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| 1 | State-of-the-Art management of knee osteoarthritis显示文摘Osteoarthritis(OA) is the most common type of arthritis found in the United States' population and is also the most common disease of joints in adults throughout the world with the knee being the most frequently affected of all joints. As the United States' population ages along with the increasing trends in obesity prevalence in other parts of the world, it is expected that the burden of OA on the population, healthcare system, and overall economy will continue to increase in the future without making major improvements in managing knee OA. Numerous therapies aim to reduce symptoms of knee OA and continued research has helped to further understand the complex pathophysiology of its disease mechanism attempting to uncover new potential targets for the treatment of OA. This review article seeks to evaluate the current practices for managing knee OA and discusses emerging therapies on the horizon. These practices include non-pharmacological treatments such as providing patient education and self-management strategies, advising weight loss, strengthening programs, and addressing biomechanical issues with bracing or foot orthoses. Oral analgesics and anti-inflammatories are pharmacologicals that are commonly used and the literature overall supports that some of these medications can be helpful for managing knee OA in the short-term but are less effective for long-term management. Additionally, more prolonged use significantly increases the risk of serious associated side effects that are not too uncommon. Diseasemodifying osteoarthritis drugs are being researched as a treatment modality to potentially halt or slow disease progression but data at this time is limited and continued studies are being conducted to further investigate their effectiveness. Intra-articular injectables are also implemented to manage knee OA ranging from corticosteroids to hyaluronans to more recently plateletrich plasma and even stem cells while several other injection therapies are presently being studied. The goal of developing new treatment strategies for knee OA is to prolong the need for total knee arthroplasty which should be utilized only if other strategies have failed. High tibial osteotomy and unicompartmental knee arthroplasty are potential alternatives if only a single compartment is involved with more data supporting unicompartmental knee arthroplasty as a good treatment option in this scenario. Arthroscopy has been commonly used for many years to treat knee OA to address degenerative articular cartilage and menisci, however, several high-quality studies have shown that it is not a very effective treatment for the majority of cases and should generally not be considered when managing knee OA. Improving the management of knee OA requires a multi-faceted treatment approach along with continuing to broaden our understanding of this complex disease so that therapeutic advancements can continue to be developed with the goal of preventing further disease progression and even potentially reversing the degenerative process. | Kenton H Fibel Howard J Hillstrom Brian C Halpern | 2015 | World Journal of Clinical Cases2015，3，2： | 19 |
| 2 | The scientific rediscovery of an ancient Chinese herbal medicine: Cordyceps sinensis Part I 显示文摘 | Zhu J S Halpern G M Jones K | 1998 | Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine1998，，4： | 1 |
| 3 | Two views of belief:belif as generalized probability and belief as evidence显示文摘 | Halpern J Fagin R | 1992 | Artifical Intelligence1992，54，： | 1 |
| 4 | Analysis by thermally stimulated currents of the frequency power-law domains of the dielectric loss显示文摘 | BISQUERT J HALPERN V | 2001 | J Phys Appl Phys2001，34，： | 1 |
| 5 | Carbon isotopic variations of kerogen pyrolyzates显示文摘 | Burwood R Drozd R J Halpern H I Sedivy R A | 1988 | Org Geochem1988，12，2： | 1 |
| 6 | The shortest-route with time-dependent length of edges and limited delay possibilities in nodes显示文摘 | Halpern J | 1977 | Mathematical Methods of Operations Research1977，21，10： | 1 |
| 7 | Analysis of a cone based distributed topology control algorithm for wireless multi-hop networks 显示文摘 | LI L HALPERN J BAHL V | 2005 | ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing2005，13，1： | 1 |
| 8 | Effect of intrathecal magnesium in the presence or absence of local anaesthetic with and without lipophilic opioids : a systematic review and meta-a- nalysis显示文摘 | Morrison A Hunter J Halpern S | 2013 | British Journal of Anaesthesia2013，3，12： | 1 |
| 9 | The scientific rediscovery of an ancient Chinese herbal medicine: Cordyceps sinensis Part -II 显示文摘 | Zhu J S Halpern G M Jones K | 1998 | Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine1998，，4： | 1 |
| 10 | Mental concerts:Musical imagery and auditory cortex显示文摘 | R J Zatorre A R Halpern | 2005 | Neuron2005，47，1： | 1 |
| 11 | A Formal Foundation for XrML显示文摘 | Halpern J Y Weissman V | 2008 | Journal of the ACM2008，55，1： | 1 |
| 12 | Elements of a script for friendship in transactions显示文摘 | Halpern Jennifer J | 1997 | Journal of Conflict Resolution1997，41，6： | 1 |
| 13 | Experimental transmission of duck hepatitis B virus显示文摘 | Mason W S Halpern M S England J M | 1983 | Virology1983，131，： | 1 |
| 14 | Accuracy of MDCT in as- sessing the degree of stenosis caused by calcified coronary artery plaques显示文摘 | Zhang S Levin D C Halpern E J | 2008 | AJR2008，191，6： | 1 |
| 15 | Marine ecoregions of the world:a bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas显示文摘 | Spalding MD Fox HE Allen GR Davidson N Ferdafia ZA Finlayson M Halpern BS Jorge MA Lombana AL Lourie SA Martin KD Manus EC Molnar J Recchia CA Robertson J | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 16 | Contrast enhanced transrectal ultrasound for the detection of prostate cancer: a ran- domized, double-blind trial of dutasteride pretreatment 显示文摘 | Halpern E J Gomella LG Forberg F | 2012 | J Urol2012，188，： | 1 |
| 17 | Aqueous chemistry and elecOchemistry of polyacetylene and 'polyani- line': Application to rechargeable batteries显示文摘 | MACDIAMID A G CHIANG J C HALPERN M | 1984 | Polymeric Preprints1984，121，： | 1 |
| 18 | Inflammatory low back pain: high negative predictive value of contrastenhanced color Doppler ultrasound in the detection of inflamed sacroiliac joints显示文摘 | Klauser A Halpern E J Frauscher F | 2005 | Arthritis Care and Research2005，53，3： | 1 |
| 19 | Intralesional corticosteroid treatment of multiple eruptive keratocanthoma:case report and review of a controversial therapy显示文摘 | SANDERS S BUSAM K J HALPERN A C | 2002 | Dermatol Surg2002，18，： | 1 |
| 20 | Heal cytokine dysregulation in experimental necrotizing enterocolitis is reduced by epidermal growth factor显示文摘 | Halpern M D Dominguez J A Dvorakova K | | 0，，： | 1 |
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