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| 1 | The land use and land cover change database and its relative studies in China显示文摘In the mid-1990s, we established the national operative dynamic information serving systems on natural resources and environment. During building the land-use/land-cover change (LUCC)database for the mid-1990s, 520 scenes of remotely sensed images of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) were interpreted into land-use/land-cover categories at scale of 1:100,000 under overall digital software environment after being geo-referenced and ortho-rectified. The vector map of land-use/land-cover in China at the scale of 1:100,000 was recently converted into a 1-km raster database that captures all ofthe high-resolution land-use information by calculating area percentage for each kind of land use category within every cell. Being designed as an operative dynamic information serving system,monitoring the change in land-use/land-cover at national level was executed. We have completed the updating of LUCC database by comparing the TM data in the mid-1990s with new data sources received during 1999-2000 and 1989-1990. The LUCC database has supported greatly the national LUCC research program in China and some relative studies are incompletely reviewed in this paper. | LIU Jiyuan, LIU Mingliang, DENG Xiangzheng, ZhuangDafang,ZHANG Zengxiang, LUO Di(1. Inst. of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China 2. Inst. of Remote Sensing Applications, CAS, Beijing 100101, China) | 2002 | Journal of Geographical Sciences2002，12，3： | 96 |
| 2 | 40-Year(1978–2017) human settlement changes in China reflected by impervious surfaces from satellite remote sensing显示文摘Impervious surfaces are the most significant feature of human settlements. Timely, accurate, and frequent information on impervious surfaces is critical in both social-economic and natural environment applications. Over the past 40 years, impervious surface areas in China have grown rapidly. However,annual maps of impervious areas in China with high spatial details do not exist during this period. In this paper, we made use of reliable impervious surface mapping algorithms that we published before and the Google Earth Engine(GEE) platform to address this data gap. With available data in GEE, we were able to map impervious surfaces over the entire country circa 1978, and during 1985–2017 at an annual frequency. The 1978 data were at 60-m resolution, while the 1985–2017 data were in 30-m resolution.For the 30-m resolution data, we evaluated the accuracies for 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and2015. Overall accuracies reached more than 90%. Our results indicate that the growth of impervious surface in China was not only fast but also considerably exceeding the per capita impervious surface area in developed countries like Japan. The 40-year continuous and consistent impervious surface distribution data in China would generate widespread interests in the research and policy-making community. The impervious surface data can be freely downloaded from http://gffzze48ac8bb440f4181h5vnwpb0nbk966xq6.ffgz.tsg.suse.edu.cn. | Peng Gong Xuecao Li Wei Zhang | 2019 | Science Bulletin2019，64，11： | 93 |
| 3 | 气候变化国家评估报告(Ⅰ):中国气候变化的历史和未来趋势显示文摘The climate change in China shows a considerable similarity to the global change, though there still exist some significant differences between them. In the context of the global warming, the annual mean surface air temperature in the country as a whole has significantly increased for the past 50 years and 100 years, with the range of temperature increase slightly greater than that in the globe. The change in precipitation trends for the last 50 and 100 years was not significant, but since 1956 it has assumed a weak increasing trend. The frequency and intensity of main extreme weather and climate events have also undergone a significant change. The researches show that the atmospheric CO2 concentration in China has continuously increased and the sum of positive radiative forcings produced by greenhouse gases is probably responsible for the country-wide climate warming for the past 100 years, especially for the past 50 years. The projections of climate change for the 21st century using global and regional climate models indicate that, in the future 20-100 years, the surface air temperature will continue to increase and the annual precipitation also has an increasing trend for most parts of the country. | 丁一汇 任国玉 石广玉 | 2007 | 气候变化研究进展2007，3，z1： | 55 |
| 4 | Ecosystem carbon stocks and their changes in China's grasslands显示文摘The knowledge of carbon(C) stock and its dynamics is crucial for understanding the role of grassland ecosystems in China's terrestrial C cycle.To date,a comprehensive assessment on C balance in China's grasslands is still lacking.By reviewing published literature,this study aims to evaluate ecosystem C stocks(both vegetation biomass and soil organic C) and their changes in China's grasslands.Our results are summarized as follows:(1) biomass C density(C stock per area) of China's grasslands differed greatly among previous studies,ranging from 215.8 to 348.1 g C m-2 with an average of 300.2 g C m-2.Likewise,soil C density also varied greatly between 8.5 and 15.1 kg C m-2.In total,ecosystem C stock in China's grasslands was estimated at 29.1 Pg C.(2) Both the magnitude and direction of ecosystem C changes in China's grasslands differed greatly among previous studies.According to recent reports,neither biomass nor soil C stock in China's grasslands showed a significant change during the past 20 years,indicating that grassland ecosystems are C neutral.(3) Spatial patterns and temporal dynamics of grassland biomass were closely correlated with precipitation,while changes in soil C stocks exhibited close associations with soil moisture and soil texture.Human activities,such as livestock grazing and fencing could also affect ecosystem C dynamics in China's grasslands. | Anwar MOHAMMAT | 2010 | Science China(Life Sciences)2010，53，7： | 52 |
| 5 | Control of atmospheric CO_2 concentrations by 2050: A calculation on the emission rights of different countries显示文摘This paper is to provide quantitative data on some critical issues in anticipation of the forthcoming international negotiations in Denmark on the control of atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Instead of letting only a small number of countries dominate a few controversial dialogues about emissions reductions, a comprehensive global system must be established based on emissions allowances for different countries, to realize the long-term goal of controlling global atmospheric CO2 concentrations. That a system rooted in 'cumulative emissions per capita,' the best conception of the 'common but differentiated responsibilities' principle affirmed by the Kyoto Protocol according to fundamental standards of fairness and justice, was demonstrated. Based on calculations of various countries' cumulative emissions per capita, estimates of their cumulative emissions from 1900 to 2005, and their annual emissions allowances into the future (2006―2050), a 470 ppmv atmospheric CO2 concentration target was set. According to the following four objective indicators―total emissions allowance from 1900 to 2050, actual emissions from 1900 to 2005, emissions levels in 2005, and the average growth rate of emissions from 1996 to 2005―all countries and regions whose population was more than 300000 in 2005 were divided into four main groups: countries with emissions deficits, countries and regions needing to reduce their gross emissions, countries and regions needing to reduce their emissions growth rates, and countries that can maintain the current emissions growth rates. Based on this proposal, most G8 countries by 2005 had already expended their 2050 emissions allowances. The accu-mulated financial value based on emissions has reached more than 5.5 trillion US dollars (20 dollars per ton of CO2). Even if these countries could achieve their ambitious emissions reduction targets in the future, their per capita emissions from 2006 to 2050 would still be much higher than those of developing countries; under such circumstance, these future emissions would create more than 6.3 trillion US dollars in emissions deficits. Because of their low cumulative emissions per capita, most developing countries fall within one of the latter two groups, which means that they have leeway for making emissions decisions in the future. Although China accounts for more than 30% of the total global emissions allowance from 2006 to 2050, its total emissions can be controlled within that allow-ance by no other way than reducing its future emissions growth rates. In the end, nine key issues related to international climate negotiations were briefly addressed. | DING ZhongLi1, DUAN XiaoNan2, GE QuanSheng3 & ZHANG ZhiQiang4 1 Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China 2 The General Office of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China 3 Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China 4 The Lanzhou Branch of the National Science Library, the Scientific Information Center for Resources and Environment, Lanzhou 730000, China | 2009 | Science China Earth Sciences2009，52，10： | 50 |
| 6 | Changes in soil organic carbon of terrestrial ecosystems in China:A mini-review显示文摘The present study provides an overview of existing literature on changes in soil organic carbon(SOC) of various terrestrial ecosystems in China.Datasets from the literature suggest that SOC stocks in forest,grassland,shrubland and cropland increased between the early 1980s and the early 2000s,amounting to(71±19) Tg·a-1.Conversion of marshland to cropland in the Sanjiang Plain of northeast China resulted in SOC loss of(6±2) Tg·a-1 during the same period.Nevertheless,large uncertainties exist in these estimates,especially for the SOC changes in the forest,shrubland and grassland.To reduce uncertainty,we suggest that future research should focus on:(i) identifying land use changes throughout China with high spatiotemporal resolution,and measuring the SOC loss and sequestration due to land use change;(ii) estimating the changes in SOC of shrubland and non-forest trees(i.e.,cash,shelter and landscape trees);(iii) quantifying the impacts of grassland management on the SOC pool;(iv) evaluating carbon changes in deep soil layers;(v) projecting SOC sequestration potential;and(vi) developing carbon budget models for better estimating the changes in SOC of terrestrial ecosystems in China. | HUANG Yao*,SUN WenJuan,ZHANG Wen & YU YongQiang State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry(LAPC),Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100029,China | 2010 | Science China(Life Sciences)2010，53，7： | 46 |
| 7 | Entransy dissipation minimization for liquid-solid phase change processes显示文摘The liquid-solid phase change process of a simple one-dimensional slab is studied in this paper.By taking entransy dissipation minimization as optimization objective,the optimal external reservoir temperature profiles are derived by using optimal control theory under the condition of a fixed freezing or melting time.The entransy dissipation corresponding to the optimal heat exchange strategies of minimum entransy dissipation is 8/9 of that corresponding to constant reservoir temperature operations,which is independent of all system parameters.The obtained results for entransy dissipation minimization are also compared with those obtained for the optimal heat exchange strategies of minimum entropy generation and constant reservoir temperature operations by numerical examples.The obtained results can provide some theoretical guidelines for the choice of optimal cooling or heating strategy in practical liquid-solid phase change processes. | XIA ShaoJun,CHEN LinGen & SUN FengRui Postgraduate School,Naval University of Engineering,Wuhan 430033,China | 2010 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2010，53，4： | 41 |
| 8 | Impacts of climate warming on plants phenophases in China for the last 40 years显示文摘Based on plant phenology data from 26 stations of the Chinese Phenology Observation Network of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the climate data, the change of plant phenophase in spring and the impact of climate warming on the plant phenophase in China for the last 40 years are analyzed. Furthermore, the geographical distribution models of phenophase in every decade are reconstructed, and the impact of climate warming on geographical distribution model of phenophase is studied as well. The results show that (i) the response of phenophase advance or delay to temperature change is nonlinear. Since the 1980s, at the same amplitude of temperature change, phenophase delay amplitude caused by temperature decrease is greater than phenophase advance amplitude caused by temperature increase; the rate of phenophase advance days decreases with temperature increase amplitude, and the rate of phenophase delay days increases with temperature decrease amplitude. (ii) The geographical distribution model between | ZHENG Jingyun GE Quansheng HAO Zhixin | 2002 | Chinese Science Bulletin2002，47，21： | 41 |
| 9 | Abrupt climatic changes on the Tibetan Plateau during the Last Ice Age——Comparative study of the Guliya ice core with the Greenland GRIP ice core显示文摘Based on a comparative study of the Gtdiya ice core with the Greenland GRIP ice core, the abrupt climatic changes on the Tibetan Plateau during the Last Ice Age have been examined. The major stadial-interstadial events and 7 warm events (BrΦrump, Odderade, Oerel, Glinde, Hengelo, Denekamp, BΦlling) are consistent in the two ice cores. However, there are some unique features in the Guliya ice core records. The transition from warm to cold periods in the Guliya ice core is faster than that in the Greenland GRIP ice core. The magnitude of the climatic changes in the Guliya ice core is also larger than that in the Greenland GRIP ice core. Another significant feature of the Guliya ice core records is that there is a series of cycles of about 200 a from 18 to 35 kaBP. 22 warm events and 20 cold events with a fluctuation magnitude of 7℃ have been distinguished. The warm and cold events with a fluctuation magnitude within 3℃ are as high as 100. It is speculated that the abrupt climatic changes in | 姚檀栋 | 1999 | Science China Earth Sciences1999，42，4： | 49 |
| 10 | Soil carbon pool in China and its global significance显示文摘SoilcarbonpoolinChinaanditsglobalsignificance￥FangJingyun,LiuGuohua,XuSongling(ResearchCenterforEco-EnvironmentalScience,Chin... | Fang Jingyun, Liu Guohua, Xu Songling(Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, ChineseAcademy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China) | 1996 | Journal of Environmental Sciences1996，8，2： | 46 |
| 11 | Prediction of carbon exchanges between China terrestrial ecosystem and atmosphere in 21st century显示文摘The projected changes in carbon exchange between China terrestrial ecosystem and the atmosphere and vegetation and soil carbon storage during the 21st century were investigated using an atmos-phere-vegetation interaction model (AVIM2). The results show that in the coming 100 a, for SRES B2 scenario and constant atmospheric CO2 concentration, the net primary productivity (NPP) of terrestrial ecosystem in China will be decreased slowly, and vegetation and soil carbon storage as well as net ecosystem productivity (NEP) will also be decreased. The carbon sink for China terrestrial ecosystem in the beginning of the 20th century will become totally a carbon source by the year of 2020, while for B2 scenario and changing atmospheric CO2 concentration, NPP for China will increase continuously from 2.94 GtC·a?1 by the end of the 20th century to 3.99 GtC·a?1 by the end of the 21st century, and vegetation and soil carbon storage will increase to 110.3 GtC. NEP in China will keep rising during the first and middle periods of the 21st century, and reach the peak around 2050s, then will decrease gradually and approach to zero by the end of the 21st century. | JI JinJun HUANG Mei LI KeRang | 2008 | Science China Earth Sciences2008，51，6： | 48 |
| 12 | Amplitude of climatic changes in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau显示文摘On the basis of ice core and meteorological data from the Qinghai-Tibetan (Q-l) Plateau, this article focuses on the discussion of the problems related to the sensitivity of temporal and spatial changes of the climate in high-altitude regions, particularly in the Q-T Plateau. The features of abrupt climatic changes of the past 100 ka, 2 000 a and recent years indicate that the amplitude of these changes in the Q-T Plateau was obviously larger than that in low-altitude regions. The scope of temperature change above 6 000 m in the Q-T Plateau between glacial and interglacial stages could reach over 10C℃, but only about 4℃ in low-elevation regions close to sea level. During the last 2 000 a, the amplitude of temperature changes at Guliya (over 6 000 m a.s.l.) in the Q-T Plateau reached 7℃, in comparison with 2℃ in eastern China at low altitude. In the present age, apparent differences of climatic warming have been observed in the Q-T Plateau, indicating that the warming in high-elevation regions is | YAO Tandong LIU Xiaodong WANG Ninglian SHI Yafeng | 2000 | Chinese Science Bulletin2000，45，13： | 47 |
| 13 | Cryospheric Science: research framework and disciplinary system显示文摘Cryospheric changes and their impacts have received increasing concern, extending the research to include the interactions between earth spheres and the impacts of and social adaptation to cryospheric changes. As a result, Cryospheric Science is rapidly developing. However, the research framework of Cryospheric Science has not completely been set up, and the intension and extension of Cryospheric Science are unclear.Following a literature review, the research framework for Cryospheric Science and the discipline components are analysed in this paper. We consider that Cryospheric Science is an inevitable product of international research on the earth and environmental changes as well as on human sustainable development. It will not only strengthen the linkage between the cryosphere and other earth spheres by deepening traditional research areas, but will also bring more focus on the critical roles of the cryosphere in interactions between earth spheres, and will enhance the relationship between cryospheric change and climate, ecology, hydrology, surface environment and sustainable development. The disciplinary tree of Cryospheric Science is developed following the mainstream of change-impacts adaptation. The disciplines of Cryospheric Science were teased out against characteristics of traditional branches and the developing interdisciplinary branches of cryosphere elements, which will provide reference to Cryospheric Science as it systematically grows to maturity. | Dahe Qin Yongjian Ding Cunde Xiao Shichang Kang Jianwen Ren Jianping Yang Shiqiang Zhang | 2018 | National Science Review2018，5，2： | 42 |
| 14 | The impact of meteorological changes from 2013 to 2017 on PM2.5 mass reduction in key regions in China显示文摘In 2013,China issued the'Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution'('Ten Statements of Atmosphere')and implemented a series of pollution reduction measures from 2013 to 2017.In key regions of China,the mass concentrations of particulate matter with aerodynamic equivalent diameters less than 2.5μm(PM2.5)have dropped significantly.However,the contributions of meteorological changes to PM2.5 reduction are largely uncertain,which has attracted particular concern from the government and the public.Here,we investigated the impact of large-scale and boundary layer(BL)meteorological conditions on aerosol pollution and estimated the contributions of meteorological changes to PM2.5 reduction based on in-depth analysis and diagnosis of various observed meteorological elements and an integrated pollution-linked meteorological index(PLAM,which is approximately and linearly related to PM mass concentration).In this study,we found that the meteorological conditions worsened in 2014 and 2015 and improved in 2016 and 2017 relative to those in 2013 in key regions in China.In 2017 relative to 2013,only^5%(approximately 13%of the total PM2.5 decline)of the 39.6%reduction in PM2.5 mass concentrations can be attributed to meteorological changes in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH)region,and only^7%(approximately 20%of the total PM2.5 decline)of the 34.3%reduction can be attributable to meteorological changes in the Yangtze River Delta(YRD)region.Overall,the PM2.5 reduction due to meteorological improvement is much lower than the observed PM2.5 reduction in these areas,which indicates that emission reduction during the five-year implementation of the'Ten Statements of Atmosphere'is the dominant factor in the improvement in air quality.The changes in meteorology and climate are conducive to PM2.5 reduction but do not dominate the substantial improvement in air quality.Similar to the above regions,in the Pearl River Delta(PRD)region,the impact of meteorological changes on the annual averaged PM2.5 concentration from 2013 to2017 was relatively weak,and the PM2.5 reduction was mainly due to emission reductions.During winter 2017(January,February,and December of this year),the meteorological conditions improved-20%in the BTH region(observed total PM2.5reduction:40.2%)and-30%in the YRD region(observed total PM2.5 reduction:38.2%)relative to those in 2013,showing the meteorological factors played more important role in the decrease of PM2.5 in winter of these years in the two regions,respectively.The meteorological conditions in winter 2016 were 14%better than those in winter 2017,but the PM2.5 reduction in winter 2016 was still less than that in winter 2017,reinforcing the significant contributions of the increasing efforts to reduce PM2.5 emissions in 2017.The substantial progress of strict emission measures was also confirmed by a comparison of several persistent heavy aerosol pollution episodes(HPEs)with similar meteorological conditions.It is found that the decrease of PM2.5mass caused by emission reduction increases year by year,especially the decrease of PM2.5 concentration in 2016 and 2017.In China,HPEs mainly occur in winter,when meteorological conditions are approximately 40-100%worse than in other seasons.This worsening is partly due to the harbor effect of high topography,including downdrafts and the weak wind zone,and partly due to the increasingly stable regional BL structure caused by climate warming.For the formation of HPEs,it occurred under regional stagnant and stable conditions associated with upper-level circulation patterns,including the zonal westerly winds type and high-pressure ridges.After pollution formation,PM2.5 with mass accumulated to a certain degree can further worsen the BL meteorological conditions.The feedback effect associated with worsening conditions dominates PM2.5 mass explosive growth.In the context of high air pollutant emissions in China,unfavorable meteorological conditions are the necessary external conditions for the formation and accumulation of HPEs.Therefore,reducing aerosol pollution significantly during the earlier transport stage is critical in reducing persistent HPEs.Currently,even under favorable meteorological conditions,allowing emissions without restriction is also not advisable because aerosol pollution allowed to accumulate to a certain extent will significantly worsen the BL meteorological conditions and close the'meteorological channels'available for pollution dispersion. | Xiaoye ZHANG Xiangde XU Yihui DING Yanju LIU Hengde ZHANG Yaqiang WANG Junting ZHONG | 2019 | Science China Earth Sciences2019，62，12： | 42 |
| 15 | IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON CROPPING SYSTEM AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR AGRICULTURE IN CHINA显示文摘Based on the analyses on amplitudes of historical variation of temperature and precipitation inthe past 500 years and latest 100 years,according to the regional climate change scenarios forChina estimated by composite GCM,the potential impacts of climate change on cropping systemsin China in future are simulated and assessed using the cropping system model developmentspecially for the Chinese cropping patterns.It is shown that under the projected future climatechange by 2050 the most parts of the present double cropping area would be replaced by thedifferent triple cropping patterns while the current double cropping area would shift towards thecentral part of the present single cropping area.More explicitly,the northern boundary of triplecropping area would shift from its current border at the Changjing River to the Huanghe River,ashift of more than 5 degrees of latitude.And the shift of multiple cropping areas leads to asignificant decrease of single cropping area.Furthermore,considering the changes mentioned above in combination with the likely negativebalance of precipitation and evapotranspiration and,therefore,increase of moisture stress(i.e.less water availability),as well as the possible increase of heat stress disaster and decrease of LGS(length of growing season),the potential implication of climate change for agriculture in China arealso analyzed roughly in this paper.As a result,however,it is still very difficult to reach a specific conclusion that the futureclimate change will he favorable or unfavorable to farm in China because of the complicated Chinesefarming patterns,the complex-various social and economic environment of agriculturaldevelopment and,especially,a great scientific uncertainties in the investigation/prediction ofclimate change. | 王馥棠 | 1997 | Acta meteorologica Sinica1997，11，4： | 37 |
| 16 | Linking atmospheric pollution to cryospheric change in the Third Pole region: current progress and future prospects显示文摘The Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings are known as the Third Pole(TP). This region is noted for its high rates of glacier melt and the associated hydrological shifts that affect water supplies in Asia. Atmospheric pollutants contribute to climatic and cryospheric changes through their effects on solar radiation and the albedos of snow and ice surfaces; moreover, the behavior and fates within the cryosphere and environmental impacts of environmental pollutants are topics of increasing concern. In this review, we introduce a coordinated monitoring and research framework and network to link atmospheric pollution and cryospheric changes(APCC) within the TP region. We then provide an up-to-date summary of progress and achievements related to the APCC research framework, including aspects of atmospheric pollution’s composition and concentration, spatial and temporal variations, trans-boundary transport pathways and mechanisms, and effects on the warming of atmosphere and changing in Indian monsoon, as well as melting of glacier and snow cover. We highlight that exogenous air pollutants can enter into the TP’s environments and cause great impacts on regional climatic and environmental changes. At last, we propose future research priorities and map out an extended program at the global scale. The ongoing monitoring activities and research facilitate comprehensive studies of atmosphere–cryosphere interactions, represent one of China’s key research expeditions to the TP and the polar regions and contribute to the global perspective of earth system science. | Shichang Kang Qianggong Zhang Yun Qian Zhenming Ji Chaoliu Li Zhiyuan Cong Yulan Zhang Junming Guo Wentao Du Jie Huang Qinglong You Arnico K.Panday Maheswar Rupakheti Deliang Chen Orjan Gustafsson Mark H.Thiemens Dahe Qin | 2019 | National Science Review2019，6，4： | 35 |
| 17 | An virtual numerical experiment to understand the impacts of recovering natural vegetation on the summer climate and environmental conditions in East Asia显示文摘By applying a regional integrated environmental model system (RIEMS), a virtual numerical experiment is implemented to study the impacts of recovering natural vegetation on the regional climate and environmental conditions. The results show that recovering the natural vegetation in large scale could have significant influence on summer climate in East Asia. Not only would it be able to change the surface climate, but also to modify to certain extent the intensity of monsoon circulation. Although this is a virtual experiment at an extremely ideal condition, the implication of the simulating results is that the on-going nation-wide activities to recover the crop land for forest and pasture must be managed according to the local natural climate, hydrological and soil conditions. Only under such a condition, would the recovering of natural vegetation bring about significant climate and environmental benefits at regional scale. | Congbin Fu Huiling Yuan | 2001 | Chinese Science Bulletin2001，46，14： | 30 |
| 18 | Land use changes and their relations with carbon cycles over the past 300 a in China显示文摘Land use and land cover in China have changed greatly during the past 300 a, indicated by the rapid abrupt decrease of forest land area and the rapid increase of cropland area, which can affect terrestrial carbon cycle greatly. The first-hand materials are used to analyze main characteristics for land use and land cover changes in China during the study period. The following conclusions can be drawn from this study. The cropland area in China kept increasing from 60.78×106 hm2 in 1661 to 96.09×106 hm2 in 1998. Correspondingly, the forest land area decreased from 248.13×106 hm2 in 1700 to 109.01×106 hm2 in 1949. Affected by such changes, the terrestrial ecosystem carbon storage decreased in the mean time. Car-bon lost from land use and land cover changes mainly consist of the loss from vegetation biomass and soil. In the past 300 a, about 3.70 PgC was lost from vegetation biomass, and emissions from soil ranged from 0.80 to 5.84 PgC. The moderate evaluation of soil losses was 2.48 PgC. The total loss from vegetation and soil was between 4.50 and 9.54 PgC. The moderate and optimum evaluation was 6.18 PgC. Such carbon losses distribution varied spatially from region to region. Carbon lost more significantly in Northeast China and Southwest China than in other regions, because losses of forest land in these two regions were far greater than in the other regions during the past 300 a. And losses of carbon in the other regions were also definite, such as Inner Mongolia, the western part of South China, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. But the carbon lost very little from the traditional agricultural regions in China, such as North China and East China. Studies on the relationship between land use and land cover change and carbon cycle in China show that the land use activities, especially those related to agriculture and forest management, began to affect terrestrial carbon storage positively in recent years. | GE QuanSheng DAI JunHu HE FanNeng PAN Yuan WANG MengMai | 2008 | Science China Earth Sciences2008，51，6： | 30 |
| 19 | 中国2010-2015年土地利用变化的时空格局与新特征(英文)显示文摘Land use/cover change is an important theme on the impacts of human activities on the earth systems and global environmental change. National land-use changes of China during 2010–2015 were acquired by the digital interpretation method using the high-resolution remotely sensed images, e.g. the Landsat 8 OLI, GF-2 remote sensing images. The spatiotemporal characteristics of land-use changes across China during 2010–2015 were revealed by the indexes of dynamic degree model, annual land-use changes ratio etc. The results indicated that the built-up land increased by 24.6×10~3 km^2 while the cropland decreased by 4.9×10~3 km^2, and the total area of woodland and grassland decreased by 16.4×10~3 km^2. The spatial pattern of land-use changes in China during 2010–2015 was concordant with that of the period 2000–2010. Specially, new characteristics of land-use changes emerged in different regions of China in 2010–2015. The built-up land in eastern China expanded continually, and the total area of cropland decreased, both at decreasing rates. The rates of built-up land expansion and cropland shrinkage were accelerated in central China. The rates of built-up land expansion and cropland growth increased in western China, while the decreasing rate of woodland and grassland accelerated. In northeastern China, built-up land expansion slowed continually, and cropland area increased slightly accompanied by the conversions between paddy land and dry land. Besides, woodland and grassland area decreased in northeastern China. The characteristics of land-use changes in eastern China were essentially consistent with the spatial govern and control requirements of the optimal development zones and key development zones according to the Major Function-oriented Zones Planning implemented during the 12 th Five-Year Plan(2011–2015). It was a serious challenge for the central government of China to effectively protect the reasonable layout of land use types dominated with the key ecological function zones and agricultural production zones in centraland western China. Furthermore, the local governments should take effective measures to strengthen the management of territorial development in future. | 宁佳 刘纪远 匡文慧 徐新良 张树文 颜长珍 李仁东 吴世新 胡云锋 杜国明 迟文峰 潘涛 宁静 | 2018 | Journal of Geographical Sciences2018，28，5： | 30 |
| 20 | Future changes in thermal comfort conditions over China based on multi-RegCM4 simulations显示文摘使用4个不同全球模式模拟结果,驱动RegCM4区域气候模式,进行了RCP4.5中等温室气体排放情景下东亚地区21世纪气候变化的高分辨率(25 km)模拟。本文基于此套模拟集合,使用综合考虑了气温、相对湿度和风速因素的人体热感受指数有效温度(ET),给出了未来中国区域热舒适条件的变化。分析中同时考虑了未来人口数量和分布情景所引起的暴露度变化。研究发现,未来中国区域的ET的普遍升高引起炎热天气的人口暴露度大幅度增加(到21世纪末相对于当代全国平均将增加6倍‘人-天’(person–days),凉、冷和寒冷天气的暴露度则减少。同时尽管舒适日数有所增加,但相应的人-天数目则有22%的减少。不同因素(气候、人口和两者的相互作用)对于上述变化的贡献分析表明,在舒适度的热端,气候因素的作用更重要,而人口因素则在冷端起着主导作用。总体而言,即使是在中等水平温室气体排放情景下,中国区域未来的热强度也将增加,尽管结果表现出很强的地理依赖特征。相对使用单纯气候因素的结果,人口暴露度的引入对变化信号有着强烈的调制作用,从而更加强调了在与气候变化相关的风险评估分析中,考虑社会-经济因素的重要性。 | GAO Xue-Jie WU Jie SHI Ying WU Jia HAN Zhen-Yu ZHANG Dong-Feng TONG Yao LI Rou-Ke XU Ying GIORGI Filippo | 2018 | Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters2018，11，4： | 30 |
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