| 1 | 京郊典型集约化“农田-畜牧”生产系统氮素流动特征显示文摘城郊畜牧业的集约化发展在满足人们日益增长的肉蛋奶等动物性产品需求的同时,也带来了巨大的环境压力。本文利用养分流动和模型分析的方法,分析北京市郊区某村三种不同类型'农田-畜牧'生产系统(大型集约化种猪场、种养结合小规模生态养殖园和集约化单一种植区)的氮素流动特征。结果表明:饲料是集约化种猪场和生态养殖园氮素输入的主要来源,饲料投入氮量分别为12469.0和9268.5 kg.hm-.2a-1);集约化种猪场农牧体系间生产脱节,致使农田氮素输入主要依赖于化肥投入,化肥氮输入量(435.0 kg.hm-.2a-1)占农田氮素输入量的82.7%。相反,生态养殖园农牧体系结合紧密,猪粪尿氮还田比例达28.6%,这使得园区化肥氮输入量仅为135.0 kg.hm-.2a-1,因此畜禽粪尿的合理循环利用可作为减少化肥投入的有效途径;集约化种猪场、生态养殖园和单一种植区农牧生产系统氮素利用效率分别为18.8%、20.6%和17.3%,均处于较低水平;集约化种猪场猪粪尿在猪舍和储藏处理过程的氮素损失率为15.8%和25.4%,分别低于小规模生态养殖园相应损失率约8.7和4.8个百分点;生态养殖园粪肥氮还田量高,导致农田氮素盈余量高达1962.8 kg.hm-.2a-1,未能实现生态型养殖的理想效果,优化氮素管理、确定合理的消纳畜禽粪尿的农田面积和调整畜禽养殖密度是解决该问题的关键。 | 侯勇 高志岭 马文奇 Lisa Heimann Marco Roelcke Rolf Nieder | 2012 | 生态学报2012，32，4： | 28 |
| 2 | Phosphorus status, use and recycling in a Chinese peri-urban region with intensive animal husbandry and cropping systems Results from case study in a Sino-German applied research collaboration project显示文摘The Sino-German research collaboration project,'Recycling of organic residues from agricultural and municipal origin in China'(2008–2012),comprising different interdisciplinary research groups,and also German small and medium-sized enterprises,aimed at developing integrated strategies and solutions for the recycling of organic residues in China.In an intensive crop-livestock agricultural region in the Shunyi District of Beijing,five typical cropping systems were investigated.The research was conducted in the form of analyses of phosphorus(P)in soil,plants,animal feed,animal products,manures,mineral and organic fertilizers and the derivation of the corresponding nutrient balances and P flows.The mean annual P balance surplus was492 kg·ha–1·yr–1 P for the vegetable production system,significantly higher(P<0.05)than that for orchards(130 kg·ha–1·yr–1 P)and cereal crops(83 kg·ha–1·yr–1 P).Plant-available P(Olsen-P)concentrations of topsoils(0–20 cm)had good correlations with the amounts of P applied(from mineral and organic sources).Compared to results from the Second Chinese National Soil Survey of 1981,mean concentrations of available P in soils of 19 plots investigated in Shunyi District increased 10-fold(from 7.3 to 60 mg·kg–1)from 1981 to 2009.On average,the critical limit for Olsen-P concentrations(>30 mg·kg–1)that can lead to increased risk of P loss was exceeded in all five cropping systems.With feed additives,the'natural background value'(Chinese Environmental Quality Standard for Soils)of copper and zinc in topsoils was exceeded at several sites.Screening for several substances in the veterinary antibiotic classes of sulfonamides,tetracyclines,and fluoroquinolones revealed widespread topsoil contamination.Calculated livestock densities were 10.6 livestock units per ha arable land in 2007.Animal husbandry is increasingly conducted in large operations,making traditional ways of reuse difficult to apply.Comparing three management systems for treatment of organic residues from a pig farm via aerobic(composting)or anaerobic(biogas)treatment in a life cycle assessment,the resulting cropland demand for a sustainable land application of biogas effluent varied between 139 and 288 ha·yr–1,well above the cropland area owned by the farm(10 ha).The mismatch problems in the above context between business-as-usual and improving performance are framed and discussed as(1)the mismatch between centralized animal husbandry and smallholder farming,(2)the mismatch between livestock density and cropland,(3)nutrient(including P)recycling and increasing organic matter content versus energy production,(4)subsidies for compost production and biogas,as well as(5)advances in the regulatory framework in China. | Marco ROELCKE Lisa HEIMANN Yong HOU Jianbin GUO Qiaoyun XUE Wei JIA Anne OSTERMANN Roxana Mendoza HUAITALLA Moritz ENGBERS Clemens OLBRICH Roland W.SCHOLZ Joachim CLEMENS Frank SCHUCHARDT Rolf NIEDER Xuejun LIU Fusuo ZHANG | 2019 | Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering2019，6，4： | 0 |
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