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| 1 | Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the rectum: An update and implications for treatment显示文摘AIM: To provide an update on the aetiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, staging and management of rectal squamous cell carcinoma(SCC).METHODS: A systematic review was conducted according to the preferred reporting items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. A comprehensive search of Ovid MEDLINE was performed with the reference list of selected articles reviewed to ensure all relevant publications were captured. The search strategy was limited to the English language, spanning from 1946 to 2015. A qualitative analysis was undertaken examining patient demographics, clinical presentation, diagnosis, staging, treatment and outcome. The quantitaive analysis was limited to data extracted on treatment and outcomes including radiological, clinical and pathological complete response where available. The narrative and quantitative review were synthesised in concert.RESULTS: The search identified 487 articles in total with 79 included in the qualitative review. The quantitative analysis involved 63 articles, consisting of 43 case reports and 20 case series with a total of 142 individual cases. The underlying pathogenesis of rectal SCC while unclear, continues to be defined, with increasing evidence of a metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence and a possible role for human papilloma virus in this progression. The presentation is similar to rectal adenocarcinoma, with a diagnosis confirmed by endoscopic biopsy. Many presumed rectal SCC's are in fact an extension of an anal SCC, and cytokeratin markers are a useful adjunct in this distinction. Staging is most accurately reflected by the tumour-nodemetastasis classification for rectal adenocarcinoma. It involves examining locoregional disease by way of magnetic resonance imaging and/or endorectal ultrasound, with systemic spread excluded by way of computed tomography. Positron emission tomography is integral in the workup to exclude an external siteof primary SCC with metastasis to the rectum. While the optimal treatment remains as yet undefined, recent studies have demonstrated a global shift away from surgery towards definitive chemoradiotherapy as primary treatment. Pooled overall survival was calculated to be 86% in patients managed with chemoradiation compared with 48% for those treated traditionally with surgery. Furthermore, local recurrence and metastatic rates were 25% vs 10% and 30% vs 13% for the chemoradiation vs conventional treatment cohorts.CONCLUSION: The changing paradigm in the treatment of rectal SCC holds great promise for improved outcomes in this rare disease. | Glen R Guerra Cherng H Kong Satish K Warrier Andrew C Lynch Alexander G Heriot Samuel Y Ngan | 2016 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery2016，8，3： | 5 |
| 2 | Theory of optical scintillation:Gaussian-beam wave model 显示文摘 | ANDREWS L C AL-HALASH M A HOPEN C Y | 2001 | Wave Random Media2001，11，2： | 2 |
| 3 | Aperture averaging of optical scintillations:power fluctuations and the temporal spectrum 显示文摘 | ANDREWS L C PHILLIPS R L HOPEN C Y | 2000 | Wave Random Media2000，10，1： | 2 |
| 4 | Theory of optical scintillation显示文摘 | Andrews L C Phillips R L Hopen C Y | 1999 | J Opt Soc Am A1999，16，6： | 1 |
| 5 | Occurrence oftrace inorganic contaminants in drinking water distributionsystems 显示文摘 | Peng C Y Andrew S H Melinda ] | 2012 | J Am Water Works Assoc2012，104，3： | 1 |
| 6 | On a dual model with a dividend threshold 显示文摘 | Andrew C Y N | 2009 | Insurance : Mathematics and Economics2009，44，2： | 1 |
| 7 | The prognostic significance of thrombocytosis in epithelial ovarian carcinoma显示文摘 | Andrew J Li Alison C Madden Ilana Cass Ronald S Leuchter Leo D Lagasse Beth Y Karlan | 2003 | Gynecologic Oncology2003，，1： | 1 |
| 8 | Anthocyanin extract from black rice significantly ameliorates platelet hyperactivity and hypertriglyceridemia in dyslipidemic rats induced by high fat diets显示文摘 | Yang Y Andrews M C Hu Y | 2011 | Journal of agricultural and food chemistry2011，59，12： | 1 |
| 9 | Ihibition of macrophage scavanger receptor activity by tumor necrosis factor-α显示文摘 | HSU H Y ANDREW C HAIJJAR D P | 1996 | J B C1996，271，： | 1 |
| 10 | Effects of a modified spectral model on the spatial coherence of a laser Beam显示文摘 | YOUNG C Y ANDREWS L C | 1994 | Waves in Random Media1994，4，2： | 1 |
| 11 | Aperture averaging of optical scintillations: power fluctuations and the temporal spectrum显示文摘 | Andrews L C Phillips R L Hopen C Y | 2000 | Waves in Random Media2000，10，1： | 1 |
| 12 | Isolation and toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis from potato-growing areas in Bolivia显示文摘 | Hernandez C S Andrew R Bel Y | 2005 | J Invertebr Pathol2005，88，1： | 1 |
| 13 | Scintillation model for a satellite communication link at large zenith angles显示文摘 | Andrews L C Phillips R L Hopen C Y | 2000 | Opt Engng2000，39，12： | 1 |
| 14 | Class-dependent discretization for inductive learning from continuous and mixed-mode data 显示文摘 | Ching John Y Wong Andrew K C | 1995 | Pattern Analsis and Machine Intelligence1995，7，17： | 1 |
| 15 | Responses of banana fruit treatment with 1-methylcyclopropenes 显示文摘 | Jiang Y M Daryl C J Andrew J M | 1999 | Plant Growth Regulation1999，28，： | 1 |
| 16 | Tranexamic acid for intracerebral haemorrhage within 2 hours of onset: protocol of a phase Ⅱ randomised placebo-controlled double-blind multicentre trial显示文摘Rationale Haematoma growth is common early after intracerebral haemorrhage(ICH),and is a key determinant of outcome.Tranexamic acid,a widely available antifibrinolytic agent with an excellent safety profile,may reduce haematoma growth.Methods and design Stopping intracerebral haemorrhage with tranexamic acid for hyperacute onset presentation including mobile stroke units(STOP-MSU)is a phase Ⅱ double-blind,randomised,placebo-controlled,multicentre,international investigator-led clinical trial,conducted within the estimand statistical framework.Hypothesis In patients with spontaneous ICH,treatment with tranexamic acid within 2 hours of onset will reduce haematoma expansion compared with placebo.Sample size estimates A sample size of 180 patients(90 in each arm)would be required to detect an absolute difference in the primary outcome of 20%(placebo 39%vs treatment 19%)under a two-tailed significance level of 0.05.An adaptive sample size re-estimation based on the outcomes of 144 patients will allow a possible increase to a prespecified maximum of 326 patients.Intervention Participants will receive 1 g intravenous tranexamic acid over 10 min,followed by 1 g intravenous tranexamic acid over 8 hours;or matching placebo.Primary efficacy measure The primary efficacy measure is the proportion of patients with haematoma growth by 24±6 hours,defined as either≥33%relative increase or≥6 mL absolute increase in haematoma volume between baseline and follow-up CT scan.Discussion We describe the rationale and protocol of STOP-MSU,a phase Ⅱ trial of tranexamic acid in patients with ICH within 2 hours from onset,based in participating mobile stroke units and emergency departments. | Nawaf Yassi Henry Zhao Leonid Churilov Bruce C V Campbell Teddy Wu Henry Ma Andrew Cheung Timothy Kleinig Helen Brown Philip Choi Jiann-Shing Jeng Annemarei Ranta Hao-Kuang Wang Geoffrey C Cloud Rohan Grimley Darshan Shah Neil Spratt Der-Yang Cho Karim Mahawish Lauren Sanders John Worthington Ben Clissold Atte Meretoja Vignan Yogendrakumar Mai Duy Ton Duc Phuc Dang Nguyen Thai My Phuong Huy-Thang Nguyen Chung Y Hsu Gagan Sharma Peter J Mitchell Bernard Yan Mark W Parsons Christopher Levi Geoffrey A Donnan Stephen M Davis | 2022 | Stroke & Vascular Neurology2022，7，2： | 1 |
| 17 | Reliability analysis for rotor rubbing 显示文摘 | Zhang Y M Wen B C Andrew Y T | 2002 | ASME Journad for Vibration and Acoustics2002，124，1： | 1 |
| 18 | Scintillation model for a satellite communication link at large zenith angles显示文摘 | Andrews L C Phillips T L Hopen C Y | 2000 | Opt Eng2000，39，12： | 1 |
| 19 | Scintillation model for a satellite communication link at large zenith angles 显示文摘 | L C Andrews R L Phillips C Y Hopen | 2000 | Opt Eng2000，39，12： | 1 |
| 20 | Effects of yellow dwarf and wheat spin- dle streak mosaic viruses on cold hardiness of cereals显示文摘 | Paliwal Y C Andrews C J | 1979 | Can J Plant Pathology1979，，1： | 1 |
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