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| 1 | Marmots do not consistently use their left eye to respond to an approaching threat but those that did fled sooner显示文摘In many vertebrates,the brain's right hemisphere which is connected to the left visual field specializes in the processing of information about threats while the left hemisphere which is connected to the right visual field specializes in the processing of information about conspecifics.This is referred to as hemispheric lateralization.But individuals that are too predictable in their response to predators could have reduced survival and we may expect selection for somewhat unpredictable responses.We studied hemispheric lateralization in yellow-bellied marmots Marmota flaviventer,a social rodent that falls prey to a variety of terrestrial and aerial predators.We first asked if they have lateralized responses to a predatory threat.We then asked if the eye that they used to assess risk influenced their perceptions of risk.We recorded the direction marmots were initially looking and then walked toward them until they fled.We recorded the distance that they responded to our experimental approach by looking,the eye with which they looked at us,and the distance at which they fled (i.e.,flight initiation distance;FID).We found that marmots had no eye preference with which they looked at an approaching threat.Furthermore,the population was not comprised of individuals that responded in consistent ways.However,we found that marmots that looked at the approaching person with their left eye had larger FIDs suggesting that risk assessment was influenced by the eye used to monitor the threat.These findings are consistent with selection to make prey less predictable for their predators,despite underlying lateralization. | Daniel T.BLUMSTEIN Alexis DIAZ Lijie YIN | 2018 | Current Zoology2018，64，6： | 2 |
| 2 | The effect of white noise on behavioral and flight responses of blue-tailed skinks显示文摘As human development expands,environments are increasingly exposed to anthropogenic noise which may disrupt animals in a variety of ways.Anthropogenic noise can be disruptive both as a source of auditory masking,which prevents animals from acquiring acoustic information(Brumm and Slabbekoorn 2005),or as a source of distraction,reallocating an individual's attention and impairing an animal's ability to engage in critical behaviors such as prey risk assessment(Chan et al.2010). | Connor KELLIGREW Sarah TIAN Marcus WeISS Dana M.WILLIAMS Daniel T.BLUMSTEIN | 2021 | Current Zoology2021，67，1： | 0 |
| 3 | The benefits of being dominant:health correlates of male social rank and age in a marmot显示文摘The benefits of dominance may not come without costs,particularly for males.For example,the“immunocompetence handicap hypothesis”states that males with enhanced mating success allocate resources to enhance reproductive output at a cost to their current health,whereas the“resource quality hypothesis”predicts that high-ranking males may benefit from increased reproduction and good health.Whereas the predictions from each have been well tested in captive animals and in a variety of highly social primates,fewer studies have been carried out in free-living,facultatively social animals.Using adult male yellow-bellied marmots(Marmota flaviventer),we evaluated predictions of these hypotheses by examining the relationship between social rank and 2 health indicators—fecal glucocorticoid metabolite(FCM)levels,and neutrophil/lymphocyte(N/L)ratios—after accounting for variation explained by age,body mass,and seasonality.We found that higher-ranking males tended to have a lower N/L ratio(reflecting good health)than lower-ranking individuals,whereas FCM levels were not significantly related to rank.In addition,heavier male marmots had lower N/L ratios,whereas body mass was not associated with FCM levels.We also found that older adult males had lower FCM levels(reflecting less physiological stress)but higher N/L ratios than younger adults.Finally,we found that FCM levels decreased as the active season progressed and FCM levels were associated with the time of the day.Overall,our results suggest that socially-dominant male marmots enjoyed better,not worse health in terms of lower N/L ratios. | Kenta UCHIDA Rachel NG Samuel A.VYDRO Jennifer E.SMITH Daniel T.BLUMSTEIN | 2022 | Current Zoology2022，68，1： | 0 |
| 4 | Humans influence shrimp movement: a conservation behavior case study with 'Shrimp Watching' ecotourism显示文摘An increase in ecotourism adversely impacts many animals and contributes to biodiversity loss.To mitigate these impacts,we illustrate the application of a conservation behavior framework toward the development of a sustainable ecotourism management plan.In Ubon Ratchathani,Thailand,thousands of tourists annually come to see a unique mass migration of shrimps on land(referred to as'shrimp parading').Preliminary work suggests that this tourism has negatively impacted the shrimps.To reduce tourism-related impacts we studied:1)the decisions shrimps make when parading and 2)how shrimps respond to different light intensities and colors.We created an artificial stream and tested the conditions that influence parading by experimentally varying the presence of light and systematically manipulating water velocity(10,60,and 100cm/s).Additionally,we conducted an in situ experiment to study how shrimps respond to tourists'lights under three intensities(50,400,and 9,000 lux)and five colors(white,blue,green,orange,and red).We found most shrimps prefer to leave the river when it is dark and there is low water flow.Shrimps responded the least to red (λmax=630 nm>and orange(λmax=625 nm)light at 50 lux.These findings were used to develop a management plan by creating three different tourist zones,which maximize tourist needs and minimize the anthropogenic impacts on the shrimps.This work could be used as an example of the application of conservation behavior framework in developing management plan for sustainable ecotourism for other invertebrate taxa. | Watcharapong HONGJAMRASSILP Daniel T.BLUMSTEIN | 2022 | Current Zoology2022，68，2： | 0 |
| 5 | Contextual influences on animal decision-making:Significance for behavior-based wildlife conservation and management显示文摘Survival and successful reproduction require animals to make critical decisions amidst a naturally dynamic environmental and social background(i.e.“context”).However,human activities have pervasively,and rapidly,extended contextual variation into evolutionarily novel territory,potentially rendering evolved animal decision-making mechanisms and strategies maladaptive.We suggest that explicitly focusing on animal decision-making(ADM),by integrating and applying findings from studies of sensory ecology,cognitive psychology,behavioral economics and eco-evolutionary strategies,may enhance our understanding of,and our ability to predict how,human-driven changes in the environment and population demography will influence animal populations.Fundamentally,the decisions animals make involve evolved mechanisms,and behaviors emerge from the combined action of sensory integration,cognitive mechanisms and strategic rules of thumb,and any of these processes may have a disproportionate influence on behavior.Although there is extensive literature exploring ADM,it generally reflects a canalized,discipline-specific approach that lacks a unified conceptual framework.As a result,there has been limited application of ADM theory and research findings into predictive models that can enhance management outcomes,even though it is likely that the relative resilience of species to rapid environmental change is fundamentally a result of how ADM is linked to contextual variation.Here,we focus on how context influences ADM,and highlight ideas and results that may be most applicable to conservation biology. | Megan A.OWEN Ronald R.SWAISGOOD Daniel T.BLUMSTEIN | 2017 | Integrative Zoology2017，12，1： | 0 |
| 6 | Anti-predator behavior along elevational and latitudinal gradients in dark-eyed juncos显示文摘Flight-initiation distance(FID),the distance between an individual and experimenter when it begins to flee,can be used to quantify risk-assessment.Among other factors,prior studies have shown that latitude explains significant variation in avian FID:at lower latitudes,individuals and species have longer FIDs than those living at higher latitudes.No prior studies have focused on the effect of elevation on FID.Given the similar patterns of seasonality,climate,and potentially predator density,that covary between latitude and elevation,birds at higher elevations might tolerate closer approaches.We asked whether elevation or latitude would explain more variation in the FID of a common passerine bird species,dark-eyed juncos(Junco hyemalis).Juncos live in a variety of habitats along both latitudinal and elevational gradients.We found that statistical models containing elevation as a variable explained more of the variation in FID than did models containing latitude.We also found,unexpectedly,that birds at higher elevation fled at greater distances.While more predators were sighted per hour at higher elevations than at lower elevations,the frequency of predator sightings did not explain a significant amount of variation in FID.This result questions whether predator density is the main driver of risk perception along elevational gradients.Nonetheless,because elevation explains more variation in FID than latitude in at least one species,these findings have direct implications on how human impacts on birds are managed.Specifically,those designing set-back zones to reduce human impact on birds may consider modifying them based on both latitude and elevation. | Madelin ANDRADE Daniel T.BLUMSTEIN | 2020 | Current Zoology2020，66，3： | 0 |
| 7 | A critical evaluation of subjective ratings: Unacquainted observers can reliably assess certain personality traits显示文摘 | Matthew B.PETELLE Daniel T.BLUMSTEIN | 2014 | Current Zoology2014，60，2： | 0 |
| 8 | Response of brown anoles Anolis sagrei to multimodal signals from a native and novel predator显示文摘 | Omar L. ELMASRI Marcus S. MORENO Courtney A. NEUMANN Daniel T.BLUMSTEIN | 2012 | Current Zoology2012，58，6： | 0 |
| 9 | Is the propensity to emit alarm calls associated with health status?显示文摘The production and structure of animal signals may depend on an individual's health status and may provide more than one type of information to receivers.While alarm calls are not typically viewed as health condition dependent,recent studies have suggested that their structure,and possibly their propensity to be emitted,depends on an individual,s health condition and state.We asked whether the propensity of yellow-bellied marmots(Marmota flaviventer)to emit calls is influen ced by their immuno logical or parasite status,by quantifying both trap-elicited and n atural calling rates as a function of their neutrophil-to-lymphocyte(NL)ratio,the presence of a blood borne trypanosome,and the presenee of several intestinal parasites(Eimeria sp.,Entamoeba sp.,and Ascaris sp.).We fitted mixed effects models to determine if the health measures we collected were associated with the probability of calling in a trap and with annual rates of natural alarm calling.Marmots infected with a blood-borne trypanosome were marginally more likely to call naturally and when trapped,while those infected with the intestinal parasite Ascaris were less likely to call when trapped.NL ratio was not directly associated with in-trap calling probability,but males were more likely to call when they had higher NL ratios.Thus,health conditions,such as parasite infection and immune system activation,can modulate the production of alarm signals and potentially provide in formation to both predators and prey about the caller's condition.Playback experiments are required to confirm if receivers use such information. | Austin L.Nash Alexandra H.M.Jebb Daniel T.BLUMSTEIN | 2020 | Current Zoology2020，66，6： | 0 |
| 10 | Urban invaders are not bold risk-takers: a study of 3 invasive lizards in Southern California显示文摘Biological invasions threaten biodiversity worldwide,and therefore,understanding the traits of successful invaders could mitigate their spread.Many comm only invasive species do well in disturbed habitats,such as urban environments,and their abilities to effectively respond to disturbarices could con tribute to their invasiveness.Yet,there are non invasive species that also do well in disturbed habitats.The question remains whether urban invaders behave differently in urban environments than noninvaders,which could suggest an'urban-exploiting'phenotype.In Southern California,the co-occurrence of in vasive Italia n wall lizards Pod arc is siculus,brown anoles Anolis sagrei,and green anoles A.carolinensis,and native western fence lizards Sceloporus occidentalis offers an opportunity to test whether invasives exhibit consistent differences in risk-taking within human-altered habitats compared with a native species.We predicted that invasive lizards would exhibit more bold behavior by having shorter flight-initiation distances(FIDs)and by being found farther from a refuge(behaviors that would presumably maximize foraging in low-risk environments).Invasive populations had similar or longer FIDs,but were consistently found at distances closer to a refuge.Collectively,invasive lizards in urban habitats were not bolder than a native species.Relianee on nearby refuges might help species successfully invade urban habitats,and if a general pattern,may pose an added challenge in detecting or eliminating them. | Breanna J.Putman Gregory B.Pauly Daniel T.Blumstein | 2020 | Current Zoology2020，66，6： | 0 |
| 11 | High human disturbance decreases individual variability in skink escape behavior显示文摘Animals living around people may modify their antipredator behavior as a function of proximity to humans,and this response has profound implications for whether or not a population can coexist with humans.We asked whether inland blue-tailed skinks Emoia impar modified their individual antipredator behavior as a function of differential exposure to humans.We conducted multiple consecutive flushes and recorded 2 measures of antipredator response:flight initiation distance(FID),the distance from a threatening stimulus at which an individual flees,and distance fled,the distance an individual fled after a flush.We used a multiple model comparison approach to quantify variation in individual escape behavior across multiple approaches and to test for differences in between-individual variation among populations.We found that individuals tolerated closer approach and fled shorter distances at locations with relatively less human disturbance than at locations with medium and high human disturbance,respectively.In addition,skinks living at high human disturbance sites had less variable FIDs than at low human disturbance sites.Two theories may explain these results.Selection against less favorable phenotypes has reduced behavioral variation in urban habitats and behavioral plasticity allows individuals to flexibly adjust their behavioral patterns in response to human disturbance.These results highlight the importance of studying variation within populations,at the individual level,which may better elucidate the impact that human disturbance has on the behavioral composition of populations. | Dana M.WILLIAMS Phat-Tan NGUYEN Kemal CHAN Madeleine KROHN Daniel T.BLUMSTEIN | 2020 | Current Zoology2020，66，1： | 0 |
| 12 | 科学“大滑雪”显示文摘在世界地球日这天,我的许多朋友和同事穿上实验室的外套,在华盛顿特区以及世界各地高举庆祝科学的标语,但我不会加入他们。这并不是说我不支持'科学大游行';我支持。我希望它将展示科学家对理解地球多样性的热情和承诺,创造改善人类福祉的知识,并为决策者提供证据。 | Daniel T.Blumstein 周彧(译) | 2019 | 科学新闻2019，0，5： | 0 |
| 13 | Empirical studies of escape behavior find mixed support for the race for life model显示文摘Escape theory has been exceptionally successful in conceptualizing and accurately predicting effects of numerous factors that affect predation risk and explaining variation in flight initiation distance(FID;predator–prey distance when escape begins).Less explored is the relative orientation of an approaching predator,prey,and its eventual refuge.The relationship between an approaching threat and its refuge can be expressed as an angle we call the“interpath angle”or“Φ,”which describes the angle between the paths of predator and prey to the prey’s refuge and thus expresses the degree to which prey must run toward an approaching predator.In general,we might expect that prey would escape at greater distances if they must flee toward a predator to reach its burrow.The“race for life”model makes formal predictions about howΦshould affect FID.We evaluated the model by studying escape decisions in yellow-bellied marmots Marmota flaviventer,a species which flees to burrows.We found support for some of the model’s predictions,yet the relationship betweenΦand FID was less clear.Marmots may not assessΦin a continuous fashion;but we found that binning angle into 445°bins explained a similar amount of variation as models that analyzed angle continuously.Future studies ofΦ,especially those that focus on how different species perceive relative orientation,will likely enhance our understanding of its importance in flight decisions. | Kwasi WRENSFORD Jahaziel GUTIERREZ William E.COOPERJR Daniel T.BLUMSTEIN | 2022 | Current Zoology2022，68，3： | 0 |
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