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| 1 | The porosity origin of dolostone reservoirs in the Tarim, Sichuan and Ordos basins and its implication to reservoir prediction显示文摘Origin of dolostone remained a controversial subject, although numerous dolomitization models had been proposed to date. Because of the dolomitization's potential to be hydrocarbon reservoirs, one debatable issue was the role of dolomitization in porosity construction or destruction. Based upon case studies of dolostone reservoirs in various geological settings such as evaporative tidal flat(Ordos Basin, NW China), evaporative platform(Sichuan Basin, SW China), and burial and hydrothermal diagenesis(Tarim Basin, NW China), here we systematically discuss the origin of porosity in dolostone reservoirs. Contrary to traditional concepts, which regarded dolomitization as a significant mechanism for porosity creation, we found two dominant factors controlling reservoir development in dolostones, i.e., porosity inherited from precursor carbonates and porosity resulted from post-dolomitization dissolution. Actually, dolomitization rarely had a notable effect on porosity creation but rather in many cases destroyed pre-existing porosity such as saddle dolostone precipitation in vugs and fractures. Porosity in dolostones associated with evaporative tidal flat or evaporative platform was generally created by subaerial dissolution of evaporites and/or undolomitized components. Porosity in burial dolostones was inherited mostly from precursor carbonates, which could be enlarged due to subsequent dissolution. Intercrystalline porosity in hydrothermal dolostones was either formed during dolomitization or inherited from precursor carbonates, whereas dissolution-enlarged intercrystalline pores and/or vugs were usually interpreted to be the result of hydrothermal alteration. These understandings on dolostone porosity shed light on reservoir prediction. Dolostone reservoirs associated with evaporative tidal flat were laterally distributed as banded or quasi-stratified shapes in evaporite-bearing dolostones, and vertically presented as multi-interval patterns on tops of shallowing-upward cycles. Dolostone reservoirs associated with evaporative platform commonly occurred along epiplatforms or beneath evaporite beds, and vertically presented as multi-interval patterns in dolostones and/or evaporite-bearing dolostones of reef/shoal facies. Constrained by primary sedimentary facies, burial dolostone reservoirs were distributed in dolomitized, porous sediments of reef/shoal facies, and occurred vertically as multi-interval patterns in crystalline dolostones on tops of shallowing-upward cycles. Hydrothermal dolomitization was obviously controlled by conduits(e.g., faults, unconformities), along which lenticular reservoirs could develop. | ZHAO WenZhi SHEN AnJiang ZHENG JianFeng QIAO ZhanFeng WANG XiaoFang LU JunMing | 2014 | Science China Earth Sciences2014，57，10： | 23 |
| 2 | Digitized Outcrop Geomodeling of Ramp Shoals and its Reservoirs: as an Example of Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation of Eastern Sichuan Basin显示文摘Numerous hydrocarbon accumulations are found in ramp crest shoals worldwide and therefore this depositional setting has a high potential of being the hydrocarbon reservoir.In this paper,we combined digital outcrop geology and traditional geological mapping to build an outcrop-based geocellular model of the ramp-crest shoal complex of the Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation in the Eastern Sichuan Basin.The outcrop model serves as an analogue for the subsurface reservoir of the Feixianguan Formation and illustrates the complexity of the lithofacies types,stratigraphic architecture,and reservoir heterogeneities at a scale below conventional subsurface data resolution.The studied ramp-crest shoal complex consists of thirteen types of lithofacies that can be grouped into three facies-groups corresponding to subtidal intraclastic shoal,sub-to inter-tidal oolitic shoal,and tidal flat depositional environments respectively.The stratigraphic architecture of the shoal complex shows mostly a strong progradation of the high energy facies associated with an overall decrease of accommodation space associated with relative sea level still stand.Two reservoir facies associations have been recognized.The first one consists of supratidal dolomudstone and upper intertidal partially dolomitized oolitic packstone with anhydrite or nodules.These facies were deposited above the high energy oolitic grainstones and occurs as thin-bedded and laterally continuous layers,characterized by high porosity and low permeability.The second reservoir facies association is composed of intertidal crystalline dolomite and subtidal intraclastic bindstone that occurs stratigraphically below the oolitic grainstones.These deposits consist of massive laterally discontinuously beds,and are characterized by high porosity and high permeability.Both types of reservoir facies tend to be stacked vertically and migrated laterally with the progradation of the shoal complex.The construction of the outcrop-based 3D geological model provide a description and quantification of the facies distribution within a robust stratigraphic framework and the style and amount of reservoir heterogeneities associated with a ramp-crest shoal complex reservoir such as the one found in Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation and Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation in Sichuan Basin or other ramp-crest reservoir worldwide. | QIAO Zhanfeng SHEN Anjiang ZHENG Jianfeng Xavier JANSON CHANG Shaoying WANG Xiaofang CHEN Yana LIAO Yisha | 2017 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2017，91，4： | 8 |
| 3 | Origin and Distribution of Grain Dolostone Reservoirs in the Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation,Sichuan Basin,China显示文摘Dolostones in the Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation have become one of the most significant gas exploration domains in China. Over a trillion cubic meters of gas reservoirs have been discovered in the Gaoshiti-Moxi area; however, the origins and distribution of the dolostone reservoirs are not well understood. This work discussed the geology and geochemistry of the dolostone reservoirs in the Longwangmiao Formation to determine their origin and distribution. Two understandings are acquired: firstly, a carbonate ramp provided excellent conditions for grain beach deposition, while the presence of a hypersaline lake was favorable for the contemporaneous dolomitization of grain beach deposits. Petrographic and geochemical evidence further confirm that the Longwangmiao dolostone was formed during the contemporaneous stage. Secondly, the reservoir characteristics indicate that the grain beach sediments provide material basis for the development of the Longwangmiao dolostone reservoirs. Reservoir dissolution simulation experiments show that the porosity of the reservoirs was formed by dissolution during contemporaneous and burial stages. The dissolution pores formed during the contemporaneous stage were controlled by sequence interfaces. The large scale dissolution vugs formed during the burial stage subsequently spread along the pre-existing porosity and fracture zones. This study therefore identified that the development of grain dolostone reservoirs in a shallow water ramp under arid climatic conditions generally met the following conditions:(1) reefal beach deposits lay a foundation for reservoir development;(2) superficial conditions are an important determining factor for reservoir porosity; and(3) burial conditions provide environment for porosity preservation and modification. | SHEN Anjiang HU Anping PAN Liyin SHE Min | 2017 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2017，91，1： | 3 |
| 4 | Sinian gas sources and effectiveness of primary gas-bearing system in Sichuan Basin, SW China显示文摘Based on correlation between geochemical characteristics of Sinian and Cambrian source rocks and discovered gas reservoirs,paleoand the analysis on geological conditions of reservoir formation,the sources of natural gas in the Sinian of Sichuan Basin have been discussed to sort out the contribution of Sinian source rocks to the gas reservoirs and effectiveness of Sinian primary gas-bearing system.Through the analysis of natural gas composition,carbon and hydrogen isotopes and effectiveness of Sinian accumulation assemblages,it is concluded that:(1)The natural gas derived from the Sinian source rock is characterized by low ethane content,heavy ethane carbon isotope and light methane hydrogen isotope,and obviously different from the gas generated by the Cambrian source rock.(2)The gas reservoirs discovered in Sinian Dengying Formation are sourced by Sinian and Cambrian source rocks,and the Sinian source rock contributes different proportions to the gas in the 4th member and the 2nd member of the Dengying Formation,specifically,39%and 55%to the 4th member in marginal zone and intra-platform,54%and 68%to the 2th member in the marginal zone and intra-platform respectively.(3)The effectiveness of the Sinian primary gas-bearing system depends on the gas generating effectiveness of the source kitchen,reservoir and combination of gas accumulation elements.For high-over mature marine source rocks at the Ro of less than 3.5%,besides gas generated from the thermal cracking of liquid hydrocarbon,the kerogen still has some gas generation potential by thermal degradation.In addition,the Sinian microbial dolomite still preserves relatively good-quality reservoirs despite large burial depths,which match well with other basic conditions for gas accumulation in central Sichuan paleo-uplift,increasing the possibility of Sinian primary gas-bearing system.The research results confirm that the Sinian primary gas-bearing system is likely to form large-scale accumulation. | ZHAO Wenzhi XIE Zengye WANG Xiaomei SHEN Anjiang WEI Guoqi WANG Zecheng WANG Kun | 2021 | Petroleum Exploration and Development2021，48，6： | 1 |
| 5 | Characteristics and discovery significance of the Upper Triassic–Lower Jurassic marine shale oil in Qiangtang Basin,China显示文摘Mesozoic marine shale oil was found in the Qiangtang Basin by a large number of hydrocarbon geological surveys and shallow drilling sampling.Based on systematic observation and experimental analysis of outcrop and core samples,the deposition and development conditions and characteristics of marine shale are revealed,the geochemical and reservoir characteristics of marine shale are evaluated,and the layers of marine shale oil in the Mesozoic are determined.The following geological understandings are obtained.First,there are two sets of marine organic-rich shales,the Lower Jurassic Quse Formation and the Upper Triassic Bagong Formation,in the Qiangtang Basin.They are mainly composed of laminated shale with massive mudstone.The laminated organic-rich shale of the Quse Formation is located in the lower part of the stratum,with a thickness of 50–75 m,and mainly distributed in southern Qiangtang Basin and the central-west of northern Qiangtang Basin.The laminated organic-rich shale of the Bagong Formation is located in the middle of the stratum,with a thickness of 250–350 m,and distributed in both northern and southern Qiangtang Basin.Second,the two sets of laminated organic-rich shales develop foliation,and various types of micropores and microfractures.The average content of brittle minerals is 70%,implying a high fracturability.The average porosity is 5.89%,indicating good reservoir physical properties to the level of moderate–good shale oil reservoirs.Third,the organic-rich shale of the Quse Formation contains organic matters of types II1 and II2,with the average TOC of 8.34%,the average content of chloroform bitumen'A'of 0.66%,the average residual hydrocarbon generation potential(S1+S2)of 29.93 mg/g,and the Ro value of 0.9%–1.3%,meeting the standard of high-quality source rock.The organic-rich shale of the Bagong Formation contains mixed organic matters,with the TOC of 0.65%–3.10%and the Ro value of 1.17%–1.59%,meeting the standard of moderate source rock.Fourth,four shallow wells(depth of 50–250 m)with oil shows have been found in the organic shales at 50–90 m in the lower part of the Bagong Formation and 30–75 m in the middle part of the Quse Formation.The crude oil contains a high content of saturated hydrocarbon.Analysis and testing of outcrop and shallow well samples confirm the presence of marine shale oil in the Bagong Formation and the Quse Formation.Good shale oil intervals in the Bagong Formation are observed in layers 18–20 in the lower part of the section,where the shales with(S0+S1)higher than 1 mg/g are 206.7 m thick,with the maximum and average(S0+S1)of 1.92 mg/g and 1.81 mg/g,respectively.Good shale oil intervals in the Quse Formation are found in layers 4–8 in the lower part of the section,where the shales with(S0+S1)higher than 1 mg/g are 58.8 m thick,with the maximum and average(S0+S1)of 6.46 mg/g and 2.23 mg/g,respectively. | SHEN Anjiang FU Xiaodong ZHANG Jianyong WEI Xuebin HU Anping WANG Jian XIONG Shaoyun FU Xiugen XIE Yuan LIU Siqi LI Xi WANG Xin HE Xunyun QIAO Zhanfeng ZHENG Jianfeng DUAN Junmao | 2023 | Petroleum Exploration and Development2023，50，5： | 0 |
| 6 | The dating and temperature measurement technologies for carbonate minerals and their application in hydrocarbon accumulation research in the paleouplift in central Sichuan Basin, SW China显示文摘A new method for reconstructing the geological history of hydrocarbon accumulation is developed, which are constrained by U-Pb isotope age and clumped isotope((35)47) temperature of host minerals of hydrocarbon-bearing inclusions. For constraining the time and depth of hydrocarbon accumulation by the laser in-situ U-Pb isotope age and clumped isotope temperature, there are two key steps:(1) Investigating feature, abundance and distribution patterns of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon inclusions with optical microscopes.(2) Dating laser in-situ U-Pb isotope age and measuring clumped isotope temperature of the host minerals of hydrocarbon inclusions. These technologies have been applied for studying the stages of hydrocarbon accumulation in the Sinian Dengying gas reservoir in the paleo-uplift of the central Sichuan Basin. By dating the U-Pb isotope age and measuring the temperature of clumped isotope((35)47) of the host minerals of hydrocarbon inclusions in dolomite, three stages of hydrocarbon accumulation were identified:(1) Late Silurian: the first stage of oil accumulation at(416±23) Ma.(2) Late Permian to Early Triassic: the second stage of oil accumulation between(248±27) Ma and(246.3±1.5) Ma.(3) Yanshan to Himalayan period: gas accumulation between(115±69) Ma and(41±10) Ma. The reconstructed hydrocarbon accumulation history of the Dengying gas reservoir in the paleo-uplift of the central Sichuan Basin is highly consistent with the tectonic-burial history, basin thermal history and hydrocarbon generation history, indicating that the new method is a reliable way for reconstructing the hydrocarbon accumulation history. | SHEN Anjiang ZHAO Wenzhi HU Anping WANG Hui LIANG Feng WANG Yongsheng | 2021 | Petroleum Exploration and Development2021，48，3： | 0 |
| 7 | Genetic types and distinguished characteristics of dolomite and the origin of dolomite reservoirs显示文摘To find out the origin of dolomite, the precipitation of primary dolomite, and the formation of pores in dolomite, petrologic and geochemical characteristics of typical samples from Sichuan and Tarim Basin were analyzed based on the previous understandings, and three aspects of results were achieved.(1) A classification of dolomite origins based on petrologic features, forming environment, and time sequence was proposed, which shows clear boundaries of diagenetic and characteristic realms and evolved clues between different types of dolomite.(2) Petrographic and geochemical identification marks for different types of dolomite were presented, revealing that the orderly geochemical variation of different types of dolomite is the response to the change of forming environment of dolomite during continuous time sequence.(3) The contribution of dolomitization to the formation of porosity was re-evaluated, revealing that the porosity in dolomite was mostly attributed to the primary pores and supergene dissolution and burial dissolution, and early dolomitization was conducive to the preservation of primary pores. These understandings are of great theoretical significance for identifying the origins and types of dolomite, and can guide the prediction of dolomite reservoirs. | ZHAO Wenzhi SHEN Anjiang QIAO Zhanfeng PAN Liyin HU Anping ZHANG Jie | 2018 | Petroleum Exploration and Development2018，45，6： | 0 |
| 8 | Episodic hydrothermal alteration on Middle Permian carbonate reservoirs and its geological significance in southwestern Sichuan Basin,SW China显示文摘To analyze the episodic alteration of Middle Permian carbonate reservoirs by complex hydrothermal fluid in southwestern Sichuan Basin,petrology,geochemistry,fluid inclusion and U-Pb dating researches are conducted.The fractures and vugs of Middle Permian Qixia–Maokou formations are filled with multi-stage medium-coarse saddle dolomites and associated hydrothermal minerals,which indicates that the early limestone/dolomite episodic alteration was caused by the large-scale,high-temperature,deep magnesium-rich brine along flowing channels such as basement faults or associated fractures under the tectonic compression and napping during the Indosinian.The time of magnesium-rich hydrothermal activity was from the Middle Triassic to the Late Triassic.The siliceous and calcite fillings were triggered by hydrothermal alteration in the Middle and Late Yanshanian Movement and Himalayan Movement.Hydrothermal dolomitization is controlled by fault,hydrothermal property,flowing channel and surrounding rock lithology,which occur as equilibrium effect of porosity and permeability.The thick massive grainstone/dolomites were mainly altered by modification such as hydrothermal dolomitization/recrystallization,brecciation and fracture-vugs filling.Early thin-medium packstones were mainly altered by dissolution and infilling of fracturing,bedding dolomitization,dissolution and associated mineral fillings.The dissolved vugs and fractures are the main reservoir space under hydrothermal conditions,and the connection of dissolved vugs and network fractures is favorable for forming high-quality dolomite reservoir.Hydrothermal dolomite reservoirs are developed within a range of 1 km near faults,with a thickness of 30–60 m.Hydrothermal dolomite reservoirs with local connected pore/vugs and fractures have exploration potential. | FENG Mingyou SHANG Junxin SHEN Anjiang WEN Long WANG Xingzhi XU Liang LIANG Feng LIU Xiaohong | 2024 | Petroleum Exploration and Development2024，51，1： | 0 |
| 9 | Dolomitization evolution and its effects on hydrocarbon reservoir formation from penecontemporaneous to deep burial environment显示文摘Aiming at the scientific problem that only part of dolomite acts as dolomite reservoir,this paper takes the multiple dolomite-bearing formations in the Tarim and Ordos basins,NW China and Sichuan Basin,SW China as the study object,by means of mineral petrological analysis and geochemical methods including carbonate clumped isotope,U-Pb isotopic dating,etc.,to rebuild the dolomitization pathway and evaluate its effects on reservoir formation.On the basis of detailed rock thin section observation,five dolomitic structural components are identified,including original fabric-retained dolomite(microbial and/or micrite structure),buried metasomatic dolomite I(subhedral-euhedral fine,medium and coarse crystalline structure),buried metasomatic dolomite II(allotriomorphic-subhedral fine,medium and coarse crystalline structure),buried precipitation dolomite and coarse crystalline saddle dolomite.Among them,the first three exist in the form of rocks,the latter two occur as dolomite minerals filling in pores and fractures.The corresponding petrological and geochemical identification templates for them are established.Based on the identification of the five dolomitic structural components,six dolomitization pathways for three types of reservoirs(preserved dolomite,reworked dolomite and limestone buried dolomitization)are distinguished.The initial porosity of the original rock before dolomitization and the dolomitization pathway are the main factors controlling the development of dolomite reservoirs.The preserved dolomite and reworked dolomite types have the most favorable dolomitization pathway for reservoir formation,and are large scale and controlled by sedimentary facies in development and distribution,making them the first choices for oil and gas exploration in deep carbonate formations. | SHEN Anjiang LUO Xianying HU Anping QIAO Zhanfeng ZHANG Jie | 2022 | Petroleum Exploration and Development2022，49，4： | 0 |
| 10 | LA-ICP-MS U-Pb Age, Clumped and Stable Isotope Constraints on the Origin of Middle Permian Coarse-Crystalline Dolomite Reservoirs in Northwest Sichuan Basin, Southwest China显示文摘Objective The recent discovery of commercial natural gas accumulations in the Middle Permian coarse-crystalline dolomites in the northwest Sichuan Basin has attracted attention to the formation mechanism of these deep-burial carbonate reservoirs.Due to their temporal relationship to the flooded basalts that represent the end-Middle-Permian Emeishan Large Igneous Province(ELIP),the Middle Permian dolomites were prev iously thought to be products of hydrothermal dolomitization related to the ELIP magmatism.Field and core observations,however,show that the occurrence and distribution of these dolomites are not controlled by faults,the supposed conduits for hydrothermal fluids.Conversely,they are somewhat strata-bound.Hence,the objective of this study,by employing LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating,clumped isotope thermometry(047)and routine stable isotope geochemistry(C carbon,O oxygen and Sr strontium isotopes),is to re-evaluate the genesis of these dolomite reservoirs,with special attention focusing on the diagenetic environment and timing of dolomitization,and the attributes of dolomitizing fluids. | PAN Liyin SHEN Anjiang HU Anping HAO Yi ZHAO Jianxin | 2020 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2020，94，4： | 0 |
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