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| 1 | Computation of flow through the oesophagogastric junction显示文摘Whilst methods exist to indirectly measure the effects of increased flow or gastro-oesophageal refluxing, they cannot quantitatively measure the amount of acid travelling back up into the oesophagus during reflux, nor can they indicate the flow rate through the oesophagogastric junction (OGJ). Since OGJ dysfunction affects flow it seems most appropriate to describe the geometry of the OGJ and its effect on the flow. A device known as the functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP) has been shown to reliably measure the geometry of and pressure changes in the OGJ. FLIP cannot directly measure flow but the data gathered from the probe can be used to model flow through the junction by using computational flow dynamics (CFD). CFD uses a set of equations known as the Navier-Stokes equations to predict flow patterns and is a technique widely used in engineering. These equations are complex and require appropriate assumptions to provide simplifications before useful data can be obtained. With the assumption that the cross-sectional areas obtained via FLIP are circular, the radii of these circles can be obtained. A cubic interpolation scheme can then be applied to give a high-resolution geometry for the OGJ. In the case of modelling a reflux scenario, it can be seen that at the narrowest section a jet of fluid squirts into the oesophagus at a higher velocity than the fluid surrounding it. This jet has a maximum velocity of almost 2 ms-1 that occurs where the OGJ is at its narrowest. This simple prediction of acid ‘squirting’ into the oesophagusillustrates how the use of numerical methods can be used to develop a better understanding of the OGJ. This initial work using CFD shows some considerable promise for the future. | Barry P McMahon Karl D Odie Kenneth W Moloney Hans Gregersen | 2007 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2007，13，9： | 2 |
| 2 | A new perspective on recent global warming:A symmetric trends of daily maximum and minimum temperature显示文摘 | Thomas R Karl Richord W Knight Kevin P Callo | 1993 | Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society1993，74，6： | 2 |
| 3 | Origin of dynamical properties in PMMA - C60 nano - composites 显示文摘 | Jamie M Kropka Karl W Putz Victor Pryamitsyn | 2007 | Macromolecules2007，40，： | 1 |
| 4 | Effects of sampling, preparation and defecation on metal concentration in selected invertebrates at urban sites显示文摘 | BETTINA Z KARL J W | 2003 | Chemosphere2003，52，： | 1 |
| 5 | Efflux of dietary flavonoid quercetin 4'-β-glucoside across human intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers by apical multidrug resistanceassociated protein2显示文摘 | Richard A W Karl J R George E L | 2000 | J Pharm Exp Ther2000，294，3： | 1 |
| 6 | On deformation of near a circular underground cavity subjected to incident plane P waves显示文摘 | Lee V W Karl J | 1993 | European Journal of Earthquake Engineering1993，，1： | 1 |
| 7 | Development of a quantitative method for the analysis of tobacco-specific nitrosa- mines in mainstream cigarette smoke using isotope dilution liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry 显示文摘 | Karl A W Nancy H F Fossett J E | 2005 | Analytical Chemistry2005，77，： | 1 |
| 8 | Anti-Fas/Apo-1 antibody-mediated apoptosis of cultured human glioma cells显示文摘 | Karl F Peter G | 1994 | J Clin Invest1994，94，： | 1 |
| 9 | Metalworking Fluid Exposures in Small Machine Shops An Overview显示文摘 | Greg M Piacitelli W Karl O Brien Robers T Hnghes | 2001 | AIHAJ2001，62，： | 1 |
| 10 | Naturnaher Wasserbau-Merkamaleund Gr enzen显示文摘 | Binder W Juerging P Karl J | 1983 | Gartenund Landschaft1983，93，2： | 1 |
| 11 | Nutrient attenua- tion in agricultural surface runoff by riparian buffer zones in Southern Illinois, USA显示文摘 | Jon E S Karl W J Williard J J | 2005 | Agroforestry System2005，64，2： | 1 |
| 12 | Secular Trends of Precipitation Amount,Frequency,and Intensity in the United States显示文摘 | KARL THOMAS R KNIGHT RICHARD W | 1998 | Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society1998，79，2： | 1 |
| 13 | Secular trends of precipitation amount, frequency, and intensity in the United States 显示文摘 | Karl T R Knight R W | 1998 | Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society1998，79，2： | 1 |
| 14 | Secular trends of precipitation amount, frequency and intensity in the USA显示文摘 | Karl T R Knight R W | 1998 | Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society1998，79，： | 1 |
| 15 | What future knowledge management users may expeet显示文摘 | KARL M W | 1999 | Journal of Knowledge Management1999，3，2： | 1 |
| 16 | Standardizing city tourism statistics显示文摘 | Karl W | 2000 | Annals of Tourism Research2000，27，1： | 1 |
| 17 | Multiscale representations of Markov random fields显示文摘 | M R Luettgen W C Karl A S Willsky R R Tenney | 1993 | IEEE Trans Signal Processing1993，41，12： | 1 |
| 18 | Structureavtivity studies on magainins and other host defense peptides显示文摘 | Maloy W L Karl U P | 1995 | Biopolymers (Peptide Science)1995，37，： | 1 |
| 19 | Heavy Precipitation and High Streamflow in the Contiguous United S taates: Trends i n the Twentieth Century 显示文摘 | GROISMAN PAVEL YA KNIGHT RICHARD W KARL THOMAS R | 2001 | Bulleti n of the American Meteorological Soeiety2001，82，2： | 1 |
| 20 | Phenolic compounds from the rhizomes of Dioscorea bulbifera 显示文摘 | Liu H Karl W K T Chou G X | 2011 | Chem Biodiv2011，8，： | 1 |
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