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| 1 | Ultra high magnification endoscopy: Is seeing really believing?显示文摘Endoscopy is an indispensible diagnostic and thera-peutic instrument for gastrointestinal diseases. Endo-cytoscopy and confocal endomicroscopy are two types of ultra high magnification endoscopy techniques.Standard endoscopy allows for 50 × magnification,whereas endocytoscopy can magnify up to 1400 × and confocal endomicroscopy can magnify up to 1000 ×.These methods open the realm of real time micros copicevaluation of the GI tract, including cellular and subcellular structures. Confocal endomicroscopy has the additional advantage of being able to visualize subsurface structures. The use of high magnification endoscopy inconjunction with standard endoscopy allows for a real-time microscopic assessment of areas with macroscopic abnormalities, providing 'virtual biopsies' with valuable information about cellular and subcellular changes. Thiscan minimize the number of biopsies taken at the time of endoscopy. The use of this technology may assistin detecting premalignant or malignant changes at anearlier state, allowing for earlier intervention and treatment. High magnification endoscopy has shown promising results in clinical trials for Barrett's esophagus,esophageal adenocarcinoma, esophageal squamous cell cancer, gastric cancer, celiac disease, colorectalcancer, and inflammatory bowel disease. As the use of high magnification endoscopy techniques increases,the clinical applications will increase as well. Of the two systems, only confocal endomicroscopy is currently commercially available. Like all new technologies there will be an initial learning curve before operators become proficient in obtaining high quality images and discerning abnormal from normal pathology. Validatedcriteria for the diagnosis of the various gastrointestinal diseases will need to be developed for each method. Inthis review, the basic principles of both modalities are discussed, along with their clinical applic ability and limitations. | Aman V Arya Brian M Yan | 2012 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy2012，4，10： | 2 |
| 2 | Eosinophilic esophagitis: A newly established cause of dysphagia显示文摘嗜曙红的食道炎很快成为了在年轻成年人引起咽下困难的一个公认的实体。这评论包括传染病学,临床的演讲,诊断标准,病理生理学,治疗,和预后总结嗜曙红的食道炎的当前的知识。PubMed/Medline 的广泛的搜索(196612 月 2005 ) 为可得到的英语,在为嗜曙红的食道炎的人的文学被完成。在书目列出的适当文章也被达到。估计的发生在成年人在孩子和 2.5/10 (5 ) 是 43/10 (5 ) 。临床上,病人们有断断续续的稳固的食物咽下困难或食物嵌塞的长历史。一些有遗传性过敏症的历史。微妙的内视镜的特征可以容易被俯看,包括有好戒指的一根“猫”或弄皱的食管,可以有近似苛评的一根广泛地缩小的食管,线性沟的存在,支持者白人匾,或一脆(绉绸纸) 粘膜,对与最小的接触撕敏感。尽管没有病理学的一致被建立了, histologic 诊断是批评的。接受标准是一稠密嗜曙红渗入(>20/high 力量地) 在表面的食道的粘膜以内。相反,食道炎与酸倒流疾病联系了能也拥有嗜曙红血球,但是他们是在数字的少数。一旦诊断被建立,治疗选择可以包括特定的食物回避,热门 corticosteroids,全身的 corticosteroids, leukotriene 禁止者,或生物学的治疗。EE 的长期的预后是不明确的;然而可得到的数据建议一良性,虽然不方便,路线。与增加识别,这个实体作为稳固的食物咽下困难的一个确定的原因正在占据它的位置。 | Brian M Yan Eldon A Shaffer | 2006 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2006，12，15： | 1 |
| 3 | Contrast enhanced endoscopic ultrasound: More than just a fancy Doppler显示文摘Contrast enhanced endoscopic ultrasound(CEUS)is a new modality that takes advantage of vascular structure and blood flow to distinguish different clinical entities.Contrast agents are microbubbles that oscillate when exposed to ultrasonographic waves resulting in characteristic acoustic signals that are then converted to colour images.This permits exquisite imaging of macroand microvasculature,providing information to help delineate malignant from non-malignant processes.The use of CEUS may significantly increase the sensitivity and specificity over conventional endoscopic ultrasound.Currently available contrast agents are safe,with infrequent adverse effects.This review summarizes the theory and technique behind CEUS and the current and future clinical applications. | Rachid M Mohamed Brian M Yan | 2010 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy2010，2，7： | 0 |
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