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| 1 | Dementia and osteoporosis in a geriatric population: Is there a common link?显示文摘AIM To determine the existence of a common pathological link between dementia and osteoporosis through reviewing the current evidence base. METHODS This paper reviews the current literature on osteoporosis and dementia in order to ascertain evidence of a common predisposing aetiology. A literature search of Ovid MEDLINE(1950 to June 2016) was conducted. The keywords 'osteoporosis', 'osteoporotic fracture', 'dementia' and 'Alzheimer's disease'(AD) were used to determine the theoretical links with the most significant evidence base behind them. The key links were found to be vitamins D and K, calcium, thyroid disease, statins, alcohol and sex steroids. These subjects were then searched in combination with the previous terms and the resulting papers manually examined. Theoretical, in vitro and in vivo research were all used to inform this review which focuses on the most well developed theoretical common causes for dementia(predominantly Alzheimer's type) and osteoporosis.RESULTS Dementia and osteoporosis are multifaceted disease processes with similar epidemiology and a marked increase in prevalence in elderly populations. The existence of a common link between the two has been suggested despite a lack of clear pathological overlap in our current understanding. Research to date has tended to be fragmented and relatively weak in nature with multiple confounding factors reflecting the difficulties of in vivo experimentation in the population of interest. Despite exploration of various possible mechanisms in search for a link between the two pathologies, this paper found that it is possible that these associations are coincidental due to the nature of the evidence available. One finding in this review is that prior investigation into common aetiologies has found raised amyloid beta peptide levels in osteoporotic bone tissue, with a hypothesis that amyloid beta disorders are systemic disorders resulting in differing tissue manifestations. However, our findings were that the most compelling evidence of a common yet independent aetiology lies in the APOE4 allele, which is a well-established risk for AD but also carries an independent association with fracture risk. The mechanism behind this is thought to be the reduced plasma vitamin K levels in individuals exhibiting the APOE4 allele which may be amplified by the nutritional deficiencies associated with dementia, which are known to include vitamins K and D. The vitamin theory postulates that malnutrition and reduced exposure to sunlight in patients with AD leads to vitamin deficiencies. CONCLUSION Robust evidence remains to be produced regarding potential links and regarding the exact aetiology of these diseases and remains relevant given the burden of dementia and osteoporosis in our ageing population. Future research into amyloid beta, APOE4 and vitamins K and D as the most promising aetiological links should be welcomed. | Candice L Downey Adam Young Emily F Burton Simon M Graham Robert J Macfarlane Eva-Maria Tsapakis Eleftherios Tsiridis | 2017 | World Journal of Orthopedics2017，8，5： | 6 |
| 2 | Targeting DNA Double-Strand Breaks with TAL Effector Nucleases显示文摘 | Christian Michelle Cermak Tomas Doyle Erin L Schmidt Clarice Zhang Feng Hummel Aaron Bogdanove Adam J Voytas Daniel F | 2010 | Genetics2010，，2： | 3 |
| 3 | The Stroke Outcomes and Neuroimaging of Intracranial Atherosclerosis (SONIA) Trial显示文摘 | E Feldmann J L. Wilterdink A Kosinski M Lynn M I. Chimowitz J Sarafin H H. Smith F Nichols J Rogg H J. Cloft L Wechsler J Saver S R. Levine C Tegeler R Adams M Sloan | 2007 | Neurology2007，，24： | 2 |
| 4 | Surgical treatment of the ischemic mitral valve显示文摘 | Adams DH Filsoufi F Aklog L | 2002 | J Heart Valve Dis2002，，： | 1 |
| 5 | Polyploidy and genome evolution inplants显示文摘 | Adams K L Wendel J F | 2005 | Curr Opin Plant Biol2005，，8： | 1 |
| 6 | Polyploidy and genome evolution in plants 显示文摘 | ADAMS K L WENDEL J F | 2005 | Curr Opin Plant Biol2005，8，2： | 1 |
| 7 | Analytical models of adhesively bonded joints-Part I:literature survey显示文摘 | da Silva L F M das Neves P J C Adams R D | 2009 | International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives2009，29，3： | 1 |
| 8 | Polyploidy and genome evolution in plants显示文摘 | ADAMS K L WENDEL J F | 2005 | Current Opinion in Plant Bioloyg2005，8，： | 1 |
| 9 | Vasopressin: a new target for the treatment of heart failure显示文摘 | Craig R Lee Michael L Watkins J.Herbert Patterson Wendy Gattis Christopher M O'Connor Mihai Gheorghiade Kirkwood F Adams | 2003 | American Heart Journal2003，，1： | 1 |
| 10 | 查看详情显示文摘 | (f)Kasparec J Adams J L Sisko J Silva D J | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 11 | Lateral temporal bone resection in advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: report of 35 patients显示文摘 | Essig GF Kitipornchai L Adams F | 2013 | Journal of Neurological Surgery Part B Skull base2013，74，： | 1 |
| 12 | Organ-specific si- lencing of duplicated genes in a newly synthesized cotton allotetraploid 显示文摘 | Adams K L Percifield R Wendel J F | 2004 | Genetics2004，168，： | 1 |
| 13 | Alkylphenol ethoxylates in the environment显示文摘 | Naylor C G Mieure J P Adams W J Weeks J A Castaldl F J Ogle L D Romano R R | 1992 | American Oil Chemists Society1992，69，： | 1 |
| 14 | Calibration of the torsional spring constant and the lateral photodiode response of frictional force microscopes显示文摘 | Adam F Phil A Lan L | 2000 | Review of scientific instruments2000，71，7： | 1 |
| 15 | Filamin is essential in actin cytoskeletal assembly mediated by p21-activated kinase 1 显示文摘 | Vadlamudi RK Li F Adam L | 2002 | Nat Cell Biol2002，4，： | 1 |
| 16 | Gerreral health and psychological symptom status in pregnancy and the puerperium:what is normal? 显示文摘 | OTCHET F CAREY M S ADAM L | 1999 | Obstet Gynecol1999，94，3： | 1 |
| 17 | Interpretation of capillary generated spatial and angular distributions of X-rays:theoretical modeling and experimental verification using the European synchrotron radiation facility optical beam line显示文摘 | Vincze L Janssens K Adams F | 1998 | Rev Sci Instum1998，69，： | 1 |
| 18 | Modeling and visualization of leaf venation patterns显示文摘 | Adam R Martin F Brendan L | 2005 | ACM Transactions on Graphics2005，24，3： | 1 |
| 19 | Membrane permeability characteristics and osmotic tolerance limits of sea urchin (Evechinus chloroticus) eggs显示文摘 | Adams S L Kleinhans F W Mladenov P V | 2003 | Cryobiology2003，47，： | 1 |
| 20 | Analytical models of adhesively bonded joints-Part I: Litera ture survey显示文摘 | daSilva L F M das Neves Paulo J C Adams R D | 2009 | International Journal of Adhesion Adhesives2009，29，4： | 1 |
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