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| 1 | Sporadic versus hereditary gastrinomas of the duodenum and pancreas: Distinct clinico-pathological and epidemiological features显示文摘Gastrinomas are defined as gastrin secreting tumors that are associated with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES). ZES is characterized by elevated fasting gastrin serum levels, positive secretin stimulation test and clinical symptoms such as recurrent peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal re?ux disease and occasional diarrhea. Genetically, nonhereditary (sporadic) gastrinomas are distinguished from hereditary gastrinomas, which are associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) syndrome. In general, duodenal gastrinomas are small and solitary if they are sporadic and multiple as well as hereditary. The sporadic gastrinomas occur in the duodenum or in the pancreas while the hereditary gastrinomas almost all occur in the duodenum. Our series of 77 sporadic duodenal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) includes 18 patients (23.4%) with gastrinomas and ZES. Of 535 sporadic NETs in the pancreas collected from the NET archives of the departments of pathology in Zürich, Switzerland, and Kiel, Germany, 24 patients (4.5%) suffered from sporadic pancreatic gastrinomas and ZES. These NETs have to be distinguished fromtumors with immunohistochemical positivity for gastrin but without evidence of ZES. An additional 19 patients suffered from MEN1 and ZES. These patients showed exclusively duodenal gastrinomas, but not pancreatic gastrinomas. The prognosis of sporadic and MEN1- associated duodenal gastrinomas is better than that of pancreatic gastrinomas, since they progress slowly to liver metastasis. In summary, sporadic and MEN1- associated gastrinomas in the duodenum and pancreas show different clinico-pathological and genetic features. The incidence of sporadic duodenal gastrin-producing tumors is increasing, possibly due to optimized diagnostic procedures. In contrast, pancreatic MEN1- associated gastrinomas seem to be extremely rare. A considerable subset of tumors with immunohistochemical expression of gastrin but without evidence of ZES should be designated as functionally inactive NETs expressing gastrin, but not as gastrinomas. | Martin Anlauf Nele Garbrecht Tobias Henopp Anja Schmitt Regina Schlenger Andreas Raffel Markus Krausch Oliver Gimm Claus F Eisenberger Wolfram T Knoefel Henning Dralle Paul Komminoth Philipp U Heitz Aurel Perren Günter Klppel | 2006 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2006，12，34： | 7 |
| 2 | Association between tumor hypoxia and malignant progression in advanced cancer of the uterine cervix显示文摘 | Hockel M Schlenger K Aral B | 1996 | Cancer Res1996，56，19： | 2 |
| 3 | Hypoxia cervical cancers with low apoptotic index are highly aggressive显示文摘 | Hoeckel M Schlenger K Hoeckel S | 2001 | Cancer Res2001，59，18： | 1 |
| 4 | Association between tumor hypoxia and malignant progression in advanced cancer of the ute- rine cervix显示文摘 | Hockel M Schlenger K Aral B | 1996 | Cancer Res1996，56，19： | 1 |
| 5 | Oxygenation of carcinomas of the uterine cervix:evaluation by computerized O2 tension measurements显示文摘 | H(o)kel M Schlenger K Knoop C | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 6 | Association between tumor hypoxia and malignant progression in advanced cancer of the uterine cervix显示文摘 | Hockel M Schlenger K Aral B | 1996 | Cancer Res1996，56，19： | 1 |
| 7 | Oxygenation of human tumors:Evaluation of tissue oxygen distribution in breast cancers by computerized O2tension measurenents显示文摘 | Schlenger K Knoop C | 1991 | Cancer Res1991，51，： | 1 |
| 8 | Association between tumor hypoxia and malignant progression in advanced cancer of the uterine cervix显示文摘 | Hockel M Schlenger K Arad D | 1996 | Cancer Res1996，56，19： | 1 |
| 9 | Intratumoral pO2 predicts survival in advanced cancer of the uterine cervix显示文摘 | Hockel M Knoop C Schlenger K | 1993 | Radiother Oncol1993，26，1： | 1 |
| 10 | Hypoxia and radiation response in human tumors 显示文摘 | Hockel M Schlenger K Mitze M | 1996 | Semin Radiat 0nco11996，6，1： | 1 |
| 11 | Association between tumor hypoxia and malignant progression in advanced cancer of the uterine cervix显示文摘 | H(O)CKEL M SCHLENGER K ARAL B | | 0，，19： | 1 |
| 12 | Hypoxic cervical cancerswith low apoptotic index are highly aggressive显示文摘 | Hockel M Schlenger K Hockel S | 1999 | Cancer Res1999，59，18： | 1 |
| 13 | Association between tumor hypoxia and malignant progression in advanced cancer of the uterine cervix显示文摘 | Schlenger K Aral B | 1996 | Cancer Res1996，56，19： | 1 |
| 14 | Hypoxia and radiation response in human tumors显示文摘 | Heckel M schlenger K Mitze M | 1996 | Semin in Radiat Oncol1996，6，： | 1 |
| 15 | Quantitative angiogenesis assay: progress and problems显示文摘 | ain RK Schlenger K Hockel M | 1997 | Nat Med1997，3，11： | 1 |
| 16 | Quantitative angingenesis assays:progress and problems显示文摘 | Jain BK Schlenger K Hackel M | 1997 | Nature Medicine1997，3，： | 1 |
| 17 | Hypoxia-stimulated expression of angiogenic growth factors in cervical cancer cells and cervical cancer-derived fibroblasts 显示文摘 | Pilch H Schlenger K Steiner E | 2001 | Int J Gynecol Cancer2001，11，2： | 1 |
| 18 | Therapeutic angiogenesis显示文摘 | Hockel M Schlenger K Doctrow S | 1993 | Arch Surg1993，128，4： | 1 |
| 19 | Association between tumor hypoxia and malignant progression in advanced cancer of the uterine cervix显示文摘 | Hockel M Schlenger K Aral B | 1996 | Cancer Res1996，56，19： | 1 |
| 20 | Association between tumor hypoxia and malignant progression in advanced cancer of the uterine cervix显示文摘 | Hockel M Schlenger K Aral B | | 0，，： | 1 |
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