An ecosystem-based approach to marine risk assessment

查看全文 作　　者：Kirstin [1]Holsman;Jameal [2]Samhouri;Geoffrey [3]Cook;Elliott [4]Hazen;Erik [5,6]Olsen;Maria [7]Dillard;Stephen [1]Kasperski;Sarah [5]Gaichas;Christopher [8]R.Kelble;Mike [5]Fogarty;Kelly [2]Andrews

机构地区：[1]Alaska Fisheries Science Center,National Marine Fisheries Service,7600 Sand Point Way N.E.,Seattle,Washington 98115 USA;[2]Northwest Fisheries Science Center,National Marine Fisheries Service,2725 Montlake Boulevard East,Seattle,Washington 98112 USA;[3]Department of Biology,University of Central Florida,Orlando,Florida 32816 USA;[4]Southwest Fisheries Science Center,National Marine Fisheries Service,99 Pacific Street Suite 255A,Monterey,California 93940 USA;[5]Northeast Fisheries Science Center,166 Water Street,Woods Hole,Massachusetts 02543 USA;[6]Institute of Marine Research,P.O.Box 1870 Nordnes,N-5817,Bergen,Norway;[7]NOAA’s National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science,331 Fort Johnson Road,Charleston,South Carolina 29412 USA;[8]NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory,4301 Rickenbacker Causeway,Miami,Florida 33149 USA

出　　处：《Ecosystem Health and Sustainability》索引2017年第3卷第1期,共16页

摘　　要：Risk assessments quantify the probability of undesirable events along with their consequences.They are used to prioritize management interventions and assess tradeoffs,serving as an essential component of ecosystem-based management(EBM).A central objective of most risk assessments for conservation and management is to characterize uncertainty and impacts associated with one or more pressures of interest.Risk assessments have been used in marine resource management to help evaluate the risk of environmental,ecological,and anthropogenic pressures on species or habitats including for data-poor fisheries management(e.g.,toxicity,probability of extinction,habitat alteration impacts).Traditionally,marine risk assessments focused on singular pressure-response relationships,but recent advancements have included use of risk assessments in an EBM context,providing a method for evaluating the cumulative impacts of multiple pressures on multiple ecosystem components.Here,we describe a conceptual framework for ecosystem risk assessment(ERA),highlighting its role in operationalizing EBM,with specific attention to ocean management considerations.This framework builds on the ecotoxicological and conservation literature on risk assessment and includes recent advances that focus on risks posed by fishing to marine ecosystems.We review how examples of ERAs from the United States fit into this framework,explore the variety of analytical approaches that have been used to conduct ERAs,and assess the challenges and data gaps that remain.This review discusses future prospects for ERAs as EBM decision-support tools,their expanded role in integrated ecosystem assessments,and the development of next-generation risk assessments for coupled natural-human systems. 关键词：coupled natural-human systems ecosystem risk assessment ecosystem-based management risk assessment socio-ecological system

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An ecosystem-based approach to marine risk assessment

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