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| 1 | Gastroenterology in developing countries:Issues and advances显示文摘Developing countries shoulder a considerable burden of gastroenterological disease. Infectious diseases in particular cause enormous morbidity and mortality. Diseases which afflict both western and developing countries are often seen in more florid forms in poorer countries. Innovative techniques continuously improve and update gastroenterological practice. However, advances in diagnosis and treatment which are commonplace in the West, have yet to reach many developing countries. Clinical guidelines, based on these advances and collated in resource-rich environments,lose their relevance outside these settings. In this two-part review, we first highlight the global burden of gastroenterological disease in three major areas: diarrhoeal diseases, hepatitis B, and Helicobacter pylori . Recent progress in their management is explored, with consideration of future solutions. The second part of the review focuses on the delivery of clinical services in developing countries. Inadequate numbers of healthcare workers hamper efforts to combat gastroenterological disease. Reasons for this shortage are examined, along with possibilities for increased specialist training. Endoscopy services, the mainstay of gastroenterology in the West, are in their infancy in many developing countries. The challenges faced by those setting up a service are illustrated by the example of a Nigerian endoscopy unit. Finally, we highlight the limited scope of many clinical guidelines produced in western countries. Guidelines which take account of resource limitations in the form of 'cascades' are advocated in order to make these guidelines truly global. Recognition of the different working conditions facing practitioners worldwide is an important step towards narrowing the gap between gastroenterology in rich and poor countries. | Kate L Mandeville Justus Krabshuis Nimzing Gwamzhi Ladep Chris JJ Mulder Eamonn MM Quigley Shahid A Khan | 2009 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2009，15，23： | 8 |
| 2 | Anaerobic ammonium oxidation discovered in a denitrifying fluidized bed reactor显示文摘 | Mulder A Van de Graaf A A Robertson L A | 1995 | FEMS Microbiology Ecology1995，16，： | 1 |
| 3 | Virulence and pathogenesis of non-virulent and virulent strains of pseudorabies virus expressing envelope glycoprotein E1 of hog cholera virus显示文摘 | Mulder W A Priem J Glazenburg K L | 1994 | J Gen Virol1994，75，1： | 1 |
| 4 | Virulence and pathogenesis of non-virulent and virulent strains of pseudorabies virus expressing envelope glycoprotein E1 of hog cholera virus显示文摘 | Mulder W A Priem J Glazenburg K L | 1994 | Journal of General Virology1994，75，1： | 1 |
| 5 | Confirmatory a- nalysis of malachite green, leucomalachite green, crystal violet and leucocrystal violet in salmon by liquid chromatography- tan- dem mass spectrometry显示文摘 | DOWLING G MULDER P PJ REGAN L | 2007 | Analytica Chimica Acta2007，586，： | 1 |
| 6 | Determination of the rel- ationship between collagen cross-links and the bone-tissue stiffness in the porcine mandibular condyle显示文摘 | Willems NMBK Mulder L Bank RA | 2011 | J Biomech2011，44，16： | 1 |
| 7 | Nonlinear flight control de- sign using constrained adaptive baekstepping 显示文摘 | Sonneveldt L Chu Q P Mulder J A | 2007 | Journal of Guidance Control and Dynamics2007，30，2： | 1 |
| 8 | Looking to the future: biomarkers in themanagement of pancreatic adenocarcinoma 显示文摘 | Spratlin J L Mulder K E | 2011 | International journalof molecular sciences2011，12，9： | 1 |
| 9 | Anaerobic ammonium oxidation discovered in a denitrifying fluidized bed reactor 显示文摘 | Mulder A van Graaf A A Robertson L A | 1995 | FEMS Microbiology Ecology1995，16，3： | 1 |
| 10 | Anaerobic ammonium oxidation discovered in a denitrifying fluidized bed reactor 显示文摘 | Mulder A van de Graf A A Robertson L A | 1995 | FEMS Microbiol Ecology1995，16，3： | 1 |
| 11 | Nonlinear flight control design using constrained adaptive backstepping 显示文摘 | Sonneveldt L Chu Q P Mulder J A | 2007 | Journal of Guidance Control and Dynamics2007，30，2： | 1 |
| 12 | The anion ex- changer Ae2 is required for enamel maturation in mouse teeth 显示文摘 | Lyaruu DM Bronckers AL Mulder L | 2008 | Matrix Biol2008，27，2： | 1 |
| 13 | Anaerobic ammo- nium oxidation discovered in a denitrifying fluidized bed reaetor显示文摘 | Mulder A van de Graaf A A Robertson L A | 1995 | FEMS Microbiology Ecology1995，16，3： | 1 |
| 14 | Processing of Homogeneous Zireonia Resist ance 显示文摘 | Kerkwijk B Winnuhst L Mulder E J | 1999 | Journal of the American Ceramic Society1999，82，8： | 1 |
| 15 | Anaerobic ammonium oxidation discovered in a denitrifying fluldlsed bed reactor 显示文摘 | Mulder A van de Graaf A A Robertson L A | 1995 | FEMS Microbiology Ecology1995，16，3： | 1 |
| 16 | Anaerobic ammonium oxidation discovered in a denitrifying fluidized bed reactor 显示文摘 | Mulder A van de Graaf A A Robertson L A | 1995 | FEMS Microbiology Ecology1995，16，： | 1 |
| 17 | The effect of bone loss on rod-like and plate like trabeculaein the cancellous bone of the mandibular condyle显示文摘 | Ruijven LJ Giesen EB Mulder L | 2005 | Bone2005，36，6： | 1 |
| 18 | A simple model of soil organic matter complexation to predict the solubility of aluminum in acid forest soils 显示文摘 | Wesselink L G Breemen N van Mulder J | 1996 | Europ J Soil Sci1996，47，： | 1 |
| 19 | Anaerobic ammonium oxidation discovered in a denitrifying fluidized bed reactor显示文摘 | Mulder A Van de Graaf A A Robertson L A | 1995 | FEMS Microbiol Ecol1995，16，3： | 1 |
| 20 | Anaerobic ammonium oxidation discovered in a denitrifying fluidized bed reactor 显示文摘 | Mulder A van de Graf A A Robertson L A | 1995 | FEMS Microbiol Ecology1995，16，3： | 1 |
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