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| 1 | Microfossils and molecular records in oil shales of the Songliao Basin and implications for paleo-depositional environment显示文摘Several oil shale beds, over 10 m thick, occur at the base of the first member of the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation (K2qn1) in the Songliao Basin. They act both as excellent source rocks for conventional oil and as potential oil deposit for shale oil production. Here we combine micropaleon-tology with organic geochemistry to investigate the paleo-depositional environment and organic source characteristics of the oil shales and black shales. Our results indicate that algal remains are dominant microfossils in K2qn1 oil shales, and their relatively high abundance suggests a major algal thriving event during the oil shale deposition. The presence of fresh water and brackish water species, Sentusidinium, Vesperopsis and Nyktericysta, and marine or brackish water deltaic and lagoonal species such as Kiokansium and Dinogymniopsis demonstrate that this paleo-continental lake was influenced by marine transgressions at the time of K2qn1 oil shale formation. The extremely low pristine/phytane ratios, relatively high abundance of gammacerane and 4-methyl steranes, and low δ 13C values of C14-C37 n-alkanes in the oil shale organic extracts indicate the deposition of oil shales in anoxic and highly stratified water columns and the significant contribution of lacustrine algae to sedimentary organic matter. High molecular-weight paraffinic hydrocarbons with unusually high abundance of nC43, nC45, and nC47 may be related to special algal species associated with marine transgression events. The giant water body of Songliao paleo-lake and the change in the organic and chemical environment (such as nutrition source and water column salinity) associated with seawater transgression into the lake are among the most important reasons for oil shales in the Songliao Basin being different from mudstone and oil shale in other rifted basins. | FENG ZiHui FANG Wei WANG Xue HUANG ChunYan HUO QiuLi ZHANG JuHe HUANG QingHua ZHANG Lei | 2009 | Science China Earth Sciences2009，52，10： | 12 |
| 2 | Distribution and significance of C~_(40) alkanes in the extracts of Cretaceous source rocks from the Songliao Basin显示文摘Source rock extracts and crude oils from the Songliao Basin were analyzed by high-temperature gas chromatography (HTGC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HTGC-MS) and gas chromatography-isotope ratio-mass spectrometry (GC-IRMS), for high molecular-weight alkanes. The distributions of n-alkanes in the Nenjiang Formation extracts are in the C14―C63 range; a bimodal distribution occurs in the C-21 and C21―40 regions. The C30―C37 n-alkanes are accompanied by C29―C35 hopanes, whereas the high molecular-weight C45―C47 n-alkanes co-occur with abundant isoalkanes, alkylcyclohexanes and alkylcyclopentanes. The high δ 13C values of the n-alkanes and the microscopic maceral compositions indicate a highly diversified organic source input for the Nenjiang Formation source rocks, ranging from aquatic plants, blue alge-bacteria, to land plant material. In contrast, n-alkanes in the rock extracts of the Qingshankou Formation are characterized by a single modal distribution, with relatively low abundances of C29―C35 hopanes, but high molecular-weight isoalkanes, alkylcyclohexanes and alkylcyclopentanes. The relatively low δ 13C values of C22―C44 n-alkanes and organic material compositions indicate that the source rocks in the Qingshankou Formation contain dominantly type I algal organic matter. The relative abundance of C+40 compounds in source rocks changes little at low maturity stage, but decreases drastically at higher maturity levels, with a concurrent reduction in the odd/even carbon predominance. In crude oils, in contrast, the relative abundance of C+40 compounds appears to relate closely with the oil source and oil viscosity. | FENG ZiHui FANG Wei ZHANG JuHe LI ZhenGuang HUANG ChunYan WANG Xue ZHAO QinLing HUO QiuLi | 2007 | Science China Earth Sciences2007，50，10： | 10 |
| 3 | Depositional environment of terrestrial petroleum source rocks and geochemical indicators in the Songliao Basin显示文摘To determine geochemical indicators for depositional environment favored by terrestrial petroleum source rocks, we selected 40 source rock samples from the Late Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation (K2qn) and the first member of Nenjiang Formation (K2n1) in the Songliao Basin to qualify saturate fraction and aromatic fraction using GC-HRT (gas chromatography high reso lution time-of-flight mass spectrometry) and quantify important biomarkers using GC-MS. The results reveal that source rocks from the 1st member of Qingshankou Formation (K2qn1) are characterized by not only high contents of terpanes, regular ster anes and 4-methylsteranes but also high contents of dinosteranes, C31 steranes and aryl isoprenoids. Presence of specific bi omarkers like elementary sulfur and lanostanes indicates a depositional environment of lagoon characterized by water stratifi cation and high salinity. In the 2nd-3rd members of Qingshankou Formation (K2qn2+3), source rocks contain lower contents of biomarkers, indicating a depositional environment of shallow fresh-water lake delta. Source rocks in the K2n1 contain high contents of terpanes, regular steranes and 4-methylsteranes but lower contents of dinosteranes, C31 steranes and aryl isopre noids, indicating a depositional environment of fresh-brackish open lake characterized by low salinity and poor water stratifi cation, where organic matter is seriously altered by bacteria. Overall analysis shows that primary geochemical indicators for terrestrial petroleum source rocks are as follows: 1) C30 hopanes > 1500 ppm; 2) gammacerane >190 ppm; 3) C27 steranes >200 ppm; 4) 4-methylsteranes >100 ppm; 5) aryl isoprenoids > 3 ppm; 6) dehydroxyl-vitamin E >10 ppm. | FENG ZiHui FANG Wei LI ZhenGuang WANG Xue HUO QiuLi HUANG ChunYan ZHANG JuHe ZENG HuaSen | 2011 | Science China Earth Sciences2011，54，9： | 6 |
| 4 | Construction of cDNA library from iron-deficiency induced maize roots and screening and identification of iron-stress gene Fdr3显示文摘To isolate Fe-deficient related (Fdr) genes, an expression cDNA library of 4.5×105 pfu/μg has been constructed from maize roots in iron-stress. 6 clones have been screened from the cDNA library by differential hybridization screening. It is proved that an Fdr3 cDNA clone expressed stronger under iron-deficient condition than under iron-sufficient one by Northern blot and Western blot. | YIN Liping QI Xiaoting LIU Xianglin HUO Chunyan BAI Yanxia QIU Zesheng ZHANG Fusuo | 2000 | Chinese Science Bulletin2000，45，12： | 4 |
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