| 1 | Household air pollution and lung cancer in China:a review of studies in Xuanwei显示文摘Over half of the world's population is exposed to household air pollution from the burning of solid fuels at home. Household air pollution from solid fuel use is a leading risk factor for global disease and remains a major public health problem, especially in low- and mid-income countries. This is a particularly serious problem in China, where many people in rural areas still use coal for household heating and cooking. This review focuses on several decades of research carried out in Xuanwei County, Yunnan Province, where household coal use is a major source of household air pollution and where studies have linked household air pollution exposure to high rates of lung cancer. We conducted a series of case-control and cohort studies in Xuanwei to characterize the lung cancer risk in this population and the factors associated with it. We found lung cancer risk to vary substantially between different coal types, with a higher risk associated with smoky(i.e., bituminous) coal use compared to smokeless(i.e., anthracite) coal use. The installation of a chimney in homes resulted in a substantial reduction in lung cancer incidence and mortality. Overall, our research underscores the need among existing coal users to improve ventilation, use the least toxic fuel, and eventually move toward the use of cleaner fuels, such as gas and electricity. | Wei Jie Seow Wei Hu Roel Vermeulen H.Dean Hosgood III George S.Downward Robert S.Chapman Xingzhou He Bryan A.Bassig Christopher Kim Cuiju Wen Nathaniel Rothman Qing Lan | 2014 | Chinese Journal of Cancer2014，33，10： | 15 |
| 4 | 非表层热流——构造活动沉积盆地的一个实例显示文摘在现在的表层热流模型中,有重要地球动力学意义的热异常并不总是可以认识的。假象的出现是因为表层热流响应地幔热、地壳放射性、岩浆作用、地壳变形、埋藏和/或剥露以及流体运动,其中任何一种都可能抵销其它的热效应。沉积盆地特别适合于将热流分成不同的组分。以新西兰 Taranaki 盆地为例。与构造活动的东部正好相反,该盆地西部的变形相对较弱(从中新世以来)。虽然穿过 Taranaki 盆地的表层热流值大致一致,但下地壳—上地幔模拟的基底受两个或更多因素中的某个因素的影响而变化。低热产量地壳结合东部地壳加厚产生的热沉降效应能解释基底热流异常。如果没有详细的盆地分析和热模拟的帮助,构造热异常就会被忽视。 | Phillip A.Armstrong David S.Chapman 韩欣 | 1998 | 地质科学译丛1998，15，4： | 0 |
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