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| 1 | GRADE指南:Ⅶ.证据质量评价--不一致性显示文摘本文针对二分类变量结局指标相对(而非绝对)治疗效果的不一致性。证据本身不会因不同研究结果具有一致性而升级,但可能因不一致而降低质量级别。衡量一致性的标准包括点估计值的相似性、可信区间的重叠程度以及统计学判定标准包括异质性检验和I2。系统评价作者应提出并检验少数几个与患者、干预措施、结局指标以及方法学相关的先验假设以探寻异质性来源。当不一致性很大且无法解释时,因不一致性而降低质量级别是恰当的,特别当某些研究显示有显著益处而其他显示无益甚至有害时(而非仅是疗效大与疗效小的比较)。明显的亚组效应可能不可靠。如果亚组效应满足以下条件,其可信度将会增加:基于少数几个有具体方向的先验假设、亚组比较来自研究内而非研究间、交互检验的P值小、结果有生物学意义。 | Gordon H.Guyatt Andrew D.Oxman Regina Kunz James Woodcock Jan Brozek Mark Helfand Pablo Alonso-Coello Paul Glasziou Roman Jaeschke Elie A.Akl Susan Norris Gunn Vist Philipp Dahm Vijay K.Shukla Julian Higgins Yngve Falck-Ytter Holger J.Schünemann 代表GRADE小组 李幼平 杨晓妍 王莉 蔡羽嘉 陈群飞 | 2011 | 中国循证医学杂志2011，11，12： | 33 |
| 2 | GRADE指南:Ⅷ.证据质量评价--间接性显示文摘直接证据来自直接比较我们关注的干预措施用于我们关注的患者人群,并测量患者重要结局的研究。间接证据可由以下4种方式之一产生。第一,患者可能与我们关注的患者不同(适用性一词常用于这类间接性)。第二,所检验的干预措施可能与我们关注的干预措施不同。有关患者和干预措施间接性的决策取决于对生物或社会因素差异是否大到可能使效应尺度出现预期的较大差异的考虑。第三,结果可能有别于最初设定的结局指标——如替代结果本身不重要,但测量之是基于替代结果的变化反映患者重要结局变化这一假设。第四类间接性在概念上与前三类不同,发生于临床医生必须在未经直接比较的两种干预措施间做出选择时。这种情况下比较治疗方案需要特定的统计方法,并根据患者人群、联合干预措施、结局测量指标及备选干预措施试验方法的差异程度,将证据级别降低1或2级。 | Gordon Guyatt Andrew D.Oxman Regina Kunz James Woodcock Jan Brozek Mark Helfand Pablo Alonso-Coello Yngve Falck-Ytter Roman Jaeschke Gunn Vist Elie A.Akl Piet N Post Susan Norris Joerg Meerpohl Mona Nasser 代表GRADE工作组 李幼平 杨晓妍 李鸿浩 | 2011 | 中国循证医学杂志2011，11，12： | 30 |
| 3 | 下肢神经阻滞显示文摘下肢神经阻滞为麻醉科医生提供了更多的选择。虽然下肢神经阻滞不常作为单纯的麻醉,但当联合应用置放导管连续给药方法时,此技术可达到用常规的镇痛方法无法达到的镇痛效果。 | Robert Helfand 刘若杉 郭向阳 | 2007 | 实用疼痛学杂志2007，3，6： | 2 |
| 4 | GRADE:在推荐分级中体现对资源利用的考虑显示文摘指南小组成员对资源利用是否会影响个体患者的治疗决策有不同看法。由于医疗费用上涨,必须考虑资源利用的影响,但指南小组成员可能会发现这有很大的挑战性。 | Gordon H Guyatt Andrew D Oxman Regina Kunz Roman Jaeschke Mark Helfand Alessandro Liberati Gunn E Vist Holger J Schьnemann 王菊芬 陈耀龙 李幼平 | 2009 | 中国循证医学杂志2009，9，6： | 2 |
| 5 | Prostate volume does not provide additional predictive value to prostate health index for prostate cancer or clinically significant prostate cancer:results from a multicenter study in China显示文摘To evaluate whether prostate volume(PV)would provide additional predictive utility to the prostate health index(phi)for predicting prostate cancer(PCa)or clinically significant prostate cancer,we designed a prospective,observational multicenter study in two prostate biopsy cohorts.Cohort 1 included 595 patients from three medical centers from 2012 to 2013,and Cohort 2 included 1025 patients from four medical centers from 2013 to 2014.Area under the receiver operating characteristic curves(AUC)and logistic regression models were used to evaluate the predictive performance of PV-based derivatives and models.Linear regression analysis showed that both total prostate-specific antigen(tPSA)and free PSA(fPSA)were significantly correlated with PV(all P<0.05).[-2]proPSA(p2PSA)was significantly correlated with PV in Cohort 2(P<0.001)but not in Cohort 1(P=0.309),while no significant association was observed between phi and PV.When combining phi with PV,phi density(PHID)and another phi derivative(PHIV,calculated as phi/PV°5)did not outperform phi for predicting PCa or clinically significant PCa in either Cohort 1 or Cohort 2.Logistic regression analysis also showed that phi and PV were independent predictors for both PCa and clinically significant PCa(all P<0.05);however,PV did not provide additional predictive value to phi when combining these derivatives in a regression model(all models vs phi were not statistically significant,all P>0.05).In conclusion,PV-based derivatives(both PHIV and PHID)and models incorporating PV did not improve the predictive abilities of phi for either PCa or clinically significant PCa. | Da Huang Yi-Shuo Wu Ding-Wei Ye Jun Qi Fang Liu Brian T Helfand Siqun L Zheng Qiang Ding Dan-Feng Xu Rong Na Jian-Feng Xu Ying-Hao Sun | 2020 | Asian Journal of Andrology2020，22，5： | 2 |
| 6 | Molecular Weight and Polydispersity Effects at Polymer-Polymer Interfaces显示文摘 | Broseta D Fredrickson G H Helfand E | 1990 | Macromolecules1990，23，： | 1 |
| 7 | Molecular Weight Dependence of PolYmer Interracial Tension and Concentration Profile 显示文摘 | Eugene Helfand Somendra M Bhatteharjee Glene H Fredrickson | 1989 | The Journal of Chemical Physics1989，91，11： | 1 |
| 8 | Challenges in systematic reviews that assess treatment harms显示文摘 | Chou R Helfand M | 2005 | Annals of Internal Medicine2005，142，： | 1 |
| 9 | Holmium laser ablation and enucleation of the prostate a pilot study of the hybrid technique显示文摘 | HELFAND B T MANVAR A M AUFFENBERG G B | 2010 | Can J Urol2010，17，3： | 1 |
| 10 | Regulating Nonpoint Source Pollution under Heterogeneous Conditions American显示文摘 | Helfand G House B | | 0，，04： | 1 |
| 11 | Is statin use associatedwith prostate cancer aggressiveness?显示文摘 | Loeb S Kan D Helfand BT | 2009 | BJU Int2009，105，9： | 1 |
| 12 | Theory of inhomogeneous polymers: Fundamental of the Gaussian-random walk modal 显示文摘 | Helfand E | 1975 | J Chem Phys1975，62，3： | 1 |
| 13 | Screening for chlamydial infection 显示文摘 | Nelson HD Helfand M | 2001 | Am J Prev Med2001，20，3： | 1 |
| 14 | Cu,Zn superoxide dis mutase diffiency acceleratea the time course of an age-related marker in Drosophila melanogaster 显示文摘 | Rogina B Helfand SL | 2000 | Biogerontology2000，1，2： | 1 |
| 15 | Immunophysi- ological studies of interleukin-2 and canine lymphocytes显示文摘 | HELFAND S C MODIANO J F NOWELL P C | 1992 | Vet- erinary Immunology and Immunopathology1992，33，12： | 1 |
| 16 | Screening for Chlamydial infection 显示文摘 | Nelson H D Helfand M | 2006 | Am J Pre Med2006，25，3： | 1 |
| 17 | The challenges and strategies for laboratory diagnosis of measles in an international setting显示文摘 | Bellini WJ Helfand RF | 2003 | J Infect Dis2003，187，1： | 1 |
| 18 | Farm size and the determinants of productive efficiency in the Brazilian Center-West显示文摘 | Steven M. Helfand Edward S. Levine | 2004 | Agricultural Economics2004，，2： | 1 |
| 19 | Regulating nonpoint source pollution under heterogeneous conditions' American 显示文摘 | ]Helfand G E House B W | 1995 | Jounral of Agricultural Economics1995，77，4： | 1 |
| 20 | Efficient multiple - use forestry may require land - use specialization : comment 显示文摘 | Gloria E Helfand Marilyn D Whitney | 1994 | Land Economics1994，70，3： | 1 |
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