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| 1 | Hydrochemistry of Rara Lake: A Ramsar lake from the southern slope of the central Himalayas,Nepal显示文摘High-altitude Himalayan lakes act as natural storage for environmental evidence related to climate change and environmental factors.A great number of lakes are distributed in the southern slope area of the central Himalayas;however,research concerning the hydrochemical processes of these lakes is still insufficient.Herein,we present a comprehensive study on the water chemistry of the lake waters and the inlet stream waters from Rara Lake in western Nepal based upon samples collected in November 2018.The p H,dissolved oxygen,chlorophyll-aconcentration(chl-a),water temperature,electric conductivity(EC)and total dissolved solids(TDS)were measured in situ,and the concentrations of major ions(Ca^(2+),Mg^(2+),K^(+),Na^(+),Cl^(-),SO_(4)^(2-),and NO_(3)^(-))were analyzed in the laboratory.The results revealed that the water in Rara Lake is slightly alkaline,with p H values ranging from 7.6-7.98.The cations,in decreasing order of concentration in the lake water,are Ca^(2+)>Mg^(2+)>K^(+)>Na^(+)with average concentrations of20.64 mg·L^(-1),11.78 mg·L^(-1),1.48 mg·L^(-1) and 0.72 mg·L^(-1),respectively;the order and concentrations for the anions is HCO_(3)^(-)>SO_(4)^(2-)>Cl^(-)>NO_(3)^(-),with average concentrations of 122.15 mg·L-1,2.15 mg·L-1,0.46mg·L-1 and 0.55 mg·L-1,respectively.The dominant cation and anion in the lake water are Ca2+and HCO3-and they account for 48.14%and 71.8%of the totals,respectively.The range of lake water TDS is from 95mg·L^(-1) to 98 mg·L^(-1),with an average of 96.85 mg·L^(-1).The high ratio of(Ca^(2+)+Mg^(2+))to total cations and the low ratio of(Na^(+)+K^(+))to total cations indicate that Rara Lake receives ions from rock weathering,especially from carbonate rocks.Similarly,Gibbs boomerang diagrams and Piper diagrams also support the hydrochemistry of Rara Lake as being dominated by rock-weathering patterns.Likewise,other statistical analysis tools,such as Principal Component Analysis(PCA)and correlation strongly suggest the dominance of weathering of calcium and magnesium bicarbonate rocks as the major source of ions in Rara Lake.However,several traces of anthropogenic inputs into the lake were noticed,and the hypolimnion in the lake appears to be oxygen deficient,which may not be an issue at present but cannot be ignored in the future. | KAPHLE Binija WANGJun-bo KAI Jin-lei LYU Xin-miao PAUDAYAL Khum Narayan ADHIKARI Subash | 2021 | Journal of Mountain Science2021，18，1： | 1 |
| 2 | Hydrochemical characterization and irrigation suitability of the Ganges Brahmaputra River System:review and assessment显示文摘The hydrochemical characterization and irrigation suitability assessment of the GangesBrahmaputra River System(GBRS)has immense importance for the livelihoods of people and ecosystem sustainability in the region.This study aims to assess the hydrochemical characteristics and evaluate the irrigation suitability of water in the GBRS by reviewing published literature of the major tributaries.The studied rivers were categorized into two groups namely Group-1 and Group-2 considering the similarities of climatic patterns,hydrochemical attributes,and drainage characteristics.The hydrochemistry of the river water was characterized by the Piper diagram,Gibbs plot,mixing plots,and ionic ratios.Furthermore,irrigation water qualities were evaluated by electrical conductivity(EC),sodium percentage(Na%),sodium adsorption ratio(SAR),magnesium hazard(MH),and Wilcox diagram.The results indicated that the hydrochemistry of the GBRS was slightly alkaline to alkaline(7.42-8.78)in nature.The average concentrations of most of the chemical attributes showed higher in Group-1,whereas the average concentrations of K^(+) and NO_(3)^(-) were found higher in Group-2.The average concentration of the major ions followed the dominancy order Ca^(2+)>Mg^(2+)>Na^(+)>K^(+) for cations and HCO_(3)^(-)>SO_(4)^(2-)>Cl^(-)>NO_(3)^(-) for anions in both groups.Gibbs plot and mixing plot indicated that carbonate rock weathering dominates the hydrochemical process,which was further confirmed by the Piper diagram and the ionic ratios.From the analyses of irrigational water quality,almost all the rivers(except Gomti River in terms of MH and Rangit River in terms of Na%)in the GBRS were found to be suitable based on EC,SAR,Na%,MH,and Wilcox diagram.Finally,the majority of river systems in the GBRS were characterized by carbonate dominated lithology and irrigational water quality is mostly suitable for utilization.This study could be useful for water quality management in the glacial-fed Himalayan river under the context of global climate change. | BISHWAKARMA Kiran WANG Guan-xing ZHANG Fan ADHIKARI Subash KARKI Kabita GHIMIRE Archana | 2022 | Journal of Mountain Science2022，19，2： | 1 |
| 3 | Bacterial Diversity in Alpine Lakes: A Review from the Third Pole Region显示文摘Microorganisms are unique among all of the living organisms because of their high population size, advanced genetic diversity, short generation time, and quick response to the small change in environmental conditions. Remote alpine lakes of the Third Pole region provide the unique habitat for microorganisms acting as a natural laboratory and offering the information about the ecological roles of microorganisms. Many researchers focused on microbial communities as well as the impact of physicochemical, biological and hydrological parameters in lakes of this region since decades but the comprehensive review focusing on bacterial diversity and the role of environmental parameters still lacks. Here we reviewed bacterial diversity in lakes of the Third Pole region by analyzing 16 S rRNA clone libraries accessed from previous research findings. A total of 5 388 bacterial 16 S rRNA gene sequences were analyzed and classified into different phylogenetic groups. The average relative abundance of dominant taxa includes Betaproteobacteria(19%), Bacteroidetes(18%), Gammaproteobacteria(16%), Actinobacteria(15%), Alphaproteobacteria(14%), Cyanobacteria(7%), and Firmicutes(5%). Several adaptational strategies were adopted by these dominant bacterial groups in order to accommodate in the respective habitat. Nevertheless, lake water properties like temperature, pH, salinity, incident UV radiation, turbidity, and nutrients also played role in bacterial diversity. | Namita Paudel Adhikari Subash Adhikari Xiaobo Liu Liang Shen Zhengquan Gu | 2019 | Journal of Earth Science2019，30，2： | 1 |
| 4 | 尼泊尔的应急管理简介显示文摘尼泊尔地处喜马拉雅山脉南麓,位于中国和印度两国之间,是一个典型的山区内陆国。由于受到南亚季风和喜马拉雅地震带的长期影响形成的特殊地形地理、气候条件、地质构造和缺少城市规划,尼泊尔是世界上最易发生灾害的国家之一(见图1)。 | 田兵伟 Basanta Raj Adhikari Subash Thapaliya | 2020 | 中国应急管理2020，，8： | 0 |
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