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| 1 | Chitosan tubes enriched with fresh skeletal muscle fibers for delayed repair of peripheral nerve defects显示文摘Nerve regeneration after delayed nerve repair is often unsuccessful. Indeed, the expression of genes associated with regeneration, including neurotrophic and gliotrophic factors, is drastically reduced in the distal stump of chronically transected nerves; moreover, Schwann cells undergo atrophy, losing their ability to sustain regeneration. In the present study, to provide a three-dimensional environment and trophic factors supporting Schwann cell activity and axon re-growth, we combined the use of an effective conduit(a chitosan tube) with a promising intraluminal structure(fresh longitudinal skeletal muscle fibers). This enriched conduit was used to repair a 10-mm rat median nerve gap after 3-month delay and functional and morphometrical analyses were performed 4 months after nerve reconstruction. Our data show that the enriched chitosan conduit is as effective as the hollow chitosan conduit in promoting nerve regeneration,and its efficacy is not statistically different from the autograft, considered the 'gold standard' technique for nerve reconstruction. Since hollow tubes not always lead to good results after long defects(> 20 mm), we believe that the conduit enriched with fresh muscle fibers could be a promising strategy to repair longer gaps, as muscle fibers create a favorable three-dimensional environment and release trophic factors. All procedures were approved by the Bioethical Committee of the University of Torino and by the Italian Ministry of Health(approval number: 864/2016/PR) on September 14, 2016. | AlessANDro Crosio Benedetta Elena Fornasari Giovanna Gambarotta Stefano Geuna Stefania Raimondo Bruno Battiston Pierluigi Tos Giulia Ronchi | 2019 | Neural Regeneration Research2019，14，6： | 2 |
| 2 | The reasons for end-to-side coaptation:how does lateral axon sprouting work?显示文摘Nerve fibers are attracted by sutureless end-to-side nerve coaptation into the recipient nerve. Opening a window in the epineurium enhances axon attraction and myelination. The authors analyze the features of nerve repair by end-to-side coaptation. They highlight the known mechanisms of axon sprouting and different hypotheses of start up signals(presence or absence of an epineurial window, role of Schwann cells, signaling from the distal trunk). The clinical literature is also presented and differences between experimental and clinical applications are pointed out. The authors propose their point of view and perspectives deriving from recent experimental and clinical experiences. | Stefano Geuna Igor Papalia Giulia Ronchi Francesco Stagno d'Alcontres Konstantinos Natsis Nikolaos A. Papadopulos Michele R. Colonna | 2017 | Neural Regeneration Research2017，12，4： | 1 |
| 3 | Direct muscle neurotization after end-to-end and end-to-side neurorrhaphy An experimental study in the rat forelimb model显示文摘The need for the continuous research of new tools for improving motor function recovery after nerve injury is justified by the still often unsatisfactory clinical outcome in these patients. It has been previously shown that the combined use of two reconstructive techniques, namely end-to-side neurorrhaphy and direct muscle neurotization in the rat hindlimb model, can lead to good results in terms of skeletal muscle reinnervation. Here we show that, in the rat forelimb model, the combined use of direct muscle neurotization with either end-to-end or end-to-side neurorrhaphy to reinnervate the denervated flexor digitorum muscles, leads to muscle atrophy prevention over a long postoperative time lapse (10 months). By contrast, very little motor recovery (in case of end-to-end neurorrhaphy) and almost no motor recovery (in case of end-to-side neurorrhaphy) were observed in the grasping activity controlled by flexor digitorum muscles. It can thus be concluded that, at least in the rat, direct muscle neurotization after both end-to-end and end-to-side neurorrhaphy represents a good strategy for preventing denervation-related muscle atrophy but not for regaining the lost motor function. | Igor Papalia Giulia Ronchi Luisa Muratori Alessandra Mazzucco Ludovico Magaudda Stefano Geuna | 2012 | Neural Regeneration Research2012，7，29： | 1 |
| 4 | Hippocampal plasticity after a vagus nerve injury in the rat显示文摘Stimulation of the vagus nerve has been previously reported to promote neural plasticity and neurogenesis in the brain. Several studies also revealed plastic changes in the spinal cord after injuries to somatosensory nerves originating from both the brachial and lumbo-sacral plexuses. However, the neurogenic responses of the brain to the injury of the viscerosensory innervation are not as yet well understood. In the present study, we investigated whether cells in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus respond to a chemical and physical damage to the vagus nerve in the adult rat. Intraperitoneal capsaicin administration was used to damage non-myelinated vagal afferents while subdiaphragmatic vagotomy was used to damage both the myelinated and non-myelinated vagal afferents. The 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation together with cell-specific markers was used to study neural proliferation in subgranular zone, granule cell layer, molecular layer and hilus of the dentate gyrus. Microglia activation was determined by quantifying changes in the intensity of fluorescent staining with a primary antibody against ionizing calcium adapter-binding molecule 1. Results revealed that vagotomy decreased BrdU incorporation in the hilus 15 days after injury compared to the capsaicin group. Capsaicin administration decreased BrdU incorporation in the granular cell layer 60 days after the treatment. Capsaicin decreased the number of doublecortin-expressing cells in the dentate gyrus, whereas vagotomy did not alter the expression of doublecortin in the hippocampus. Both the capsaicinand the vagotomy-induced damage to the vagus nerve decreased microglia activation in the hippocampus at 15 days after the injury. At 30 days post injury, capsaicin-treated and vagotomized rats revealed significantly more activated microglia. Our findings show that damage to the subdiaphragmatic vagus in adult rats is followed by microglia activation and long-lasting changes in the dentate gyrus, leading to alteration of neurogenesis. | Giulia Ronchi Vitaly Ryu Michele Fornaro Krzysztof Czaja | 2012 | Neural Regeneration Research2012，7，14： | 0 |
| 5 | Neuregulin 1 isoforms could be an effective therapeutic candidate to promote peripheral nerve regeneration显示文摘Traumatic injuries of peripheral nerves represent common casualties and their social impact is considerably high.Although peripheral nerves retain a good regeneration potential,the clinical outcome after nerve lesion is far from being satisfactory and functional recovery is almost never complete,especially in the case of large nerve defects,that result in loss or diminished sensitivity and/or motor activity of the innervated target organs.Therefore,to improve the outcome | Giovanna Gambarotta Giulia Ronchi Stefano Geuna Isabelle Perroteau | 2014 | Neural Regeneration Research2014，9，12： | 0 |
| 6 | New insights on the standardization of peripheral nerve regeneration quantitative analysis显示文摘Peripheral nerves form a complex network connecting the central nervous system and the body.Injuries to peripheral nerves often lead to partial or complete loss of motor,sensory and autonomic functions,thus interfering with many aspects of an individual’s life.Despite the spontaneous ability of the peripheral nerve to regenerate,the technical surgical progresses and the significant advances in basic science,the study of | Giulia Ronchi Stefania Raimondo Stefano Geuna Giovanna Gambarotta | 2015 | Neural Regeneration Research2015，10，5： | 0 |
| 7 | Chronically denervated distal nerve stump inhibits peripheral nerve regeneration显示文摘Schwann cells(SCs)and peripheral nerve regeneration:SCs are the principal glial cells of the peripheral nervous system(PNS).In a healthy nerve,myelinating SCs wrap around larger caliber motor and sensory axons to form the myelin sheath,whereas non-myelinating SCs envelop and support multiple small diameter sensory axons to form Remak bundles.Moreover,they form a basal lamina which surround each SC-axon unit(Hall,2005).When a peripheral nerve injury occurs,extensive changes | Giulia Ronchi Stefania Raimondo | 2017 | Neural Regeneration Research2017，12，5： | 0 |
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