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| 1 | H pylori and host interactions that influence pathogenesis显示文摘H pylori is probably the most prevalent human patho- gen worldwide. Since it was initially suggested in 1983 by Marshall and Warren to be implicated in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease, H pylori has also been implicated in gastric carcinoma and was classified as a class I car- cinogen. In the last two decades, a noteworthy body of research has revealed the multiple processes that this gram negative bacterium activates to cause gastroduo- denal disease in humans. Most infections are acquired early in life and may persist for the life of the individual. While infected individuals mount an inflammatory re- sponse that becomes chronic, along with a detectable adaptive immune response, these responses are ineffec- tive in clearing the infection. H pylori has unique features that allow it to reside within the harsh conditions of the gastric environment, and also to evade the host immune response. In this review, we discuss the various virulence factors expressed by this bacterium and how they inter- act with the host epithelium to influence pathogenesis. | Ellen J Beswick Giovanni Suarez Victor E Reyes | 2006 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2006，12，35： | 20 |
| 2 | Effect of Helicobacter pylori on gastric epithelial cells显示文摘The gastrointestinal epithelium has cells with features that make them a powerful line of defense in innate mucosal immunity. Features that allow gastrointestinal epithelial cells to contribute in innate defense include cell barrier integrity, cell turnover, autophagy, and innate immune responses. Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) is a spiral shape gram negative bacterium that selectively colonizes the gastric epithelium of more than half of the world's population. The infection invariably becomes persistent due to highly specialized mechanisms that facilitate H. pylori 's avoidance of this initial line of host defense as well as adaptive immune mechanisms. The host response is thus unsuccessful in clearing the infection and as a result becomes established as a persistent infection promoting chronic inflammation. In some individuals the associated inflammation contributes to ulcerogenesis or neoplasia. H. pylori has an array of different strategies to interact intimately with epithelial cells and manipulate their cellular processes and functions. Among the multiple aspects that H. pylori affects in gastric epithelial cells are their distribution of epithelial junctions, DNA damage, apoptosis, proliferation, stimulation of cytokine production, and cell transformation. Some of these processes are initiated as a result of the activation of signaling mechanisms activated on binding of H. pylori to cell surface receptors or via soluble virulence factors that gain access to the epithelium. The multiple responses by the epithelium to the infection contribute to pathogenesis associated with H. pylori. | Shatha Alzahrani Taslima T Lina Jazmin Gonzalez Irina V Pinchuk Ellen J Beswick Victor E Reyes | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，36： | 15 |
| 3 | Challenges and prospects for consumer acceptance of cultured meat显示文摘Consumer acceptance of cultured meat is expected to depend on a wide diversity of determinants ranging from technologyrelated perceptions to product-specific expectations, and including wider contextual factors like media coverage, public involvement, and trust in science, policy and society. This paper discusses the case of cultured meat against this multitude of possible determinants shaping future consumer acceptance or rejection. The paper also presents insights from a primary exploratory study performed in April 2013 with consumers from Flanders(Belgium)(n=180). The concept of cultured meat was only known(unaided) by 13% of the study participants. After receiving basic information about what cultured meat is, participants expressed favorable expectations about the concept. Only 9% rejected the idea of trying cultured meat, while two thirds hesitated and about quarter indicated to be willing to try it. The provision of additional information about the environmental benefits of cultured meat compared to traditional meat resulted in 43% of the participants indicating to be willing to try this novel food, while another 51% indicated to be ‘maybe' willing to do so. Price and sensory expectations emerged as major obstacles. Consumers eating mostly vegetarian meals were less convinced that cultured meat might be healthy, suggesting that vegetarians may not be the ideal primary target group for this novel meat substitute. Although exploratory rather than conclusive, the findings generally underscore doubts among consumers about trying this product when it would become available, and therefore also the challenge for cultured meat to mimic traditional meat in terms of sensory quality at an affordable price in order to become acceptable for future consumers. | Wim Verbeke Pierre Sans Ellen J Van Loo | 2015 | Journal of Integrative Agriculture2015，14，2： | 10 |
| 4 | CD74 in antigen presentation,inflammation,and cancers of the gastrointestinal tract显示文摘CD74 is a protein whose initial role in antigen presentation was recognized two decades ago. Recent studies have revealed that it has additional functions as a receptor for macrophage migration inhibitory factor and as a receptor for an important human pathogen, Helicobacter pylori (H pylori). The role of CD74 as a receptor is important because after binding of migration inhibitory factor or H pylori, NF-κB and Erk1/2 activation occurs, along with the induction of proinflammatory cytokine secretion. This review provides an up-to-date account of the functions of CD74 and how it might be involved in inflammation and cancer within the gastrointestinal tract. | Ellen J Beswick Victor E Reyes | 2009 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2009，15，23： | 10 |
| 5 | Immune evasion strategies used by Helicobacter pylori显示文摘Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) is perhaps the most ubiquitous and successful human pathogen, since it colonizes the stomach of more than half of humankind. Infection with this bacterium is commonly acquired during childhood. Once infected, people carry the bacteria for decades or even for life, if not treated. Persistent infection with this pathogen causes gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and is also strongly associated with the development of gastric cancer. Despite induction of innate and adaptive immune responses in the infected individual, the host is unable to clear the bacteria. One widely accepted hallmark of H. pylori is that it successfully and stealthily evades host defense mechanisms. Though the gastric mucosa is well protected against infection, H. pylori is able to reside under the mucus, attach to gastric epithelial cells and cause persistent infection by evading immune responses mediated by host. In this review, we discuss how H. pylori avoids innate and acquired immune response elements, uses gastric epithelial cells as mediators to manipulate host T cell responses and uses virulence factors to avoid adaptive immune responses by T cells to establish a persistent infection. We also discuss in this review how the genetic diversity of this pathogen helps for its survival. | Taslima T Lina Shatha Alzahrani Jazmin Gonzalez Irina V Pinchuk Ellen J Beswick Victor E Reyes | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，36： | 7 |
| 6 | G protein-coupled estrogen receptor in colon function, immune regulation and carcinogenesis显示文摘Estrogens play important roles in the development and progression of multiple tumor types.Accumulating evidence points to the significance of estrogen action not only in tumors of hormonally regulated tissues such as the breast,endometrium and ovary,but also in the development of colorectal cancer(CRC).The effects of estrogens in physiological and pathophysiological conditions are mediated by the nuclear estrogen receptorsαandβ,as well as the membranebound G protein-coupled estrogen receptor(GPER).The roles of GPER in CRC development and progression,however,remain poorly understood.Studies on the functions of GPER in the colon have shown that this estrogen receptor regulates colonic motility as well as immune responses in CRC-associated diseases,such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.GPER is also involved in cell cycle regulation,endoplasmic reticulum stress,proliferation,apoptosis,vascularization,cell migration,and the regulation of fatty acid and estrogen metabolism in CRC cells.Thus,multiple lines of evidence suggest that GPER may play an important role in colorectal carcinogenesis.In this review,we present the current state of knowledge regarding the contribution of GPER to colon function and CRC. | Damian Jacenik Ellen J Beswick Wanda M Krajewska Eric R Prossnitz | 2019 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2019，25，30： | 6 |
| 7 | H pylori receptor MHC classⅡcontributes to the dynamic gastric epithelial apoptotic response显示文摘AIM: To investigate the role of MHC classⅡin the modulation of gastric epithelial cell apoptosis induced by H pylon infection. METHODS: After stimulating a human gastric epithelial cell line with bacteria or agonist antibodies specific for MHC classⅡand CD95, the quantitation of apoptotic and anti-apoptotic events, including caspase activation, BCL-2 activation, and FADD recruitment, was performed with a fluorometric assay, a cytometric bead array, and confocal microscopy, respectively. RESULTS: Pretreatment of N87 cells with the anti-MHC classⅡIgM antibody RFD1 resulted in a reduction in global caspase activation at 24 h of H pylori infection. When caspase 3 activation was specifically measured, crosslinking of MHC class n resulted in markedly reduced caspase activation, while simple ligation of MHC classⅡdid not. Crosslinking of MHC class n also resulted in an increased activation of the anti-apoptosis molecule BCL-2 compared to simple ligation. Confocal microscope analysis demonstrated that the pretreatment of gastric epithelial cells with a crosslinking anti-MHC classⅡIgM blocked the recruitment of FADD to the cell surface. CONCLUSION: The ability of MHC class n to modulate gastric epithelial apoptosis is at least partially dependent on its crosslinking. The crosslinking of this molecule has anti-apoptotic effects during the earlier time points of H pylori infection. This effect is possibly mediated by the ability of MHC classⅡto modulate the activation of the pro-apoptotic receptor Fas by blocking the recruitment of the accessory molecule FADD, and this delay in apoptosis induction could allow for prolonged cytokine secretion by H pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells. | David A Bland Giovanni Suarez Ellen J Beswick Johanna C Sierra Victor E Reyes | 2006 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2006，12，29： | 3 |
| 8 | Charitable programs and the retailer: do they mix?显示文摘 | Pam Scholder Ellen Lois A Mohr Deborah J Webb | 2000 | Journal of Retailing2000，，： | 2 |
| 9 | H pylori receptor MHC class Ⅱ contributes to the dynamic gastric epithelial apoptotic response显示文摘AIM: To investigate the role of MHC class Ⅱ in the modulation of gastric epithelial cell apoptosis induced by H pylori infection.METHODS: After stimulating a human gastric epithelial cell line with bacteria or agonist antibodies specifi c for MHC class Ⅱ and CD95, the quantitation of apoptotic and anti-apoptotic events, including caspase activation, BCL-2 activation, and FADD recruitment, was performed with a ? uorometric assay, a cytometric bead array, and confocal microscopy, respectively.RESULTS: Pretreatment of N87 cells with the anti-MHC class Ⅱ IgM antibody RFD1 resulted in a reduction in global caspase activation at 24 h of H pylori infection. When caspase 3 activation was specifically measured, crosslinking of MHC class Ⅱ resulted in a marked re-duced caspase activation, while simple ligation of MHC class Ⅱ did not. Crosslinking of MHC class Ⅱ also re-sulted in an increased activation of the anti-apoptosis molecule BCL-2 compared to simple ligation. Confocal microscope analysis demonstrated that the pretreatment of gastric epithelial cells with a crosslinking anti-MHC class Ⅱ IgM blocked the recruitment of FADD to the cell surface.CONCLUSION: The results presented here demonstrate that the ability of MHC class Ⅱ to modulate gastric epi-thelial apoptosis is at least partially dependent on its crosslinking. Furthermore, while previous research has demonstrated that MHC class Ⅱ signaling can be pro-apoptotic during extended ligation, we have shown that the crosslinking of this molecule has anti-apoptotic ef-fects during the earlier time points of H pylori infection. This effect is possibly mediated by the ability of MHC class Ⅱ to modulate the activation of the pro-apoptotic receptor Fas by blocking the recruitment of the accessory molecule FADD, and this delay in apoptosis induction could allow for prolonged cytokine secretion by H pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells. | David A Bland Giovanni Suarez Ellen J Beswick Johanna C Sierra Victor E Reyes | 2006 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2006，12，33： | 2 |
| 10 | Effect of Vitamin K 2 Supplementation on Functional Vitamin K Deficiency in Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized Trial显示文摘 | Ralf Westenfeld Thilo Krueger Georg Schlieper Ellen C.M. Cranenburg Elke J. Magdeleyns Stephan Heidenreich Stefan Holzmann Cees Vermeer Willi Jahnen-Dechent Markus Ketteler Jürgen Floege Leon J. Schurgers | 2012 | American Journal of Kidney Diseases2012，，2： | 1 |
| 11 | Histone Methyltransferase Activity of a Drosophila Polycomb Group Repressor Complex显示文摘 | Jürg Müller Craig M. Hart Nicole J. Francis Marcus L. Vargas Aditya Sengupta Brigitte Wild Ellen L. Miller Michael B. O’Connor Robert E. Kingston Jeffrey A. Simon | 2002 | Cell2002，，2： | 1 |
| 12 | Effect of Vitamin K 2 Supplementation on Functional Vitamin K Deficiency in Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized Trial显示文摘 | Ralf Westenfeld Thilo Krueger Georg Schlieper Ellen C.M. Cranenburg Elke J. Magdeleyns Stephan Heidenreich Stefan Holzmann Cees Vermeer Willi Jahnen-Dechent Markus Ketteler Jürgen Floege Leon J. Schurgers | 2012 | American Journal of Kidney Diseases2012，，2： | 1 |
| 13 | Impact of submerged macrophytes including charophytes on phyto-and zooplankton communities allelopathy ver- sus other mechanism显示文摘 | Ellen V D Wouter J B | 2002 | Aqual Bot2002，72，： | 1 |
| 14 | Clongying and nucleotide of Newcastle disease virus haemagglutinin-neuram inidase mRNA:identification of a putative sialic acid binding site显示文摘 | ELLEN D J PETER L C PTTER T L | 1987 | Vorlogy1987，156，： | 1 |
| 15 | Impact of submerged macrophytes including charophytes on phyto- and zooplankton communities: allelopathy versus other mechanisms 显示文摘 | Ellen V D Wouter J V D B | 2002 | Aquatic Botany2002，72，34： | 1 |
| 16 | Efficacy,safety,and adherence with a twice-daily combination lamivudine/zidovudine tablet formulation,plus a protease inhibitor,in HIV infection显示文摘 | Eron Joseph J Yetzer Ellen S Ruane Peter J | 2000 | AIDS2000，14，6： | 1 |
| 17 | Building Corporate Associations:Consumer Attributions for Corporate Socially Responsible Programs 显示文摘 | Ellen P S Webb D J Mohr L A | 2006 | Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science2006，34，2： | 1 |
| 18 | Reduced Amygdala Response to Fearful Expressions in Children and Adolescents With Callous-Unemotional Traits and Disruptive Behavior Disorders显示文摘 | Marsh Abigail A Finger Elizabeth C Mitchell Derek G V Reid Marguerite E Sims Courtney Kosson David S Towbin Kenneth E Leibenluft Ellen Pine Daniel S Blair R J R | 2008 | The American Journal of Psychiatry2008，，6： | 1 |
| 19 | Major depressive disorder: new clinical, neurobiological, and treatment perspecti- ves 显示文摘 | David J Kupfer Ellen Frank Mary L Phillips | 2012 | The Lancet2012，379，： | 1 |
| 20 | Charitable programs and the retailer: do they mix?显示文摘 | Pam Scholder Ellen Lois A Mohr Deborah J Webb | 2000 | Journal of Retailing2000，，3： | 1 |
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