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| 1 | Current and future treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma显示文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) represents a unique challenge for physicians and patients.There is no definitively curative treatment.Rather,many treatment and management modalities exist with differing advantages and disadvantages.Both current guidelines and individual patient concerns must be taken into account in order to properly manage HCC.In addition,quality of life issues are particularly complex in patients with HCC and these concerns must also be factored into treatment strategies.Thus,considering all the options and their various pros and cons can quickly become complex for both clinicians and patients.In this review,we systematically discuss the current treatment modalities available for HCC,detailing relevant clinical data,risks and rewards and overall outcomes for each approach.Surgical options discussed include resection,transplantation and ablation.We also discuss the radiation modalities:conformal radiotherapy,yttrium 90 microspheres and proton and heavy ion radiotherapy.The biologic agent Sorafenib is discussed as a promising new approach,and recent clinical trials are reviewed.We then detail currently described molecular pathways implicated in the initiation and progression of HCC,and we explore the potential of each pathway as an avenue for drug exploitation.We hope this comprehensive and forward-looking review enables both clinicians and patients to understand various options and thereby make more informed decisions regarding this disease. | Alexander Schlachterman Willie W Craft Jr Eric Hilgenfeldt Avir Mitra Roniel Cabrera | 2015 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2015，21，28： | 76 |
| 2 | Varicocele and testicular function显示文摘阴囊的精索静脉曲张, pampiniform 丛的静脉的膨胀想了经由静脉的拥挤增加阴囊的温度,通常与男不孕被联系。重要学习在精液参数上澄清了精索静脉曲张的否定影响,更最近的工作有使它的有害效果清楚些在上分子并且精子和阴囊的微型环境的 ultrastructural 特征,以及更多清楚地在 couples’ 上定义处理的积极影响;富饶。当有一段时间基于 histologic 评估知道时,在精索静脉曲张和阴囊的内分泌的功能之间的关系与在精索静脉曲张和性腺机能减退之间的一个成长连接在临床的设置变得更明显。在小儿科的背景,当未来学习将在富饶和阴囊的功能上澄清精索静脉曲张的影响时,最后,最近的工作在青少年和成年人支持精索静脉曲张的平行效果,建议当前的治疗的重新评估考虑到条件的进步性质和未来疾病的潜在的增加的风险来临。 | Alexander W Pastuszak | 2015 | Asian Journal of Andrology2015，17，4： | 32 |
| 3 | 纤维母细胞生长因子对复合皮肤移植成活和收缩的影响显示文摘我们曾报道应用同基因表层皮片(IE)和同种异基因真皮(AD)组成复合皮肤移植物(CSG)可一次完成全层皮肤缺损的永久性修复。但由于IE不能及时获得足够血运,IE常有部分坏死,CSG后期收缩仍较明显。在本研究中我们进一步用纤维母细胞生长因子(FGF)预先处理AD获得较好效果。经观察17周表明,FGF组皮片坏死率和坏死面积较对照组明显下降(P<0.05);FGF组CSG收缩较对照组明显减轻(P<0.001);皮片坏死面积与皮片最终面积呈负相关(r=-0.450,P<0.05)。实验预示,完全成活的CSG后期收缩较移植同等厚度的IE为轻。观察2年,AD未被排斥。 | 方承辉 Robb E C 于光曙 Alexander J W Warden G D | 1993 | 中华整形烧伤外科杂志1993，9，1： | 6 |
| 4 | Clinical outcomes following salvage Gamma Knife radiosurgery for recurrent glioblastoma显示文摘Glioblastoma multiforme(GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor with a survival prognosis of 14-16 mo for the highest functioning patients. Despite aggressive, multimodal upfront therapies, the majority of GBMs will recur in approximately six months. Salvage therapy options for recurrent GBM(r GBM) are an area of intense research. This study compares recent survival and quality of life outcomes following Gamma Knife radiosurgery(GKRS) salvage therapy. Following a Pub Med search for studies usingGKRS as salvage therapy for malignant gliomas, nine articles from 2005 to July 2013 were identified which evaluated rG BM treatment. In this review, we compare overall survival following diagnosis, overall survival following salvage treatment, progression-free survival, time to recurrence, local tumor control, and adverse radiation effects. This report discusses results for rG BM patient populations alone, not for mixed populations with other tumor histology grades. All nine studies reported median overall survival rates(from diagnosis, range:16.7-33.2 mo; from salvage, range:9-17.9 mo). Three studies identified median progression-free survival(range:4.6-14.9 mo). Two showed median time to recurrence of GBM. Two discussed local tumor control. Six studies reported adverse radiation effects(range:0%-46% of patients). The greatest survival advantages were seen in patients who received GKRS salvage along with other treatments, like resection or bevacizumab, suggesting that appropriately tailored multimodal therapy should be considered with each rG BM patient. However, there needs to be a randomized clinical trial to test GKRS for rG BM before the possibility of selection bias can be dismissed. | Erik W Larson Halloran E Peterson Wayne T Lamoreaux Alexander R MacKay Robert K Fairbanks Jason A Call Jonathan D Carlson Benjamin C Ling John J Demakas Barton S Cooke Christopher M Lee | 2014 | World Journal of Clinical Oncology2014，5，2： | 5 |
| 5 | Varicocele management in the era of in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection显示文摘精索静脉曲张是男不孕的最普通的通过手术可对待的原因,并且经常在精液参数,精子 DNA 损坏,和精液的周围的变化导致改变。精索静脉曲张修理能与临床的精索静脉曲张在人的多数在这些参数导致改进;与无临床症状的精索静脉曲张在人支持修理的数据是不太权威的。在用帮助繁殖技术(艺术)寻求富饶的夫妇,精索静脉曲张修理可以在能用技术例如增加成功的授精的可能性的精液参数和精子健康提供改进在 vitro 授精( IVF )或 intracytoplasmic 精子注射( ICSI ),或可以减少艺术的水平需要完成成功的怀孕。男不孕是有向健康能便于最佳的屏蔽和这些人的治疗的未来的一只眼睛的不肥沃的男性的一般男健康,和评估的指示物。而且,精索静脉曲张可以代表进步损害,提供为它的修理的争论,尽管这当前是不清楚的。 | Piyush Pathak Aravind Chandrashekar Tariq S Hakky Alexander W Pastuszak | 2016 | Asian Journal of Andrology2016，18，3： | 5 |
| 6 | The diverse heterogeneity of molecular alterations in prostate cancer identified through next-generation sequencing显示文摘前列腺癌症是全球癌症相关的死亡的一个领先的原因,但是试图改善诊断并且开发新奇治疗被重要耐心的异质惊讶。在最近的年里,到几百个前列腺瘤的下一代的定序的应用程序定义新奇分子的子类型并且描绘了位于疾病开始和前进下面的广泛的 genomic 错误。在诊所观察的异质是由与复杂性流行的一处分子的风景的 underpinned,现在是清楚的,在 genomic 重新整理和稀罕变化联合放大 transcriptomic 差异的地方。这评论把我们前列腺癌症 ‘ 的当前的理解; omic 的包括拷贝数字变化的哨兵角色, oncogenic 熔化基因, chromothripsis 的潜在的影响,和在定义联系变化的子类型的突破的成长光谱。增加的证据建议损害经常在特定的细胞的功能和发信号的小径上集成的那 genomic,还周期性的基因错误显得稀罕。因此,我们继续定义单个瘤染色体,是批评的,特别在他们的表示 transcriptome 的上下文。仅仅通过到瘤可变性罐头的瘤的改进描述,我们前进到精确治疗和个性化的肿瘤学的年龄。 | Alexander W Wyatt Fan Mo Yuzhuo Wang Colin C Collins | 2013 | Asian Journal of Andrology2013，15，3： | 5 |
| 7 | Role of nanotopography in the development of tissue engineered 3D organs and tissues using mesenchymal stem cells显示文摘Recent regenerative medicine and tissue engineering strategies(using cells, scaffolds, medical devices and gene therapy) have led to fascinating progress of translation of basic research towards clinical applications. In the past decade, great deal of research has focused on developing various three dimensional(3D) organs, such as bone, skin, liver, kidney and ear,using such strategies in order to replace or regenerate damaged organs for the purpose of maintaining or restoring organs' functions that may have been lost due to aging, accident or disease. The surface properties of a material or a device are key aspects in determining the success of the implant in biomedicine, as the majority of biological reactions in human body occur on surfaces or interfaces. Furthermore, it has been established in the literature that cell adhesion and proliferation are, to a great extent, influenced by the micro- and nanosurface characteristics of biomaterials and devices. In addition, it has been shown that the functions of stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells in particular, could be regulated through physical interaction with specific nanotopographical cues. Therefore, guided stem cell proliferation, differentiation and function are of great importance in the regeneration of 3D tissues and organs using tissue engineering strategies. This review will provide an update on the impact of nanotopography on mesenchymal stem cells for the purpose of developing laboratory-based 3D organs and tissues, as well as the most recent research and case studies on this topic. | Shima Salmasi Deepak M Kalaskar Wai-Weng Yoon Gordon W Blunn Alexander M Seifalian | 2015 | World Journal of Stem Cells2015，7，2： | 4 |
| 8 | Next generation patient-derived prostate cancer xenograft models显示文摘对为前列腺癌症的更有效的治疗学的途径有批评需要。然而,在这个区域的研究被缺乏严重妨碍了临床上相关,在疾病的 vivo 模型试验性。这评论特别地基于 patients’ 的 subrenal 囊 grafting 集中于前列腺癌症异种皮移植模型的发展;进 nonobese 糖尿病 / 严重的肿瘤组织联合了 immunodeficient (NOD/SCID ) 老鼠。这种技术允许可移植的、导出病人的癌症织物异种皮移植线的成功的开发从不仅好攻击变形,而且从局部性的前列腺癌症纸巾。异种皮移植被发现了保留原来的恶意的关键生物性质,包括组织病理学说、分子的特征,肿瘤异质,对雄激素脱离的反应和变形能力。因此,他们是高度临床上相关并且在细胞、分子的层次,为个性化的癌症治疗屏蔽的药和现出症状之前的潜的药为前列腺癌症前进的研究提供珍贵工具测试的功效;特别当模型的一块面板习惯于盖子时许多疾病。这些异种皮移植模型能因此被看作前列腺癌症的下一代的模型。 | Dong Lin Hui Xue Yuwei Wang Rebecca Wu Akira Watahiki Xin Dong Hongwei Cheng Alexander W Wyatt Colin C Collins Peter W Gout Yuzhuo Wang | 2014 | Asian Journal of Andrology2014，16，3： | 4 |
| 9 | Staining for p53 and Ki-67 increases the sensitivity of EUS-FNA to detect pancreatic malignancy显示文摘AIM:To investigate whether tumor marker staining can improve the sensitivity of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration(EUS-FNA)to diagnose pancreatic malignancy. METHODS:Patients who underwent EUS-FNA were retrospectively identified.Each EUS-FNA specimen was evaluated by routine cytology and stained for tumor markers p53,Ki-67,carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA) and CA19-9.Sensitivity,specificity,positive and negative predictive values(PPV and NPV),and positive and negative likelihood ratios(PLR and NLR)were calculated in order to evaluate the performance of each test to detect malignancy. RESULTS:Sixty-one specimens had complete sets of stains,yielding 49 and 12 specimens from pancreatic adenocarcinomas and benign pancreatic lesions due to pancreatitis,respectively.Cytology alone had sensitivity and specificity of 41%and 100%to detect malignancy, respectively.In 46%of the specimens,routine cytology alone was deemed indeterminate.The addition of either p53 or Ki-67 increased the sensitivity to 51%and 53%,respectively,with perfect specificity,PPV and PLR (100%,100%and infinite).Both stains in combination increased the sensitivity to 57%.While additional staining with CEA and CA19-9 further increased the sensitivity to 86%,the specificity,PPV and PLR were significantly reduced(at minimum 42%,84%and 1,respectively).Markers in all combinations performed poorly as a negative test(NPV 26%to 47%,and NLR 0.27 and 0.70).CONCLUSION:Immunohistochemical staining for p53 and Ki-67 can improve the sensitivity of EUS-FNA to diagnose pancreatic adenocarcinoma. | Alexander W Jahng Sonya Reicher David Chung Donna Varela Rahul Chhablani Anil Dev Binh Pham Jose Nieto Rose J Venegas Samuel W French Bruce E Stabile Viktor E Eysselein | 2010 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy2010，2，11： | 3 |
| 10 | Counting your sperm before they fertilize: are sperm counts really declining?显示文摘 | Alexander W Pastuszak | 2013 | Asian Journal of Andrology2013，15，2： | 3 |
| 11 | Fondaparinux预防老年急性内科患者发生静脉血栓形成的效果与安全性:随机安慰剂对照研究显示文摘目的:观察 Fondaparinux 对具有中高度静脉血栓发生危险的老年急性内科住院患者的抗凝效果与安全性。设计:双盲随机安慰剂对照研究。背景:8个国家的35个中心。参与者:849例≥60岁内科患者,住院原因分别为充血性心力衰竭、慢性肺病合并急性呼吸系统疾患、急性炎症性或感染性疾病,预期至少住院4天以上。干预:2.5 mg Fondaparinux 或安慰剂,每天1次皮下注射,持续6~14天。观察指标:主要指标为静脉血栓形成(治疗后15天内采用双侧静脉造影检查)及有症状的静脉血栓;次要指标为死亡与出血。患者随访时间为1个月。结果:Fondaparinux 治疗组425例患者和安慰剂组414例患者接受了安全性分析(10例未治疗)。644例患者(75.9%)可接受主要指标分析。静脉血栓检出率在 Fondaparinux 治疗组为5.6%(18/321),安慰剂组为10.5%(34/323),相对危险减少46.7%(95% CI 7.7%~69.3%)。安慰剂组5例患者发生有症状的静脉血栓,Fondaparinux治疗组无患者发生有症状的静脉血栓(P=0.029)。两组均有1例(0.2%)患者发生严重出血。随访结束时,安慰剂组、Fondaparinux 治疗组分别死亡25(6.0%)、14(3.3%)例患者。结论:Fondaparinux 可有效预防急性内科老年患者无症状性及有症状的静脉血栓。严重出血几率两组相似。 | Alexander T Cohen Bruce L Davidson Alexander S Gallus Michael R Lassen Martin H Prins Witold Tomkowski Alexander G G Turpie Jan F M Egberts Anthonie W A Lensing 石汉平(译) 王深明(校) | 2006 | 英国医学杂志中文版2006，9，5： | 3 |
| 12 | Overvoltage control during restoration显示文摘 | Adibi M M Alexander R W Avramovic B | 1992 | IEEE Trans on Power Systems1992，7，4： | 2 |
| 13 | 使用二甲双胍的禁忌证 证据显示应该修改二甲双胍的禁忌证显示文摘在英国前瞻性糖尿病研究(UNPOS)中,2型糖尿病患者被随机分入二甲双胍、磺酰脲类或胰岛素强化治疗组,3组患者取得了相似的血糖控制效果,微血管并发症终点事件显著降低。该项研究显示,肥胖患者使用二甲双胍治疗可以降低心血管事件的发生,二甲双胍治疗组的患者没有低血糖事件。 | G C Jones J P Macklin W D Alexander 李玉秀 | 2003 | 英国医学杂志中文版2003，6，3： | 2 |
| 14 | Label-retaining liver cancer cells are relatively resistant to sorafenib显示文摘 | Hong-Wu Xin Chenwi M Ambe Danielle M Hari Gordon W Wiegand Tyler C Miller Jin-Qiu Chen Andrew J Anderson Satyajit Ray John E Mullinax Tomotake Koizumi Russell C Langan Douglas Burka Michelle A Herrmann Paul K Goldsmith Alexander Stojadinovic Udo Rudloff S | 2013 | Gut2013，，12： | 2 |
| 15 | Overvoltage control during restoration显示文摘 | Adibi M M Alexander R W Avramovic B | 1992 | IEEE Transactions on Power Systems1992，7，4： | 2 |
| 16 | An infertile male with dilated seminal vesicles due to functional obstruction显示文摘 | Michael D Font Alexander W Pastuszak John R Case Larry I Lipshult | 2017 | Asian Journal of Andrology2017，19，2： | 2 |
| 17 | Twenty proteins containing a C terminal SOCS box form five structural classes 显示文摘 | Hilton D J Richardson R T Alexander W S | 1998 | Proc Natl Acad Sci1998，95，1： | 2 |
| 18 | 脊髓损伤后残存自主神经功能载录国际标准显示文摘近年来,脊髓损伤神经学分类园际标准(International Stand- ards for the Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury, ISNCSCI)被用来记载脊髓损伤后运动和感觉功能的损害,目前该标准已是第六版。1992年第一份国际认可的标准出版时,曾进行了较大的修订,修订内容包括完全性损伤与不完全性损伤的定义, | MS Alexander AB Jackson W Donovan DE Graves SL Elliott A Krassioukov AW Sheel I Estoresl B Green A Gousse NL Braekett D Cardenas M Kennelly A-K Karlason F Biering-Sorensen K Krogh T Linsenmeyer R Marino J Ditunno CJ Mathias I Perkash G Creasey G Schilero J Wecht B Schurch V Dietz J Sonksen S Stiens D Bodner LA Wuermser J-J Wyndaele 周谋望 刘楠 S Charlifue | 2010 | 中华物理医学与康复杂志2010，32，4： | 2 |
| 19 | Factors in tonsillectomy mortalily显示文摘 | Alexander D W Graff T D Kelley E | 1965 | Arch Otolaryngol1965，82，4： | 1 |
| 20 | Delayed,spontaneous hypothermia reduces neuronal damage after asphyxial cardiac arrest in rats显示文摘 | Hickey R W Ferimer H Alexander H L | 2000 | Crit Care Med2000，28，： | 1 |
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