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| 1 | Tropical Cyclones and Polar Lows: Velocity, Size, and Energy Scales, and Relation to the 26℃ Cyclone Origin Criteria显示文摘The goal of this paper is to quantitatively formulate some necessary conditions for the development of intense atmospheric vortices. Specifically, these criteria are discussed for tropical cyclones (TC) and polar lows (PL) by using bulk formulas for fluxes of momentum, sensible heating, and latent heating between the ocean and the atmosphere. The velocity scale is used in two forms: (1) as expressed through the buoyancy flux b and the Coriolis parameter lc for rotating fluids convection, and (2) as expressed with the cube of velocity times the drag coeffcient through the formula for total kinetic energy dissipation in the atmospheric boundary layer. In the quasistationary case the dissipation equals the generation of the energy. In both cases the velocity scale can be expressed through temperature and humidity differences between the ocean and the atmosphere in terms of the reduced gravity, and both forms produce quite comparable velocity scales. Using parameters b and lc, we can form scales of the area and, by adding the mass of a unit air column, a scale of the total kinetic energy as well. These scales nicely explain the much smaller size of a PL, as compared to a TC, and the total kinetic energy of a TC is of the order 1018 - 1019 J. It will be shown that wind of 33 m s-1 is produced when the total enthalpy fluxes between the ocean and the atmosphere are about 700 W m-2 for a TC and 1700 W m-2 for a PL, in association with the much larger role of the latent heat in the first case and the stricter geostrophic constraints and larger static stability in the second case. This replaces the mystical role of 26℃ as a criterion for TC origin. The buoyancy flux, a product of the reduced gravity and the wind speed, together with the atmospheric static stability, determines the rate of the penetrating convection. It is known from the observations that the formation time for a PL reaching an altitude of 5-6 km can be only a few hours, and a day, or even half a day, for a TC reaching 15-18 km. These two facts allow us to construct curves on the plane of Ts and △T = Ts -Ta to determine possibilities for forming an intense vortex. Here, Ta is the atmospheric temperature at the height z = 10 m. A PL should have △T > 20℃ in accordance with the observations and numerical simulations. The conditions for a TC are not so straightforward but our diagram shows that the temperature difference of a few degrees, or possibly even a fraction of a degree, might be suffcient for TC development for a range of static stabilities and development times. | G.S.GOLITSYN | 2009 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2009，26，3： | 1 |
| 2 | Long-Term Trends of Carbon Monoxide Total Columnar Amount in Urban Areas and Background Regions:Ground-and Satellite-based Spectroscopic Measurements显示文摘A comparative study was carried out to explore carbon monoxide total columnar amount(CO TC) in background and polluted atmosphere, including the stations of ZSS(Zvenigorod), ZOTTO(Central Siberia), Peterhof, Beijing, and Moscow,during 1998–2014, on the basis of ground-and satellite-based spectroscopic measurements. Interannual variations of CO TC in different regions of Eurasia were obtained from ground-based spectroscopic observations, combined with satellite data from the sensors MOPITT(2001–14), AIRS(2003–14), and IASI Met Op-A(2010–13). A decreasing trend in CO TC(1998–2014) was found at the urban site of Beijing, where CO TC decreased by 1.14% ± 0.87% yr^(-1). Meanwhile, at the Moscow site, CO TC decreased remarkably by 3.73% ± 0.39% yr^(-1). In the background regions(ZSS, ZOTTO, Peterhof), the reduction was 0.9%–1.7% yr^(-1) during the same period. Based on the AIRSv6 satellite data for the period 2003–14, a slight decrease(0.4%–0.6% yr^(-1)) of CO TC was detected over the midlatitudes of Eurasia, while a reduction of 0.9%–1.2% yr^(-1) was found in Southeast Asia. The degree of correlation between the CO TC derived from satellite products(MOPITTv6 Joint, AIRSv6 and IASI Met Op-A) and ground-based measurements was calculated, revealing significant correlation in unpolluted regions.While in polluted areas, IASI Met Op-A and AIRSv6 data underestimated CO TC by a factor of 1.5–2.8. On average, the correlation coefficient between ground-and satellite-based data increased significantly for cases with PBL heights greater than 500 m. | Pucai WANG N.F.ELANSKY Yu.M.TIMOFEEV Gengchen WANG G.S.GOLITSYN M.V.MAKAROVA V.S.RAKITIN Yu.SHTABKIN A.I.SKOROKHOD E.I.GRECHKO E.V.FOKEEVA A.N.SAFRONOV Liang RAN Ting WANG | 2018 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2018，35，7： | 0 |
| 3 | 核战争对全球的影响显示文摘五年前,有关大范围的核战争将给全球气候和环境带来大灾难即核冬天的问题首次被提了出来。1988年3月,世界各地的几十名专家汇集莫斯科,在环境问题科学委员会(SCOPE)主持下讨论了他们在核战争对气候、生物和放射性的影响等方面的最新研究成果。本文根据莫斯科会议上的报告。 | R.P.Turco G.S.Golitsyn 叶一舫 | 1989 | 气象科技1989，17，4： | 0 |
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