffold materials,osteoblastic stem cells,as well as osteoinductive growth factors and small molecules.One of the major challenges facing tissue engineers is creating a scaffold fulfilling the properties necessary for controlled bone regeneration.These properties include osteoconduction,osteoinduction,biocompatibility,biodegradability,vascularization,and progenitor cell retention.This review will provide an overview of how optimization of the aforementioned scaffold parameters facilitates bone regenerative capabilities as well as a discussion of common osteoconductive scaffold materials. | Viktor Tollemar Zach J.Collier Maryam K.Mohammed Michael J.Lee Guillermo A.Ameer Russell R.Reid | 2016 | Genes & Diseases2016，3，1： | 3 |
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