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| 1 | Systematic review and meta-analysis of esophageal cancer in Africa:Epidemiology, risk factors, management and outcomes显示文摘BACKGROUND Esophageal cancer(EC)is associated with a poor prognosis,particularly so in Africa where an alarmingly high mortality to incidence ratio prevails for this disease.AIM To provide further understanding of EC in the context of the unique cultural and genetic diversity,and socio-economic challenges faced on the African continent.METHODS We performed a systematic review of studies from Africa to obtain data on epidemiology,risk factors,management and outcomes of EC.A non-systematic review was used to obtain incidence data from the International Agency for Research on Cancer,and the Cancer in Sub-Saharan reports.We searched EMBASE,PubMed,Web of Science,and Cochrane Central from inception to March 2019 and reviewed the list of articles retrieved.Random effects metaanalyses were used to assess heterogeneity between studies and to obtain odds ratio(OR)of the associations between EC and risk factors;and incidence rate ratios for EC between sexes with their respective 95%confidence intervals(CI).RESULTS The incidence of EC is higher in males than females,except in North Africa where it is similar for both sexes.The highest age-standardized rate is from Malawi(30.3 and 19.4 cases/year/100000 population for males and females,respectively)followed by Kenya(28.7 cases/year/100000 population for both sexes).The incidence of EC rises sharply after the age of 40 years and reaches a peak at 75 years old.Meta-analysis shows a strong association with tobacco(OR 3.15,95%CI:2.83-3.50).There was significant heterogeneity between studies on alcohol consumption(OR 2.28,95%CI:1.94-2.65)and on low socioeconomic status(OR 139,95%CI:1.25-1.54)as risk factors,but these could also contribute to increasing the incidence of EC.The best treatment outcomes were with esophagectomy with survival rates of 76.6%at 3 years,and chemo-radiotherapy with an overall combined survival time of 267.50 d.CONCLUSION Africa has high incidence and mortality rates of EC,with preventable and nonmodifiable risk factors.Men in this setting are at increased risk due to their higher prevalence of tobacco and alcohol consumption.Management requires a multidisciplinary approach,and survival is significantly improved in the setting of esophagectomy and chemoradiation therapy. | Akwi W Asombang Nathaniel Chishinga Alick Nkhoma Jackson Chipaila Bright Nsokolo Martha Manda-Mapalo Joao Filipe G Montiero Lewis Banda Kulwinder S Dua | 2019 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2019，25，31： | 9 |
| 2 | 脊髓损伤后残存自主神经功能载录国际标准显示文摘近年来,脊髓损伤神经学分类园际标准(International Stand- ards for the Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury, ISNCSCI)被用来记载脊髓损伤后运动和感觉功能的损害,目前该标准已是第六版。1992年第一份国际认可的标准出版时,曾进行了较大的修订,修订内容包括完全性损伤与不完全性损伤的定义, | MS Alexander AB Jackson W Donovan DE Graves SL Elliott A Krassioukov AW Sheel I Estoresl B Green A Gousse NL Braekett D Cardenas M Kennelly A-K Karlason F Biering-Sorensen K Krogh T Linsenmeyer R Marino J Ditunno CJ Mathias I Perkash G Creasey G Schilero J Wecht B Schurch V Dietz J Sonksen S Stiens D Bodner LA Wuermser J-J Wyndaele 周谋望 刘楠 S Charlifue | 2010 | 中华物理医学与康复杂志2010，32，4： | 2 |
| 3 | A Hierarchical Model of Leisure Constraints 显示文摘 | CRAWFORD D W JACKSON E L GODBEY G | 1991 | Leisure Sciences1991，13，： | 1 |
| 4 | Association of low serum concentration of bilirubin with increased risk of coronary artery disease显示文摘 | Schewertner H A Jackson W G Tolan G | 1994 | Clin Chem1994，40，1： | 1 |
| 5 | Association of low serum concentration of bilirubin with increased risk of coronary artery disease 显示文摘 | Schwertner H A Jackson W G Tolan G | 1994 | Clin Chem1994，40，1： | 1 |
| 6 | Wall-to-platform migration in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry显示文摘 | Chen G Jackson K W | 2002 | Spectrochimica Acta Part B2002，53，： | 1 |
| 7 | The permeability of fibrous porous media显示文摘 | JACKSON W G JAMES F D | 1986 | The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering1986，64，3： | 1 |
| 8 | A model for case assessment and interpretation显示文摘 | Cook R Evett W Jackson G | 1998 | Science and Justice1998，38，： | 1 |
| 9 | The problems and promise of DNA barcodes for species diagnosis of primate biomaterials显示文摘 | Lorenz J G Jackson W E Beck J C | 2005 | Phil Trans R Soc B2005，360，： | 1 |
| 10 | A hierarchy of propositions: deciding which level to address in casework显示文摘 | Cook R Evett W Jackson G | 1998 | Science & Justice1998，38，： | 1 |
| 11 | More on the hierarchy of propositions, exploring the distinction between explanations and propositions 显示文摘 | Evett W Jackson G and Lambert A | 2000 | Science and Justice2000，40，： | 1 |
| 12 | Negotiation of leisure comstraints显示文摘 | JACKSON E L CRAWFORD D W GODBEY G | 1993 | Leisure Sci1993，15，1： | 1 |
| 13 | The prob- lems and promise of DNA barcodes for species diagnosis of primate biomaterials显示文摘 | LORENZ J G JACKSON W E BECK J C | 2005 | Philos Trans R Soc B2005，360，1462： | 1 |
| 14 | Association of Low Serum Concentration of Bilirubin with Increase Risk of Coronary Artery Disease 显示文摘 | Schwertner H A Jackson W G Tolan G | 1994 | Clin Chem1994，40，1： | 1 |
| 15 | Association of low serum concentration of bilirubin with increased risk of coronary artery disease显示文摘 | SCHWERTNER H A JACKSON W G TOLAN G | 1994 | Clin Chem1994，40，1： | 1 |
| 16 | Association of low serum concentration of bilirubin with increased risk of coronary artery disease显示文摘 | Schwertner H A Jackson W G Tolan G | 2000 | Clin Chem2000，40，1： | 1 |
| 17 | Changes in the my-corrhizal status of Sitka spruce following Outplanting显示文摘 | Thomas G W Doreen R Jackson R M | 1983 | Plant and Soil1983，71，： | 1 |
| 18 | High-temperature refractory metal-intermetallic composites显示文摘 | JACKSON M R BEWLAY B P ROWE R G SKELLY D W LIPSITT H A | 1996 | JOM1996，48，1： | 1 |
| 19 | Differences in conidial morphology among isolates of Sphaeropsis sapinea 显示文摘 | Wang C G Blanchette R A Jackson W A | 1985 | Plant Disease1985，69，10： | 1 |
| 20 | A hierarchical model of lei- sure constraints显示文摘 | Crawford D W Jackson E L Godbey G | 1991 | Leisure Sciences1991，13，4： | 1 |
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