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| 1 | Epidemiology of esophageal cancer显示文摘Esophageal cancer(EsC)is one of the least studied and deadliest cancers worldwide because of its extremely aggressive nature and poor survival rate.It ranks sixth among all cancers in mortality.In retrospective studies of EsC,smoking,hot tea drinking,red meat consumption,poor oral health,low intake of fresh fruit and vegetables,and low socioeconomic status have been associated with a higher risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.Barrett’s esophagus is clearly recognized as a risk factor for EsC,and dysplasia remains the only factor useful for identifying patients at increased risk,for the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma in clinical practice.Here,we investigated the epidemiologic patterns and causes of EsC.Using population based cancer data from the Surveillance,Epidemiology and End Results Program of the United States;we generated the most up-to-date stage distribution and 5-year relative survival by stage at diagnosis for 1998-2009.Special note should be given to the fact that esophageal cancer,mainly adenocarcinoma,is one of the very few cancers that is contributing to increasing death rates(20%)among males in the United States.To further explore the mechanism of development of EsC will hopefully decrease the incidence of EsC and improve outcomes. | Yuwei Zhang | 2013 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2013，19，34： | 74 |
| 2 | Risk factors and clinical characteristics of portal vein thrombosis after splenectomy in patients with liver cirrhosis显示文摘BACKGROUND:Portal vein thrombosis(PVT) is a potential lethal complication and may have negative influence on the prognosis after splenectomy in patients with liver cirrhosis.Prevention and timely detection of PVT are quite significant.There is a lack of knowledge about the clinical features and risk factors of PVT.Our study aimed to investigate the risk factors and clinical characteristics of PVT in order to figure out the high-risk individuals.METHODS:We collected the clinical data of 472 consecutive patients with non-neoplastic liver cirrhosis who had undergone splenectomy from January 2008 to December 2010 in our institution.Clinical and surgical characteristics of patients who developed PVT postoperatively and those who did not develop PVT were compared.Univariate and multivariate analyses of risk factors of PVT were performed.The mortality and rebleeding rate of the patients were also evaluated.RESULTS:Of the 472 patients,52 were excluded from the study.PVT developed in 71(71/420,16.9%) patients.Multivariate analysis revealed that wider preoperative portal vein diameter,postoperative thrombocytosis,prolonged prothrombin time and periesophagogastric devascularization were significantly correlated with PVT development [odds ratio(OR):5.701,2.807,1.850 and 2.090,respectively].The incidence of PVT in patients who took antiplatelet drugs was not lower than that in those who did not.Follow-up showed that patients in the PVT group had a tendency towards reduced overall survival but it was not statistically significant.Gastrointestinal bleeding occurred more often in the PVT group than that in the non-PVT group(P=0.044).CONCLUSIONS:Wider preoperative portal vein diameter,postoperative thrombocytosis,prolonged prothrombin time and periesophagogastric devascularization are independent risk factors of PVT.PVT is related with higher risk of postoperative gastrointestinal hemorrhage but has no significant impact on the overall survival. | Mu-Xing Li Xu-Feng Zhang Zheng-Wen Liu Yi Lv | 2013 | Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International2013，12，5： | 57 |
| 3 | Preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative risk factors for anastomotic leakage after laparoscopic low anterior resection with double stapling technique anastomosis显示文摘Anastomotic leakage(AL) is one of the most devastating complications after rectal cancer surgery. The double stapling technique has greatly facilitated intestinal reconstruction especially for anastomosis after low anterior resection(LAR). Risk factor analyses for AL after open LAR have been widely reported. However, a few studies have analyzed the risk factors for AL after laparoscopic LAR. Laparoscopic rectal surgery provides an excellent operative field in a narrow pelvic space, and enables total mesorectal excision surgery and preservation of the autonomic nervous system with greater precision. However, rectal transection using a laparoscopic linear stapler is relatively difficult compared with open surgery because of the width and limited performance of the linear stapler. Moreover, laparoscopic LAR exhibits a different postoperative course compared with open LAR, which suggests that the risk factors for AL after laparoscopic LAR may also differ from those after open LAR. In this review, we will discuss the risk factors for AL after laparoscopic LAR. | Kenji Kawada Yoshiharu Sakai | 2016 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2016，22，25： | 53 |
| 4 | Predictive factors for anastomotic leakage after laparoscopic colorectal surgery显示文摘Every colorectal surgeon during his or her career is faced with anastomotic leakage(AL); one of the most dreaded complications following any type of gastrointestinal anastomosis due to increased risk of morbidity, mortality, overall impact on functional and oncologic outcome and drainage on hospital resources. In order to understand and give an overview of the AL risk factors in laparoscopic colorectal surgery, we carried out a careful review of the existing literature on this topic and found several different definitions of AL which leads us to believe that the lack of a consensual, standard definition can partly explain the considerable variations in reported rates of AL in clinical studies. Colorectal leak rates have been found to vary depending on the anatomic location of the anastomosis with reported incidence rates ranging from 0 to 20%, while the laparoscopic approach to colorectal resections has not yet been associated with a significant reduction in AL incidence. As well, numerous risk factors, though identified, lack unanimous recognition amongst researchers. For example, the majority of papers describe the risk factors for left-sided anastomosis, the principal risk being male sex and lower anastomosis, while little data exists defining AL risk factors in a right colectomy. Also, gut microbioma is gaining an emerging role as potential risk factor for leakage. | Antonio Sciuto Giovanni Merola Giovanni D De Palma Maurizio Sodo Felice Pirozzi Umberto M Bracale Umberto Bracale | 2018 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2018，24，21： | 48 |
| 5 | Epidemic obesity in children and adolescents:risk factors and prevention显示文摘The prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents (aged 2-18years)has increased rapidly,with more than 100million affected in 2015.Moreover,the epidemic of obesity in this population has been an important public health problem in developed and developing countries for the following reasons.Childhood and adolescent obesity tracks adulthood obesity and has been implicated in many chronic diseases,including type 2diabetes, hypertension,and cardiovascular disease.Furthermore,childhood and adolescent obesity is linked to adulthood mortality and premature death.Although an imbalance between caloric intake and physical activity is a principal cause of childhood and adolescent obesity,environmental factors are exclusively important for development of obesity among children and adolescents.In addition to genetic and biological factors,socioenvironmental factors, including family,school,community,and national policies,can play a crucial role.The complexity of risk factors for developing obesity among children and adolescents leads to difficulty in treatment for this population.Many interventional trials for childhood and adolescent obesity have been proven ineffective.Therefore,early identification and prevention is the key to control the global epidemic of obesity.Given that the proportion of overweight children and adolescents is far greater than that of obesity,an effective prevention strategy is to focus on overweight youth,who are at high risk for developing obesity.Multifaceted,comprehensive strategies involving behavioral,psychological,and environmental risk factors must also be developed to prevent obesity among children and adolescents. | Eun Young Lee Kun-Ho Yoon | 2018 | Frontiers of Medicine2018，12，6： | 27 |
| 6 | Advances in prognostic factors in acute pancreatitis:a mini-review显示文摘BACKGROUND:Early assessment of the severity of acute pancreatitis is essential to the proper management of the disease.It is dependent on the criteria of the Atlanta classification system.DATA SOURCES:PubMed search of recent relevant articles was performed to identify information about the severity and prognosis of acute pancreatitis.RESULTS:The scoring systems included the Ranson's or Glasgow's criteria ≥3,the APACHE II classification system ≥8,and the Balthazar's criteria ≥4 according to the computed tomography enhanced scanning findings.The single factors on admission included age >65 years,obesity,hemoconcentration(>44%),abnormal chest X-ray,creatinine >2 mg/dl,C-reactive protein>150 mg/dl,procalcitonin >1.8 ng/ml,albumin <2.5 mg/dl,calcium <8.5 mg/dl,early hyperglycemia,increased intra-abdominal pressure,macrophage migration inhibitory factor,or a combination of IL-10 >50 pg/ml with calcium <6.6 mg/dl.CONCLUSION:The prediction of the severity of acute pancreatitis is largely based on well defined multiple factor scoring systems as well as several single risk factors. | Theodoros E Pavlidis Efstathios T Pavlidis Athanasios K Sakantamis | 2010 | Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International2010，9，5： | 25 |
| 7 | Diabetes mellitus: a “true” independent risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma?显示文摘BACKGROUND:Diabetes mellitus(DM)is thought to be associated with an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)in some published studies.However,can we draw the conclusion that DM is a'true'independent risk factor for HCC based on these references? DATA SOURCES:MEDLINE and PubMed searches were conducted for published studies(between January 1966 and June 2009)to identify relevant articles using the keywords 'diabetes','insulin resistance'and'hepatocellular carcinoma',including'primary liver cancer'.Because of the very limited number of relevant articles most were reviewed. RESULTS:This systematic review was conducted from 4 aspects:(1)the significant synergy between DM,hepatitis virus infection,and heavy alcohol consumption in HCC; (2)the role of DM independently in HCC cases while other identified risk factors were controlled or excluded; (3)obesity,DM,and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in HCC patients;and(4)the impact of DM for the prognosis or surgical treatment in HCC patients with DM.No consensus has been reached among these studies and it is too early to draw the conclusion that DM is a'true' independent risk factor for HCC. CONCLUSIONS:DM can be regarded as a risk factor for HCC.However,whether DM itself directly predisposes to HCC or whether it is a'true'independent risk factor remains unclear.Related issues should be clarified by more research. | Gao, Chun Yao, Shu-Kun | 2009 | Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International2009，8，5： | 23 |
| 8 | Risk scoring system and predictor for clinically relevant pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy显示文摘AIM: To establish a scoring system to predict clinicallyrelevant postoperative pancreatic fistula(CR-POPF)after pancreaticoduodenectomy(PD).METHODS: The clinical records of 921 consecutive patients who underwent PD between 2008 and 2013 were reviewed retrospectively. Postoperative pancreatic fistula(POPF) was defined and classified by the international study group of pancreatic fistula(ISGPF).We used a logistic regression model to determine the independent risk factors of CR-POPF and developed a scoring system based on the regression coefficient of the logistic regression model. The optimal cut-off value to divide the risk strata was determined by the Youden index. The patients were divided into two groups(low risk and high risk). The independent sample t test was used to detect differences in the means of drain amylase on postoperative day(POD) 1, 2 and 3. The optimal cut-off level of the drain amylase to distinguish CR-POPF from non-clinical POPF in the two risk strata groups was determined using the receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curves.RESULTS: Grade A POPF occurred in 106(11.5%)patients, grade B occurred in 57(6.2%) patients,and grade C occurred in 32(3.5%) patients. A predictive scoring system for CR-POPF(0-6 points) was constructed using the following four factors: 1 point for each body mass index ≥ 28 [odds ratio(OR) = 3.86;95% confidence interval(CI): 1.92-7.75, P = 0.00],soft gland texture(OR = 4.50; 95%CI, 2.53-7.98, P =0.00), and the difference between the blood loss and transfusion in operation ≥ 800 mL(OR = 3.45; 95%CI,1.92-7.75, P = 0.00); and from 0 points for a 5 mm or greater duct diameter to 3 points for a less than 2 mm duct(OR = 8.97; 95%CI: 3.70-21.77, P = 0.00). The ROC curve showed that the area under the curve of this score was 0.812. A score of 3 points was suggested to be the best cut-off value(Youden index = 0.485). In the low risk group, a drain amylase level ≥ 3600 U/L on POD3 could distinguish CR-POPF from non-clinicalPOPF(the sensitivity and specificity were 75% and85%, respectively). In the high risk group, the best cutoff was a drain amylase level of 1600(the sensitivity and specificity were 77 and 63%, respectively).CONCLUSION: A 6-point scoring system accurately predicted the occurrence of CR-POPF. In addition, a drain amylase level on POD3 might be a predictor of this complication. | Ji-Ye Chen Jian Feng Xian-Qiang Wang Shou-Wang Cai Jia-Hong Dong Yong-Liang Chen | 2015 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2015，21，19： | 20 |
| 9 | Risk factors for acute kidney injury in patients with acute myocardial infarction显示文摘Background:Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious and fatal complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI).It has high shortand long-term mortality rates and a poor prognosis but is potentially preventable.However,the current incidence,risk factors,and outcomes of AKI in the Chinese population are not well understood and would serve the first step to identify high-risk patients who could receive preventative care.Methods:The medical data of 1124 hospitalized patients diagnosed with AMI from October 2013 to September 2015 were reviewed.AKI was defined according to the 2012 Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria.All the patients were divided into either the AKI group or the non-AKI group.A univariate comparison analysis was performed to identify possible risk factors associated with AKI.A multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent risk factors for AKI in patients with AMI.Results:Overall,the incidence of AKI was 26.0%.The mortality rate of the AKI group was 20.5 %,and the mortality rate of the nonAKI group was 0.6%(P < 0.001).Logistic regression analysis showed that the independent risk factors for AKI in patients with AMI included:age (>60 years old)(odds ratio [OR] 1.04,95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-1.05,P =0.000),hypertension (OR 2.51,95% CI 1.62-3.87,P =0.000),chronic kidney disease (OR 3.52,95% CI 2.01-6.16,P =0.000),Killip class ≥3 (OR 5.22,95% CI 3.07-8.87,P =0.000),extensive anterior myocardial infarction (OR 3.02,95% CI 1.85--4.93,P =0.000),use of furosemide (OR 1.02,95% CI 1.02-1.03,P =0.000),non-use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blocker (OR 1.58,95% CI 1.04-2.40,P =0.032).These factors provided an accurate tool to identify patients at high risk of developing AKI.Contusions:Approximately 26.0% of patients undergoing AMI developed AKI,and the development of AKI was strongly correlated with in-hospital mortality.The risk factors for AKI in patients with AMI were determined to help identify high-risk patients and make appropriate clinical decisions. | Cong Wang Yuan-Yuan Pei Yun-Hui Ma Xiao-Lu Ma Zhi-Wei Liu Ji-Hong Zhu Chun-Sheng Li | 2019 | Chinese Medical Journal2019，，14： | 20 |
| 10 | Risk factors and surgical outcomes for spontaneous rupture of BCLC stages A and B hepatocellular carcinoma: A case-control study显示文摘AIM: To investigate the risk factors and surgical outcomes for spontaneous rupture of Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer(BCLC) stages A and B hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).METHODS: From April 2002 to November 2006, 92 consecutive patients with spontaneous rupture of BCLC stage A or B HCC undergoing hepatic resection were included in a case group. A control arm of 184 cases(1:2 ratio) was chosen by matching the age, sex, BCLC stage and time of admission among the 2904 consecutive patients with non-ruptured HCC undergoing hepatic resection. Histological confirmation of HCC was available for all patients and ruptured HCC was confirmed by focal discontinuity of the tumor with surrounding perihepatic hematoma observed intraoperatively. Patients with microvascular thrombus in the hepatic vein branches were excluded from the study. Clinical data and survival time were collected and analysed.RESULTS: Sixteen patients were excluded from the study based on exclusion criteria, of whom 3 were in the case group and 13 in the control group. Compared with the control group, more patients in the case group had underlying diseases of hypertension(10.1% vs 3.5%, P = 0.030) and liver cirrhosis(82.0% vs 57.9%, P < 0.001). Tumors in 67(75.3%) patients in the case group were located in segments Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅵ, and the figure in the control group was also 67(39.7%)(P < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, hypertension(HR = 7.38, 95%CI: 1.91-28.58, P = 0.004), liver cirrhosis(HR = 6.04, 95%CI: 2.83-12.88, P < 0.001) and tumor location in segments Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅵ(HR = 5.03, 95%CI: 2.70-6.37, P < 0.001) were predictive for spontaneous rupture of HCC. In the case group, the median survival time and median disease-free survival time were 12 mo(range: 1-78 mo) and 4 mo(range: 0-78 mo), respectively. The 1-, 3- and 5-year overall survival rates and disease-free survival rates were 66.3%, 23.4% and 10.1%, and 57.0%, 16.8% and 4.5%, respectively. Only radical resection remained predictive for overall survival(HR = 0.32, 95%CI: 0.08-0.61, P = 0.015) and disease-free survival(HR = 0.12, 95%CI: 0.01-0.73, P = 0.002).CONCLUSION: Tumor location, hypertension and liver cirrhosis are associated with spontaneous rupture of HCC. One-stage hepatectomy should be recommended to patients with BCLC stages A and B disease. | Jing Li Liang Huang Cai-Feng Liu Jie Cao Jian-Jun Yan Feng Xu Meng-Chao Wu Yi-Qun Yan | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，27： | 19 |
| 11 | Outcomes of endoscopic sphincterotomy vs open choledochotomy for common bile duct stones显示文摘BACKGROUND Endoscopic sphincterotomy(EST) for the management of common bile duct stones(CBDS) is used increasingly widely because it is a minimally invasive procedure. However, some clinical practitioners argued that EST may be complicated by post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)pancreatitis(PEP) and accompanied by a higher recurrence of CBDS than open choledochotomy(OCT). Whether any differences in outcomes exist between these two approaches for treating CBDS has not been thoroughly elucidated to date.AIM To compare the outcomes of EST vs OCT for the management of CBDS and to clarify the risk factors associated with stone recurrence.METHODS Patients who underwent EST or OCT for CBDS between January 2010 and December 2012 were enrolled in this retrospective study. Follow-up data were obtained through telephone or by searching the medical records. Statistical analysis was carried out for 302 patients who had a follow-up period of at least 5 years or had a recurrence. Propensity score matching(1:1) was performed to adjust for clinical differences. A logistic regression model was used to identify potential risk factors for recurrence, and a receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was generated for qualifying independent risk factors.RESULTS In total, 302 patients undergoing successful EST(n = 168) or OCT(n = 134) were enrolled in the study and were followed for a median of 6.3 years. After propensity score matching, 176 patients remained, and all covariates were balanced. EST was associated with significantly shorter time to relieving biliary obstruction, anesthetic duration, procedure time, and hospital stay than OCT(P <0.001). The number of complete stone clearance sessions increased significantly in the EST group(P = 0.009). The overall incidence of complications and mortality did not differ significantly between the two groups. Recurrent CBDS occurred in18.8%(33/176) of the patients overall, but no difference was found between the EST(20.5%, 18/88) and OCT(17.0%, 15/88) groups. Factors associated with CBDS recurrence included common bile duct(CBD) diameter > 15 mm(OR =2.72; 95%CI: 1.26-5.87; P = 0.011), multiple CBDS(OR = 5.09; 95%CI: 2.58-10.07; P< 0.001), and distal CBD angle ≤ 145°(OR = 2.92; 95%CI: 1.54-5.55; P = 0.001). The prediction model incorporating these factors demonstrated an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.81(95%CI: 0.76-0.87).CONCLUSION EST is superior to OCT with regard to time to biliary obstruction relief, anesthetic duration, procedure time, and hospital stay and is not associated with an increased recurrence rate or mortality compared with OCT in the management of CBDS. | Xiao-Dong Zhou Qiao-Feng Chen Yuan-Yuan Zhang Ming-Ju Yu Chang Zhong Zhi-Jian Liu Guo-Hua Li Xiao-Jiang Zhou Jun-Bo Hong You-Xiang Chen | 2019 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2019，25，4： | 17 |
| 12 | Bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection: Risk factors and preventive methods显示文摘Endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) has become widely accepted as a standard method of treatment for superficial gastrointestinal neoplasms because it enables en block resection even for large lesions or fibrotic lesions with minimal invasiveness, and decreases the local recurrence rate. Moreover, specimens resected in an en block fashion enable accurate histological assessment. Taking these factors into consideration, ESD seems to be more advantageous than conventional endoscopic mucosal resection(EMR), but the associated risks of perioperative adverse events are higher than in EMR. Bleeding after ESD is the most frequent among these adverse events. Although post-ESD bleeding can be controlled by endoscopic hemostasis in most cases, it may lead to serious conditions including hemorrhagic shock. Even with preventive methods including administration of acid secretion inhibitors and preventive hemostasis, post-ESD bleeding cannot be completely prevented. In addition high-risk cases for post-ESD bleeding, which include cases with the use of antithrombotic agents or which require large resection, are increasing. Although there have been many reports about associated risk factors and methods of preventing post-ESD bleeding, many issues remain unsolved. Therefore, in this review, we have overviewed risk factors and methods of preventing post-ESD bleeding from previous studies. Endoscopists should have sufficient knowledge of these risk factors and preventive methods when performing ESD. | Yosuke Kataoka Yosuke Tsuji Yoshiki Sakaguchi Chihiro Minatsuki Itsuko Asada-Hirayama Keiko Niimi Satoshi Ono Shinya Kodashima Nobutake Yamamichi Mitsuhiro Fujishiro Kazuhiko Koike | 2016 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2016，22，26： | 16 |
| 13 | A survey of high risk factors affecting retinopathy in full-term infants in China显示文摘AIM: To investigate the possible relationship between the influencing factors occurring before and during birth in full-term infants and the outcome of retinopathy. · METHODS: Totally 816 full-term infants admitted in the neonate intensive unit of Boai Hospital of Zhongshan between 1 May, 2008 and 30 June, 2011 were included in the study. Fundus examination was performed and evaluated individually on them at the age of 48 hours after delivery, 2 weeks and 1 month. Some possible risk factors happening prenatally or during delivery such as pregnant related hypertension, placenta previa, placental abruption etc, as well as some neonatal risk factors such as neonatal asphyxia, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), low birth weight etc, were recorded and evacuated. Then the effect of the risk factors of full-term infants on retinopathy was studied. · RESULTS: The incidence of retinal hemorrhage of full-term infants with prenatal pregnant related hypertension (PRH) of the mother (43.6%) was significantly higher than that of full-term infants without (8.0%). (P<0.001). The incidence of retinal hemorrhage of full-term infants with neonatal asphyxia and /or hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE)(29.3%) was significantly higher than that of those without (15.7%), but correlation was not found between the severity of retina hemorrhage and the degree of hypoxic disease. A pale color of optic disc was associated with a low birth weight of full-term infant. Full-term infants with birth weigh less than 2500g had a significant higher incidence of retinopathy than those with birth weight equal or more than 2500g( P <0.001). · CONCLUSION: The main influencing factors which lead to retinopathy of high risk full-term infants are prenatal factors such as PRH, and some neonatal risk factors such as asphyxia, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, and low birth weight. | Li-Na Chen Xiao-Ping He and Li-Ping Huang | 2012 | International Journal of Ophthalmology(English edition)2012，5，2： | 15 |
| 14 | Long-term efectiveness of infancy low-dose hepatitis B vaccine immunization in Zhuang minority area in China显示文摘METHODSTwoepidemiologicmethods,acrosssectionalfolowupstudyandacasecontrolstudy,wereusedfortheevaluationoftheserologicalef... | LI Hui 1, LI Rong Cheng 2, LIAO Su Su 1, GONG Jian 2, ZENG Xian Jia 1 and LI Yan Ping 2 | 1999 | World Journal of Gastroenterology1999，5，2： | 14 |
| 15 | Risk factors for new onset diabetes mellitus after liver transplantation: A meta-analysis显示文摘AIM: To determine the risk factors for new-onset diabetes mellitus(NODM) after liver transplantation by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis.METHODS: We electronically searched the databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library from January 1980 to December 2013 to identify relevant studies reporting risk factors for NODM after liver transplantation. Two authors independently assessed the trials for inclusion and extracted the data. Discrepancies were resolved in consultation with a third reviewer. All statistical analyses were performed with the Rev Man5.0 software(The Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, United Kingdom). Pooled odds ratios(OR) or weighted mean differences(WMD) with 95% confidence intervals(CIs) were calculated using either a fixed effects or a random effects model, based on the presence(I2 < 50%) or absence(I2 > 50%) of significant heterogeneity. RESULTS: Twenty studies with 4580 patients were included in the meta-analysis, all of which were retrospective. The meta-analysis identified the following significant risk factors: hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection(OR = 2.68; 95%CI: 1.92-3.72); a family history of diabetes(OR = 1.69, 95%CI: 1.09-2.63, P < 0.00001); male gender(OR = 1.53; 95%CI: 1.24-1.90; P < 0.0001); impaired fasting glucose(IFG; OR = 3.27; 95%CI: 1.84-5.81; P < 0.0001); a family history of diabetes(OR = 1.69; 95%CI: 1.09-2.63; P = 0.02); use of tacrolimus(OR = 1.34; 95%CI: 1.03-1.76; P = 0.03) and body mass index(BMI)(WMD = 1.19, 95%CI: 0.69-1.68, P < 0.00001). Other factors, such as hepatitis B virus infection and alcoholism, were not found to be associated with the incidence of NODM.CONCLUSION: The study showed that HCV infection, IFG, a family history of diabetes, male gender, tacrolimus and BMI are risk factors for NODM after liver transplantation. | Da-Wei Li Tian-Fei Lu Xiang-Wei Hua Hui-Juan Dai Xiao-Lan Cui Jian-Jian Zhang Qiang Xia | 2015 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2015，21，20： | 14 |
| 16 | Hepatitis B virus infection, diabetes mellitus, and their synergism for cholangiocarcinoma development: A casecontrol study in Korea显示文摘AIM: To identify possible risk factors and their synergism for cholangiocarcinoma development.METHODS: A hospital-based, case-control study in which we included 276 cholangiocarcinoma patients [193 extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma(ECC) and 83 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma(ICC)], diagnosed at a training hospital in Korea between 2007 and 2013, and 552 healthy controls matched 2:1 for age, sex, and date of diagnosis. Risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma and possible synergism between those factors were evaluated using conditional logistic regression and synergism index, respectively.RESULTS:There was an association between cholangiocarcinoma and hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection, diabetes mellitus(DM), cholecystolithiasis, choledocholithiasis, and hepatolithiasis, with the adjusted odds ratios(AORs) of 4.1, 2.6, 1.7, 12.4, and 39.9, respectively. Synergistic interaction on the additive model was investigated between HBV infection and DM(AOR = 12.2; 95%CI: 1.9-80.1). In the subgroup analyses, cholecystolithiasis, choledocholithiasis, hepatolithiasis, and DM were significant risk factors for ECC(AOR = 2.0, 18.1, 14.9, and 2.0, respectively), whereas choledocholithiasis, hepatolithiasis, HBV infection, and DM were risk factors for ICC(AOR = 8.6, 157.4, 5.3 and 4.9, respectively). Synergistic interaction was also observed between HBV infection and DM(OR = 22.7; 95%CI: 2.4-214.1). However, there was no synergistic interaction between other significant risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma.CONCLUSION: In this Korean study, HBV infection and DM were found to exert independent and synergistic effects on the risk for cholangiocarcinoma, including ICC. Exploring the underlying mechanismsfor such synergy may lead to the development of cholangiocarcinoma prevention strategies in high-risk individuals. | Ban Seok Lee Eun-Cheol Park Seung Woo Park Chung Mo Nam Jaehoon Roh | 2015 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2015，21，2： | 13 |
| 17 | Prevalence of asthenopia and its risk factors in Chinese college students显示文摘AIM:To determine the prevalence of asthenopia and identify any associated risk factors in the college students in Xi'an,China. METHODS:From April to September 2012,1 500 students from five universities in Xi'an were selected according to a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method.Data on demographic features,lifestyle or dietary habits,health status,living environment conditions,sleep and mental status,and asthenopia symptoms were collected through a self-administered validated questionnaire.Univariate logistic regression and multivariate logistic regression analysis modified by the factor analysis were performed to evaluate risk factors for asthenopia.RESULTS:Fifty-seven percent of the college students complained of asthenopia.Statistically significant risk factors for asthenopia in the univariate analysis included 13 variables.Multivariate analysis revealed a significant relationship between the use of computer and asthenopia(OR 1.21,95% CI:1.09 to 1.35).Good sleep and mental status(OR 0.86,95% CI:0.76 to 0.97),good living environment conditions(OR 0.67,95% CI:0.60 to 0.76),and high intake of green leafy vegetables(OR 0.89,95% CI:0.80 to 0.98) were found to be strong predictors of decreasing the occurrence of asthenopia complaints.CONCLUSION:Asthenopia symptom appeares to be common among college students;and it is strongly associated with computer use,psychosocial state,environment conditions and dietary habits,suggesting that additional studies are warranted to verify these risk factors and establish prevention guidelines,especially for college students. | Cheng-Cheng Han Rong Liu Ru-Ru Liu Zhong-Hai Zhu Rong-Bin Yu Le Ma | 2013 | International Journal of Ophthalmology(English edition)2013，6，5： | 12 |
| 18 | Diet and gastric cancer:a case-control study in Fujian Province,China显示文摘NTRODUCTIONChangleandFuqingcitiesarelocatedinthesoutheasternpartofFujianProvince,Chinawithahighincidenceofgastriccancer.Howev... | YE Wei Min 1, YI Ying Nan 1, LUO Ren Xia 2, ZHOU Tian Shu 3, LIN Ru Tao 1 and CHEN Gui Dong 3 | 1998 | World Journal of Gastroenterology1998，4，6： | 12 |
| 19 | Accumulation and potential sources of heavy metals in soils of the Hetao area,Inner Mongolia,China显示文摘Soil contamination by heavy metals is a problem in agricultural irrigation systems.To assess the accumulation and sources of heavy metals in the Yongji irrigation district of the Hetao area,Inner Mongolia,China,195 soil samples from 39 sites(0–100 cm)were collected,and Zn,Cu,Pb,Cr,and Cd concentrations were analyzed.The mean concentrations were 107.17,32.48,12.31,53.53,and 0.22 mg kg-1,respectively,with no significant differences between soil depths(P>0.05).Concentrations of Zn,Cu,and Cd were higher than the background levels,with moderate accumulation;the contamination factor(CF)values were 1.9,1.7,and 1.9,respectively,and the geoaccumulation index(Igeo)was>0.Concentrations of Pb and Cr were lower than,or close to,the background levels(CF<1,Igeo<0),indicating that they originated from a natural source.The monomial potential ecological risk index(Eri)for Zn,Cu,Pb,and Cr was low;Eri for Cd was 55.73,implying a moderate risk.The grade of potential ecological risk index of the five heavy metals(RI)was low,declining from south to north.The studied soils were contaminated with Zn,Cu,and Cd;principal component(PC)analysis implicated the enrichment of Cd and partial Cu(high loading in PC 2)was related to agricultural activities;Zn and partial Cu,closely associated with PC 3,may have originated from irrigation water from the Yellow River.Future agricultural development should focus on fertilizer and pesticide application and the quality of irrigation water. | Yangchun ZHU Lijin WANG Xueyong ZHAO Jie LIAN Zhenhua ZHANG | 2020 | Pedosphere2020，30，2： | 12 |
| 20 | Risk factors for intraoperative perforation during endoscopic submucosal dissection of superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma显示文摘AIM To identify the risk factors and clarify the subsequent clinical courses.METHODS This study retrospectively analyzed consecutive patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma( ESCC) treated using endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) between April 2008 and October 2012. We divided the ESCC lesions into perforation cases and non-perforation cases, and compared characteristics and endoscopic findings between the two groups. 'Intraoperative perforation' was defined as the detection of a perforation site during ESD and the presence of mediastinal emphysema.RESULTS In total, 147 patients with 156 ESCC lesions were treated by ESD. Intraoperative perforation was recorded for nine lesions(5.8%) from nine patients. Multivariate analysis identified mucosal deficiency larger than 75% of the circumference of the esophagus as an independent risk factor for intraoperative perforation(OR = 7.37, 95%CI: 1.45-37.4, P = 0.016). The predominant site of perforation was the left wall [6/9(67%)]. Six of nine perforation sites were successfully closed by clips during the procedures. Two of nine cases required drainage for pleural effusions; however, all nine cases recovered with conservative treatment and without surgical intervention. At the median follow up of 42 mo after ESD, no cases of local recurrence or distant organ metastasis had been observed.CONCLUSION This study suggests that mucosal deficiency larger than 75% of the luminal circumference is a risk factor for intraoperative perforation during ESD for ESCC. | Masaaki Noguchi Tomonori Yano Tomoji Kato Tomohiro Kadota Maomi Imajoh Hiroyuki Morimoto Shozo Osera Atsushi Yagishita Tomoyuki Odagaki Yusuke Yoda Yasuhiro Oono Hiroaki Ikematsu Kazuhiro Kaneko | 2017 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2017，23，3： | 12 |
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