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| 1 | Microphysical Processes of a Stratiform Precipitation Event over Eastern China:Analysis Using Micro Rain Radar data显示文摘Data collected using the micro rain radar(MRR) situated in Jinan city, eastern China, were used to explore the altitudinal and temporal evolution of rainfall microphysical characteristics, and to analyze the bright band(BB) characteristics and hydrometeor classification. Specifically, a low-intensity and stable stratiform precipitation event that occurred from 0000 to0550 UTC 15 February 2015 and featured a BB was studied. During this event, the rainfall intensity was less than 2 mm h-1 at a height of 300 m, which was above the radar site level, so the errors caused by the vertical air motion could be ignored.The freezing height from the radiosonde matched well with the top of the BB observed by the MRR. It was also found that the number of 0.5–1 mm diameter drops showed no noticeable variation below the BB. The maximum fall velocity and the maximum gradient fall velocity(GFV) of the raindrops appeared at the bottom of the BB. Meanwhile, a method that uses the GFV and reflectivity to identify the altitude and the thickness of the BB was established, with which the MRR can provide a reliable and real-time estimation of the 0?C isotherm. The droplet fall velocity was used to classify the types of snow crystals above the BB. In the first 20 min of the selected precipitation event, graupel prevailed above the BB; and at an altitude of2000 m, graupel also dominated in the first 250 min. After 150 min, the existence of graupel and dendritic crystals with water droplets above the BB was inferred. | Hong WANG Hengchi LEI Jiefan YANG | 2017 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2017，34，12： | 11 |
| 2 | Microphysical Characteristics of Precipitation during Pre-monsoon,Monsoon, and Post-monsoon Periods over the South China Sea显示文摘Raindrop size distribution (RSD) characteristics over the South China Sea (SCS) are examined with onboard Parsivel disdrometer measurements collected during marine surveys from 2012 to 2016. The observed rainfall is divided into premonsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon periods based on the different large-scale circumstances. In addition to disdrometer data, sounding observation, FY-2E satellite, SPRINTARS (Spectral Radiation-Transport Model for Aerosol Species), and NCEP reanalysis datasets are used to illustrate the dynamical and microphysical characteristics associated with the rainfall in different periods. Significant variations have been observed in respect of raindrops among the three periods. Intercomparison reveals that small drops (D < 1 mm) are prevalent during pre-monsoon precipitation, whereas medium drops (1?3 mm) are predominant in monsoon precipitation. Overall, the post-monsoon precipitation is characterized by the least concentration of raindrops among the three periods. But, several large raindrops could also occur due to severe convective precipitation events in this period. Classification of the precipitation into stratiform and convective regimes shows that the lg(Nw) value of convective rainfall is the largest (smallest) in the pre-monsoon (post-monsoon) period, whereas the Dm value is the smallest (largest) in the pre-monsoon (post-monsoon) period. An inversion relationship between the coefficient A and the exponential b of the Z?R relationships for precipitation during the three periods is found. Empirical relations between Dm and the radar reflectivity factors at Ku and Ka bands are also derived to improve the rainfall retrieval algorithms over the SCS. Furthermore, the possible causative mechanisms for the significant RSD variability in different periods are also discussed with respect to warm and cold rain processes, raindrop evaporation, convective activities, and other meteorological factors. | Qingwei ZENG Yun ZHANG Hengchi LEI Yanqiong XIE Taichang GAO Lifeng ZHANG Chunming WANG Yanbin HUANG | 2019 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2019，36，10： | 7 |
| 3 | Aircraft Observations of Liquid and Ice in Midlatitude Mixed-Phase Clouds显示文摘This paper reports airborne measurements of midlatitude altostratus clouds observed over Zhengzhou, Henan Province,China on 3 March 2007. The case demonstrates mixed-phase conditions at altitudes from 3200 to 4600 m(0°C to-7.6°C),with liquid water content ranging from 0.01 to 0.09 g m-3. In the observed mixed-phase cloud, liquid water content exhibited a bimodal distribution, whereas the maximum ice particle concentration was located in the middle part of the cloud. The liquid and ice particle data showed significant horizontal variability on the scale of a few hundred meters. The cloud droplet concentration varied greatly over the horizontal sampling area. There was an inverse relationship between the cloud droplet concentration and ice particle concentration.A gamma distribution provided the best description of the cloud droplet spectra. The liquid droplet distributions were found to increase in both size and concentration with altitude. It was inferred from the profile of the spectra parameters that the cloud droplet sizes tend to form a quasi-monodisperse distribution. Ice particle spectra in the cloud were fitted well by an exponential distribution. Finally, a remarkable power law relationship was found between the slope(λ) and intercept(N0)parameters of the exponential size distribution. | ZHAO Zhen LEI Hengchi | 2014 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2014，31，3： | 5 |
| 4 | Review of Chinese atmospheric science research over the past 70 years: Atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment显示文摘Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China 70 years ago,the subject of atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment has developed rapidly in China,providing important support for the development of atmospheric science and guarantee for the development of national economy.In this paper,the general advancement of atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment in last 70 years was described.The main research progress of atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment in the past 40 years of reform and opening-up was reviewed,the outstanding research achievements since the 21 st century were summarized,the major problems and challenges are pointed out,and the key directions and suggestions for future development are put forward. | Tijian WANG Taichang GAO Hongsheng ZHANG Maofa GE Hengchi LEI Peichang ZHANG Peng ZHANG Chunsong LU Chao LIU Hua ZHANG Qiang ZHANG Hong LIAO Haidong KAN Zhaozhong FENG Yijun ZHANG Xiushu QIE Xuhui CAI Mengmeng LI Lei LIU Shengrui TONG | 2019 | Science China Earth Sciences2019，62，12： | 5 |
| 5 | Aircraft Measurements of Cloud–Aerosol Interaction over East Inner Mongolia显示文摘To investigate the potential effects of aerosols on the microphysical properties of warm clouds, airborne observational data collected from 2009 to 2011 in Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China, were statistically analyzed in this study. The results demonstrated that the vertical distribution of the aerosol number concentration(N_a) was similar to that of the clean rural continent. The average aerosol effective diameter(D_e) was maintained at approximately 0.4 μm at all levels. The data obtained during cloud penetrations showed that there was a progressive increase in the cloud droplet concentration(N_c) and liquid water content(LWC) from outside to inside the clouds, while the Nawas negatively related to the Ncand LWC at the same height. The fluctuation of the N_a, Ncand LWC during cloud penetration was more obvious under polluted conditions(Type 1) than under clean conditions(Type 2). Moreover, the wet scavenging of cloud droplets had a significant impact on the accumulation mode of aerosols, especially on particles with diameters less than 0.4 μm. The minimum wet scavenging coefficient within the cloud was close to 0.02 under Type 1 conditions, while it increased to 0.1 under Type 2 conditions,which proved that the cloud wet scavenging effect under Type 1 conditions was stronger than that under Type 2 conditions.Additionally, cloud droplet spectra under Type 1 conditions were narrower, and their horizontal distributions were more homogeneous than those under Type 2 conditions. | Yuhuan Lü Hengchi LEI Jiefan YANG | 2017 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2017，34，8： | 4 |
| 6 | Airborne Observations of Cloud Condensation Nuclei Spectra and Aerosols over East Inner Mongolia显示文摘A set of vertical profiles of aerosol number concentrations, size distributions and cloud condensation nuclei(CCN)spectra was observed using a passive cloud and aerosol spectrometer(PCASP) and cloud condensation nuclei counter, over the Tongliao area, East Inner Mongolia, China. The results showed that the average aerosol number concentration in this region was much lower than that in heavily polluted areas. Monthly average aerosol number concentrations within the boundary layer reached a maximum in May and a minimum in September, and the variations in CCN number concentrations at different supersaturations showed the same trend. The parameters c and k of the empirical function N = c S^kwere 539 and1.477 under clean conditions, and their counterparts under polluted conditions were 1615 and 1.42. Measurements from the airborne probe mounted on a Yun-12(Y12) aircraft, together with Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model backward trajectories indicated that the air mass from the south of Tongliao contained a high concentration of aerosol particles(1000–2500 cm^(-3)) in the middle and lower parts of the troposphere. Moreover, detailed intercomparison of data obtained on two days in 2010 indicated that the activation efficiency in terms of the ratio of NCCNto N_a(aerosols measured from PCASP) was 0.74(0.4 supersaturations) when the air mass mainly came from south of Tongliao, and this value increased to 0.83 on the relatively cleaner day. Thus, long-range transport of anthropogenic pollutants from heavily polluted mega cities,such as Beijing and Tianjin, may result in slightly decreasing activation efficiencies. | Jiefan YANG Hengchi LEI Yuhuan Lü | 2017 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2017，34，8： | 3 |
| 7 | Precipitation Microphysical Processes in the Inner Rainband of Tropical Cyclone Kajiki (2019) over the South China Sea Revealed by Polarimetric Radar显示文摘Polarimetric radar and 2D video disdrometer observations provide new insights into the precipitation microphysical processes and characteristics in the inner rainband of tropical cyclone(TC)Kajiki(2019)in the South China Sea for the first time.The precipitation of Kajiki is dominated by high concentrations and small(<3 mm)raindrops,which contribute more than 98%to the total precipitation.The average mass-weighted mean diameter and logarithmic normalized intercept are 1.49 mm and 4.47,respectively,indicating a larger mean diameter and a lower concentration compared to the TCs making landfall in eastern China.The ice processes of the inner rainband are dramatically different among different stages.The riming process is dominant during the mature stage,while during the decay stage the aggregation process is dominant.The vertical profiles of the polarimetric radar variables together with ice and liquid water contents in the convective region indicate that the formation of precipitation is dominated by warm-rain processes.Large raindrops collect cloud droplets and other raindrops,causing reflectivity,differential reflectivity,and specific differential phase to increase with decreasing height.That is,accretion and coalescence play a critical role in the formation of heavy rainfall.The melting of different particles generated by the ice process has a great influence on the initial raindrop size distribution(DSD)to further affect the warm-rain processes.The DSD above heavy rain with the effect of graupel has a wider spectral width than the region without the effect of graupel. | Hepeng ZHENG Yun ZHANG Lifeng ZHANG Hengchi LEI Zuhang WU | 2021 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2021，38，1： | 3 |
| 8 | Observational Evidence of High Ice Concentration in a Shallow Convective Cloud Embedded in Stratiform Cloud over North China显示文摘In this study we observed the microphysical properties, including the vertical and horizontal distributions of ice particles,liquid water content and ice habit, in different regions of a slightly supercooled stratiform cloud. Using aircraft instrument and radar data, the cloud top temperature was recorded as higher than -15℃, behind a cold front, on 9 September 2015 in North China. During the flight sampling, the high ice number concentration area was located in the supercooled part of a shallow convective cloud embedded in a stratiform cloud, where the ambient temperature was around -3℃. In this area,the maximum number concentrations of particles with diameter greater than 100 μm and 500 μm(N_(100) and N_(500)) exceeded 300 L^(-1) and 30 L^(-1), respectively, and were related to large supercooled water droplets with diameter greater than 24 μm derived from cloud–aerosol spectrometer probe measurements. The ice particles types in this region were predominantly columnar, needle, graupel, and some freezing drops, suggesting that the occurrence of high ice number concentrations was likely related to the Hallett–Mossop mechanism, although many other ice multiplication processes cannot be totally ruled out.The maximum ice number concentration obtained during the first penetration was around two to three orders of magnitude larger than that predicted by the Demott and Fletcher schemes when assuming the cloud top temperature was around-15℃.During the second penetration conducted within the stratiform cloud, N_(100) and N_(500) decreased by a factor of five to ten, and the presence of columnar and needle-like crystals became very rare. | Jiefan YANG Hengchi LEI Tuanjie HOU | 2017 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2017，34，4： | 3 |
| 9 | Simulations of Microphysics and Precipitation in a Stratiform Cloud Case over Northern China:Comparison of Two Microphysics Schemes显示文摘Using the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)model with two different microphysics schemes,the Predicted Particle Properties(P3)and the Morrison double-moment parameterizations,we simulated a stratiform rainfall event on 20–21 April 2010.The simulation output was compared with precipitation and aircraft observations.The aircraft-observed moderate-rimed dendrites and plates indicated that riming contributed significantly to ice particle growth at the mature precipitation stage.Observations of dendrite aggregation and capped columns suggested that aggregation coexisted with deposition or riming and played an important role in producing many large particles.The domain-averaged values of the 24-h surface precipitation accumulation from the two schemes were quite close to each other.However,differences existed in the temporal and spatial evolutions of the precipitation distribution.An analysis of the surface precipitation temporal evolution indicated faster precipitation in Morrison,while P3 indicated slower rainfall by shifting the precipitation pattern eastward toward what was observed.The differences in precipitation values between the two schemes were related to the cloud water content distribution and fall speeds of rimed particles.P3 simulated the stratiform precipitation event better as it captured the gradual transition in the mass-weighted fall speeds and densities from unrimed to rimed particles. | Tuanjie HOU Hengchi LEI Zhaoxia HU Jiefan YANG Xingyu LI | 2020 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2020，37，1： | 3 |
| 10 | Aircraft Measurements of the Microphysical Properties of Stratiform Clouds with Embedded Convection显示文摘The presence of embedded convection in stratiform clouds strongly affects ice microphysical properties and precipitation formation.In situ aircraft measurements,including upward and downward spirals and horizontal penetrations,were performed within both embedded convective cells and stratiform regions of a mixedphase stratiform cloud system on 22 May 2017.Supercooled liquid water measurements,particle size distributions,and particle habits in different cloud regions were discussed with the intent of characterizing the riming process and determining how particle size distributions vary from convective to stratiform regions.Significant amounts of supercooled liquid water,with maxima up to 0.6 g m−3,were observed between−3℃ and−6℃ in the embedded convective cells while the peak liquid water content was generally less than 0.1 g m−3 in the stratiform regions.There are two distinct differences in particle size distributions between convective and stratiform regions.One difference is the significant shift toward larger particles from upper−15℃ to lower−10℃ in the convective region,with the maximum particle dimensions increasing from less than 6000μm to over 1 cm.The particles larger than 1 cm at−10℃ are composed of dendrites and their aggregates.The other difference is the large concentrations of small particles(25–205μm)at temperatures between−3℃ and−5℃ in the convective region,where rimed ice particles and needles coexist.Needle regions are observed from three of the five spirals,but only the cloud conditions within the convective region fit into the Hallett-Mossop criteria. | Tuanjie HOU Hengchi LEI Youjiang HE Jiefan YANG Zhen ZHAO Zhaoxia HU | 2021 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2021，38，6： | 3 |
| 11 | Evaluation of Radar and Automatic Weather Station Data Assimilation for a Heavy Rainfall Event in Southern China显示文摘To improve the accuracy of short-term(0–12 h) forecasts of severe weather in southern China, a real-time storm-scale forecasting system, the Hourly Assimilation and Prediction System(HAPS), has been implemented in Shenzhen, China. The forecasting system is characterized by combining the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF-ARW)model and the Advanced Regional Prediction System(ARPS) three-dimensional variational data assimilation(3DVAR) package. It is capable of assimilating radar reflectivity and radial velocity data from multiple Doppler radars as well as surface automatic weather station(AWS) data. Experiments are designed to evaluate the impacts of data assimilation on quantitative precipitation forecasting(QPF) by studying a heavy rainfall event in southern China. The forecasts from these experiments are verified against radar, surface, and precipitation observations. Comparison of echo structure and accumulated precipitation suggests that radar data assimilation is useful in improving the short-term forecast by capturing the location and orientation of the band of accumulated rainfall. The assimilation of radar data improves the short-term precipitation forecast skill by up to9 hours by producing more convection. The slight but generally positive impact that surface AWS data has on the forecast of near-surface variables can last up to 6–9 hours. The assimilation of AWS observations alone has some benefit for improving the Fractions Skill Score(FSS) and bias scores; when radar data are assimilated, the additional AWS data may increase the degree of rainfall overprediction. | HOU Tuanjie Fanyou KONG CHEN Xunlai LEI Hengchi HU Zhaoxia | 2015 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2015，32，7： | 2 |
| 12 | 佛山地区一次局地暴雨过程的重力波特征分析显示文摘利用高精度微压计数据,详细分析了2016年11月20–21日佛山地区一次局地暴雨的重力波动态频谱特征,结果表明:重力波激发了此次暴雨,暴雨发生前,重力波呈现出振幅间歇性增大,周期范围不断增宽的过程;其中,暴雨前约4 h出现了重力波最大振幅80–160 Pa,相应的周期范围为140–270min。强雷暴对重力波的作用是积极的,会增大波的振幅,产生中心振幅约80–100 Pa,周期范围210–270 min重力波;尤其是,强雷暴激发了更短周期(≤36 min),振幅约10 Pa的重力波。大振幅重力波提前于暴雨出现,比雷达,卫星识别出强对流早了约4h,这一特征或许对局地强对流预警有指示意义。 | WANG Xiujuan LEI Hengchi FENG Liang ZHU Jiangshan LI Zhaoming JIANG Zhongbao | 2020 | Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters2020，13，2： | 1 |
| 13 | Microphysical characteristics of precipitating cumulus cloud based on airborne Ka-band cloud radar and droplet measurements显示文摘在积云中,大多数云粒子的直径在7到10微米之间,而在层云中,大多数云粒子的直径不超过2微米.云滴有效半径与云中行星边界层(PBL)及PBL上层的气溶胶数浓度(Na)呈负相关.在1500米以上的高液态水含量区域,云滴浓度(Nc)变化不大,Na含量降低.高雷达反射率对应于大的FCDP云粒子浓度和小的气溶胶粒子浓度.积云中的强上升气流增加了云滴的峰值半径和数浓度,拓宽了云滴谱;较低的空气温度有利于粒子的凝结增长,并产生较大的液滴. | Lei Wei Mengyu Huang Rong Zhang Yuhuan Lü Tuanjie Hou Hengchi Lei Delong Zhao Wei Zhou Yuan Fu | 2022 | Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters2022，15，2： | 1 |
| 14 | Particle size spectra and possible mechanisms of high ice concentra- tion in nimbostratus over Hebei Province, China 显示文摘 | Yang Jiefan Lei Hengchi Hu Zhaoxia | 2014 | Atmospheric Research2014，142，： | 1 |
| 15 | 两种双参数微物理方案暖云粒子谱及雨滴源汇模拟对比研究(英文)显示文摘本文对WRF模式中两种常用的雨滴双参数微物理方案,即Thompson方案和WDM6方案在华北地区‘7.20’暴雨中暖云粒子谱和雨滴源汇项的模拟差异,以及上述差异如何影响降水模拟进行了详细的分析。结果表明:WDM6方案模拟的云滴数浓度比Thompson方案中给定的云滴数浓度概量小1-3个量级,云滴谱较宽。云雨自动转换过程和雪、霰融化过程的共同导致WDM6方案雨滴粒子数浓度较大,平均尺度较小。本文着眼于微物理方案间的暖云粒子谱模拟差异,是以往研究关注较少的领域,有助于更好地理解微物理方案的模拟特征。 | LEI Hengchi GUO Jiaxu CHEN Di YANG Jiefan | 2019 | Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters2019，12，6： | 1 |
| 16 | Particle size spectra and possible mechanisms of high ice concentration in nimbostratus over Heber Province, China 显示文摘 | Yang Jiefan Lei Hengchi Hu Zhaoxia | 2014 | Atmospheric Research2014，142，： | 1 |
| 17 | 集合预报模式与飞机观测在层状云微物理特征方面的对比研究显示文摘云中的液态含水量,冰水含量以及粒子数浓度在大气科学领域有着重要的作用。由于初边界条件的不确定性以及微物理方案的内在缺陷,云中微物理特征的准确预报仍然是一大挑战。集合预报方法是减少预报不确定性的有效途径。本文使用10个集合成员与飞机观测资料进行对比研究太行山东麓一次大范围层状云降水过程。研究结果发现:与控制预报相比,集合平均对液态含水量和冰水含量的预报能力有所提高,然而粒子数浓度的预报与观测相比存在低估,主要是因为模式低估了小于1000微米的降水粒子。 | FU Yuan LEI Hengchi YANG Jiefan GUO Jiaxu ZHU Jiangshan | 2020 | Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters2020，13，5： | 0 |
| 18 | Impact of Soil Moisture Uncertainty on Summertime Short-range Ensemble Forecasts显示文摘To investigate the impact of soil moisture uncertainty on summertime short-range ensemble forecasts(SREFs), a fivemember SREF experiment with perturbed initial soil moisture(ISM) was performed over a northern China domain in summertime from July to August 2014. Five soil moisture analyses from three different operational/research centers were used as the ISM for the ensemble. The ISM perturbation produced notable ensemble spread in near-surface variables and atmospheric variables below 800 h Pa, and produced skillful ensemble-mean 24-h accumulated precipitation(APCP24) forecasts that outperformed any single ensemble member. Compared with a second SREF experiment with mixed microphysics parameterization options, the ISM-perturbed ensemble produced comparable ensemble spread in APCP24 forecasts, and had better Brier scores and resolution in probabilistic APCP24 forecasts for 10-mm, 25-mm and 50-mm thresholds. The ISM-perturbed ensemble produced obviously larger ensemble spread in near-surface variables. It was, however, still under-dispersed, indicating that perturbing ISM alone may not be adequate in representing all the uncertainty at the near-surface level, indicating further SREF studies are needed to better represent the uncertainties in land surface processes and their coupling with the atmosphere. | Jiangshan ZHU Fanyou KONG Xiao-Ming HU Yan GUO Lingkun RAN Hengchi LEI | 2018 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2018，35，7： | 0 |
| 19 | Idealized numerical simulation experiment of ice seeding in convective clouds using a bin microphysics scheme显示文摘本文采用二维轴对称分档云模式开展了人工催化数值试验,对两种不同初始风切变的对流云进行了模拟.结果表明,尽管在过冷水相对较高的区域播撒1000 L的冰晶可以增加地面降水,但当云在风切变环境中发展时,人工播撒对降雨增强的作用似乎更加明显.在无切变环境下,微物理量,热力场的变化表明播撒后大量的霰所产生的拖曳力和融化冷却有可能切断主上升气流,从而不利于云的发展.相反,当云在风切变环境中发展时,由于播撒产生的主下沉气流位于云的运动方向之后,其对降水的负面影响要弱得多. | Jiefan Yang Hengchi Lei | 2022 | Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters2022，15，6： | 0 |
| 20 | An airborne microwave radiometer and measurements of cloud liquid water显示文摘A single-channel (9.5 mm) airborne microwaveradiometer with one antenna is developed. The retrievalmethods and primary observation results of cloud liquidwater and super-cooled cloud liquid water are discussed. Theaircraft experiments show that the cloud liquid water andsuper-cooled liquid water can be sensitively monitored atsome level of accuracy by the radiometer. The results ofcloud liquid water content are reasonable and correspondwell with the surface radar echo intensity. The design of theairborne radiometer and its retrieval methods are feasible,giving it application value. | LEI Hengchi, JIN Dezhen, WEI Chong & SHEN Zhilai 1. Institute of Atmospheric Physice, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China 2. Jilin Weather Modification Office, Changchun 130062, China | 2003 | Chinese Science Bulletin2003，48，S2： | 0 |
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