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| 1 | High resolution tracking of adult horseshoe crabs Limulus polyphemus in a New Hampshire estuary using fixed array ultrasonic telemetry显示文摘While several studies have documented the large-scale,seasonal movements of horseshoe crabs,little is known abouttheir fine-scale,daily movement patterns.In this study we used a fixed array ultrasonic telemetry system to track the movementsof 12 male and 16 female horseshoe crabs in the Great Bay estuary,New Hampshire.Data were obtained during the mating season,as well as during the remainder of the summer and fall,in the years 2005-2008.During the mating season animals were often,but not always,active during the high tides when they were approaching and leaving the spawning beaches.On average,bothmales and females approached mating beaches during 33% of the high tides they experienced and they most often made the transitionfrom being inactive to active during the last two hours of an incoming tide.From April-October horseshoe crabs were significantlymore active during high tide periods vs low tide periods,with no clear preference for diurnal vs nocturnal activity.Afterthe mating season ended horseshoe crabs continued to move into shallower water at high tide and then return to deeper water atlow tide.Observations by SCUBA divers suggest that during these excursions into the mudflats horseshoe crabs were digging pitsin the sediment while foraging for food.Thus,the tidal rhythm of activity that has been so well documented during the matingseason probably persists into the fall,and primarily involves foraging | Winsor H.WATSON Ⅲ Christopher C.CHABOT | 2010 | Current Zoology2010，56，5： | 8 |
| 2 | Seasonal movements of American horseshoe crabs Limulus polyphemus in the Great Bay Estuary,New Hampshire (USA)显示文摘The goal of this study was to determine the year round movement patterns of American horseshoe crabs,Limuluspolyphemus,in the Great Bay Estuary,New Hampshire (USA) by using acoustic telemetry to track the movements of 37 adultLimulus,for periods ranging from 2 to 31 months.During the winter (December-March) horseshoe crabs moved very little.In thespring,when water temperatures exceeded 11℃,horseshoe crabs moved at least 1 km further up into the estuary to shallowersubtidal areas about a month prior to spawning.The mean distance traveled during spring migrations was 2.6 ± 0.5 (n=20) km upthe estuary.Mating occurred in May and June and during these months animals spent most of their time in shallow subtidal areasadjacent to mating beaches.In the summer (July-August),animals moved 1.5 ± 0.5 (n=26) km down the estuary,towards theocean,and ranged widely,using extensive portions of the estuary.In the fall (September-November) movement was more limited(0.5 ± 0.5 km;n = 24) while animals settled into wintering locations,where they remained until spring.The mean annual linearrange for all animals was 4.5 ± 0.3 km (n =35) and the maximum distance traveled by an individual horseshoe crab within oneyear was 9.2 km.There was no evidence that any of the horseshoe crabs tracked during this study left the | Susanne Y SCHALLER Christopher C.CHABOT Winsor H.WATSON Ⅲ | 2010 | Current Zoology2010，56，5： | 6 |
| 3 | Circatidal rhythms of locomotion in the American horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus: Underlying mechanisms and cues that influence them显示文摘While eye sensitivity in the American horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus has long been known to be under the controlof an endogenous circadian clock, only recently has horseshoe crab locomotion been shown to be controlled by a separateclock system. In the laboratory, this system drives clear activity rhythms throughout much of the year, not just during the matingseason when horseshoe crabs express clear tidal rhythms in the field. Water temperature is a key factor influencing the expressionof these rhythms: at 17℃ tidal rhythms are expressed by most animals, while at 11℃ expression of circatidal rhythms is rarelyseen, and at 4℃ rhythms are suppressed. Neither long (16:8 Light:Dark) nor short (8:16) photoperiods modify this behavior atany of these temperatures. Synchronization of these circatidal rhythms can be most readily effected by water pressure cycles bothin situ and in the lab, while temperature and current cycles play lesser, but possibly contributory, roles. Interestingly, Light:Darkcycles appear to have synchronizing as well as 'masking' effects in some individuals. Evidence that each of two daily bouts ofactivity are independent suggests that the Limulus circatidal rhythm of locomotion is driven by two (circalunidian) clocks, eachwith a period of 24.8h. While the anatomical locations of either the circadian clock, that drives fluctuations in visual sensitivity, orthe circatidal clock, that controls tidal rhythms of locomotion, are currently unknown, preliminary molecular analyses have shownthat a 71 kD protein that reacts with antibodies directed against the Drosophila PERIOD (PER) protein is found in both the protocerebrumand the subesophageal | Christopher C.CHABOT Winsor H.WATSON Ⅲ | 2010 | Current Zoology2010，56，5： | 5 |
| 4 | Horseshoe crab behavior:Patterns and processes显示文摘1 Introduction The Ameriean horseshoe erab Limulus PolyPhemus has long served as a souree of delight and insPiration to a broad eross-seetion of seientists-from naturalists to neuroseientists.Periodieally, for the last hundred years or so,new discoveries have been made | Christopher C.Chabot Winsor H.Watson Ⅲ | 2010 | Current Zoology2010，56，5： | 0 |
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