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| 1 | Herbal traditional Chinese medicine and its evidence base in gastrointestinal disorders显示文摘Herbal traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is used to treat several ailments, but its efficiency is poorly documented and hence debated, as opposed to modern medicine commonly providinge ffective therapies. The aim of this review article is to present a practical reference guide on the role of herbal TCM in managing gastrointestinal disorders, supported by systematic reviews and evidence based trials. A literature search using herbal TCM combined with terms for gastrointestinal disorders in Pub Med and the Cochrane database identified publications of herbal TCM trials. Results were analyzed for study type, inclusion criteria, and outcome parameters. Quality of placebo controlled, randomized, double-blind clinical trials was poor, mostly neglecting stringent evidence based diagnostic and therapeutic criteria. Accordingly, appropriate Cochrane reviews and meta-analyses were limited and failed to support valid, clinically relevant evidence based efficiency of herbal TCM in gastrointestinal diseases, including gastroesophageal reflux disease, gastric or duodenal ulcer, dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease. In conclusion, the use of herbal TCM to treat various diseases has an interesting philosophical background with a long history, but it received increasing skepticism due to the lack of evidence based efficiency as shown by high quality trials; this has now been summarized for gastrointestinal disorders, with TCM not recommended for most gastrointestinal diseases. Future studies should focus on placebo controlled, randomized, double-blind clinical trials, herbal product quality and standard criteria for diagnosis, treatment, outcome, and assessment of adverse herb reactions. This approach will provide figures of risk/benefit profiles that hopefully are positive for at least some treatment modalities of herbal TCM. Proponents of modern herbal TCM best face these promising challenges of pragmaticmodern medicine by bridging the gap between the two medicinal cultures. | Rolf Teschke Albrecht Wolff Christian Frenzel Axel Eickhoff Johannes Schulze | 2015 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2015，21，15： | 19 |
| 2 | Drug and herb induced liver injury: Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences scale for causality assessment显示文摘Causality assessment of suspected drug induced liver injury(DILI) and herb induced liver injury(HILI) is hampered by the lack of a standardized approach to be used by attending physicians and at various subsequent evaluating levels. The aim of this review was to analyze the suitability of the liver specific Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences(CIOMS) scale as a standard tool for causality assessment in DILI and HILI cases. PubMed database was searched for the following terms: drug induced liver injury; herb induced liver injury; DILI causality assessment; and HILI causality assessment. The strength of the CIOMS lies in its potential as a standardized scale for DILI and HILI causality assessment. Other advantages include its liver specificity and its validation for hepatotoxicity with excellent sensitivity, specificity and predictive validity, based on cases with a positive reexposure test. This scale allows prospective collection of all relevant data required for a valid causality assessment. It does not require expert knowledge in hepatotoxicity and its results may subsequently be refined. Weaknesses of the CIOMS scale include the limited exclusion of alternative causes and qualitatively graded risk factors. In conclusion, CIOMS appears to be suitable as a standard scale for attending physicians, regulatory agencies, expert panels and other scientists to provide a standardized, reproducible causality assessment in suspected DILI and HILI cases, applicable primarily at all assessing levels involved. 2014 Baishideng Publishing Group Co., Limited. All | Rolf Teschke Albrecht Wolff Christian Frenzel Alexander Schwarzenboeck Johannes Schulze Axel Eickhoff | 2014 | World Journal of Hepatology2014，6，1： | 11 |
| 3 | Herbal hepatotoxicity:Challenges and pitfalls of causality assessment methods显示文摘The diagnosis of herbal hepatotoxicity or herb induced liver injury(HILI) represents a particular clinical and regulatory challenge with major pitfalls for the causality evaluation.At the day HILI is suspected in a patient,physicians should start assessing the quality of the used herbal product,optimizing the clinical data for completeness,and applying the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences(CIOMS) scale for initial causality assessment.This scale is structured,quantitative,liver specific,and validated for hepatotoxicity cases.Its items provide individual scores,which together yield causality levels of highly probable,probable,possible,unlikely,and excluded.After completion by additional information including raw data,this scale with all items should be reported to regulatory agencies and manufacturers for further evaluation.The CIOMS scale is preferred as tool for assessing causality in hepatotoxicity cases,compared to numerous other causality assessment methods,which are inferior on various grounds.Among these disputed methods are the Maria and Victorino scale,an insufficiently qualified,shortened version of the CIOMS scale,as well as various liver unspecific methods such as thead hoc causality approach,the Naranjo scale,the World Health Organization(WHO) method,and the Karch and Lasagna method.An expert panel is required for the Drug Induced Liver Injury Network method,the WHO method,and other approaches based on expert opinion,which provide retrospective analyses with a long delay and thereby prevent a timely assessment of the illness in question by the physician.In conclusion,HILI causality assessment is challenging and is best achieved by the liver specific CIOMS scale,avoiding pitfalls commonly observed with other approaches. | Rolf Teschke Christian Frenzel Johannes Schulze Axel Eickhoff | 2013 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2013，19，19： | 9 |
| 4 | Herbalife hepatotoxicity: Evaluation of cases with positive reexposure tests显示文摘AIM: To analyze the validity of applied test criteria and causality assessment methods in assumed Herbalife hepatotoxicity with positive reexposure tests. METHODS: We searched the Medline database for suspected cases of Herbalife hepatotoxicity and retrieved 53 cases including eight cases with a positive unintentional reexposure and a high causality level for Herbalife. First, analysis of these eight cases focused on the data quality of the positive reexposure cases, requiring a baseline value of alanine aminotransferase(ALT) < 5 upper limit of normal (N) before reexposure, with Nas the upper limit of normal, and a doubling of the ALT value at reexposure as compared to the ALT value at baseline prior to reexposure. Second, reported methods to assess causality in the eight cases were evaluated, and then the liver specific Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) scale validated for hepatotoxicity cases was used for quantitative causality reevaluation. This scale consists of various specific elements with scores provided through the respective case data, and the sum of the scores yields a causality grading for each individual case of initially suspected hepatotoxicity. RESULTS: Details of positive reexposure test conditions and their individual results were scattered in virtually all cases, since reexposures were unintentional and allowed only retrospective rather than prospective assessments. In 1/8 cases, criteria for a positive reexposure were fulfilled, whereas in the remaining cases the reexposure test was classified as negative (n = 1), or the data were considered as uninterpretable due to missing information to comply adequately with the criteria (n = 6). In virtually all assessed cases, liver unspecific causality assessment methods were applied rather than a liver specific method such as the CIOMS scale. Using this scale, causality gradings for Herbalife in these eight cases were probable (n = 1), unlikely (n = 4), and excluded (n = 3). Confounding variables in- cluded low data quality, alternative diagnoses, poor exclusion of important other causes, and comedication by drugs and herbs in 6/8 cases. More specifically, problems were evident in some cases regarding temporal association, daily doses, exact start and end dates of product use, actual data of laboratory parameters such as ALT, and exact dechallenge characteristics. Short-comings included scattered exclusion of hepatitis A-C, cytomegalovirus and Epstein Barr virus infection with only globally presented or lacking parameters. Hepatitis Evirus infection was considered in one single patient and found positive, infections by herpes simplexvirus and varicella zoster virus were excluded in none. CONCLUSION: Only one case fulfilled positive reexposure test criteria in initially assumed Herbalife hepatotoxicity, with lower CIOMS based causality gradings for the other cases than hitherto proposed. | Rolf Teschke Christian Frenzel Johannes Schulze Alexander Schwarzenboeck Axel Eickhoff | 2013 | World Journal of Hepatology2013，5，7： | 6 |
| 5 | Herbal hepatotoxicity: suspected cases assessed for alternative causes显示文摘 | Rolf Teschke Johannes Schulze Alexander Schwarzenboeck Axel Eickhoff Christian Frenzel | 2013 | European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology2013，，9： | 2 |
| 6 | Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of β-defensin 3, muhi-functional peptides of the immune system显示文摘 | ENNO KL1DVER KNUT ADERMANN AXEL SCHULZ | 2006 | Journal of Peptide Science2006，122，： | 1 |
| 7 | Elevated serum levels of leptin and soluble leptin receptor in patients with advanced chronic heart failure 显示文摘 | Schulze PC Kratzsch J Linke Axel Schoene N Adams V Gielen S | 2003 | Eur J Heart Fail2003，，5： | 1 |
| 8 | A State Space Model for Berlin House Prices:Estimation and Economic Interpertation显示文摘 | Rainer Schulz Axel Werwatz | 2004 | Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 28:1 37-572004，2004，： | 1 |
| 9 | Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of β-defensin 3, multi-functional peptides of the immune system 显示文摘 | ENNO KLUVER KNUT ADERMANN AXEL SCHULZ | 2006 | J Peptide Sci2006，122，4： | 1 |
| 10 | Clinical and causality assessment in herbal hepatotoxicity显示文摘 | Rolf Teschke Alexander Schwarzenboeck Axel Eickhoff Christian Frenzel Albrecht Wolff Johannes Schulze | 2013 | Expert Opinion on Drug Safety2013，，3： | 1 |
| 11 | Herbal hepatotoxicity: a tabular compilation of reported cases显示文摘 | Rolf Teschke Albrecht Wolff Christian Frenzel Johannes Schulze Axel Eickhoff | 2012 | Liver Int2012，，10： | 1 |
| 12 | Spontaneous reports of primarily suspected herbal hepatotoxicity by Pelargonium sidoides : Was causality adequately ascertained?显示文摘 | Rolf Teschke Christian Frenzel Johannes Schulze Axel Eickhoff | 2012 | Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology2012，，1： | 1 |
| 13 | Suspected Greater Celandine hepatotoxicity: liver-specific causality evaluation of published case reports from Europe显示文摘 | Rolf Teschke Xaver Glass Johannes Schulze Axel Eickhoff | 2012 | European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology2012，，3： | 1 |
| 14 | 1,4-Bis--1,4-dimethyl-2-tetrazene:A stable,highly energetic hexamer of diazomethane (CH2N2)6显示文摘 | Thomas M Klaptke Peter Mayer Axel Schulz | 2004 | Propellants Explosives Pyrotechnics2004，29，： | 1 |
| 15 | 1,4-bis--1,4-dimethyl-2-tetrazene:A stable,highly energetic hexamer of diazomethane(CH2N2)6显示文摘 | Klap(O)tke T M Peter Mayer Axel Schulz | 2004 | Propellants Explosives Pyrotechnics2004，29，6： | 1 |
| 16 | Shape Selective Hydrogenation of Alkenes with Supported Pd@MOF-5 Catalyst in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide显示文摘 | Hendrik Kosslick Rolf Braunig Reinhard Eckelt Jorg Harloff Sigmar Mothes Hans Haring Steffen Wilhelm Axel Schulz | 2011 | Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering2011，5，2： | 0 |
| 17 | SAPNE——接近于零排放的硫酸生产工艺显示文摘介绍了接近于零排放的硫酸生产新工艺 (SAPNE)。该工艺结合了接触法制酸技术和硝化制酸技术。来自净化工序的气体依次经w(H2 SO4 ) 6 5 %、w (H2 SO4 ) 96 %硫酸干燥后 ,进行一段转化 ,70 %的SO2 转化成SO3 并制成w(H2 SO4 ) 98%硫酸 ,剩余的SO2 再经NOX 催化氧化成SO3 制成w(H2 SO4 ) 76 %硫酸 ,SO2的总转化率达 99.997%。SAPNE工艺的投资费用是两转两吸工艺的近 95 % ,操作费用近 90 % | AXEL SCHULZE 王海帆 | 2001 | 硫酸工业2001，，5： | 0 |
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