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| 1 | An update on the molecular biology of glioblastoma,with clinical implications and progress in its treatment显示文摘Glioblastoma multiforme(GBM)is the most aggressive and common malig-nant primary brain tumor.Patients with GBM often have poor prognoses,with a median survival of∼15 months.Enhanced understanding of the molecular biology of central nervous system tumors has led to modifications in their classifications,the most recent of which classified these tumors into new categories and made some changes in their nomenclature and grading system.This review aims to give a panoramic view of the last 3 years’findings in glioblastoma characterization,its heterogeneity,and current advances in its treatment.Several molecular parameters have been used to achieve an accurate and personalized characterization of glioblastoma in patients,including epigenetic,genetic,transcriptomic and metabolic features,as well as age-and sex-related patterns and the involvement of several noncoding RNAs in glioblastoma progression.Astrocyte-like neural stem cells and outer radial glial-like cells from the subven-tricular zone have been proposed as agents involved in GBM of IDH-wildtype origin,but this remains controversial.Glioblastoma metabolism is characterized by upregulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway,promotion of the gly-colytic flux,maintenance of lipid storage,and other features.This metabolism also contributes to glioblastoma’s resistance to conventional therapies.Tumor heterogeneity,a hallmark of GBM,has been shown to affect the genetic expresion,modulation of metabolic pathways,and immune system evasion.GBM’s aggressive invasion potential is modulated by cell-to-cell crosstalk within the tumor microenvironment and altered expressions of specific genes,such as ANXA2,GBP2,FN1,PHIP,and GLUT3.Nevertheless,the rising number of active clinical trials illustrates the efforts to identify new targets and drugs to treat this malignancy.Immunotherapy is still relevant for research purposes,given the amount of ongoing clinical trials based on this strategy to treat GBM,and neoantigen and nucleic acid-based vaccines are gaining importance due to their antitumoral activity by inducing the immune response.Furthermore,there are clinical trials focused on the PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis,angiogenesis,and tumor heterogeneity for developing molecular-targeted therapies against GBM.Other strategies,such as nanodelivery and computational models,may improve the drug pharmacokinetics and the prognosis of patients with GBM. | Elena Verdugo Iker Puerto MiguelÁngel Medina | 2022 | Cancer Communications2022，42，11： | 2 |
| 2 | Loss of p53 induces changes in the behaviour of subventricular zone cells:implications for the genesis of glial tumors显示文摘 | ] GIL-PEROTIN S VERDUGO J M LI J | 2006 | J Neurosci2006，26，4： | 1 |
| 3 | The steady state of sandy soils 显示文摘 | Verdugo R Ishihara K | 1996 | Soils and foundations1996，36，2： | 1 |
| 4 | Clinical, tomographic, and histological assessment of periosteal guided bone regeneration with cortical perforations in advanced human critical size defects显示文摘 | Verdugo F D' Addona A Ponton J | 2012 | Clin Implant Dent RelatRes2012，14，11： | 1 |
| 5 | Figueroa FE: Stern cells for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases An update显示文摘 | Bartolucci J Verdugo FJ Larrea R etal | 2014 | Revista medica de Chile2014，142，8： | 1 |
| 6 | The steady state of sandy soils显示文摘 | Verdugo R Ishihara K | 1996 | Soils and Foundations1996，36，2： | 1 |
| 7 | The Steady state of sandy soils显示文摘 | Verdugo R Ishihara K | 1996 | Soils and Foundations1996，，2： | 1 |
| 8 | Spontaneous assembly of marine dissolved organic matter into polymer gels 显示文摘 | Chin W C Orellana M V Verdugo P | 1998 | Nature1998，391，6667： | 1 |
| 9 | Chronic stress alters synaptic terminal structure in hippocampus 显示文摘 | Magarinos AM Verdugo JM McEwen BS | 1997 | Proc Nat1 AcadSci USA1997，94，14： | 1 |
| 10 | Chronic stress alters synaptic terminal structure in hippocampus显示文摘 | Magarios AM Verdugo JM Bruce SM | 1997 | Proc Narl Acad Sci USA1997，94，14： | 1 |
| 11 | The steady state of sandy soils显示文摘 | I Verdugo R Ishihara K | 1996 | Soils and Foundations1996，36，2： | 1 |
| 12 | The steady state of sandy soils 显示文摘 | VERDUGO R ISHIHARA K | 1996 | Soils and Foundations1996，36，2： | 1 |
| 13 | Phytostabilization of copper mine tailings withbiosolids: Implications for metal uptake andproductivity of Lolium perenne 显示文摘 | Santibanez C Verdugo C Ginocchio R | 2008 | Science of TheTotal Environment2008，395，： | 1 |
| 14 | Surgical versus non - sur- gical treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome 显示文摘 | Verdugo RJ Salinas RA Castillo JL | 2008 | Coehrane Database Syst Rev2008，，00： | 1 |
| 15 | Spinning cone column isolation of rosemary essential oil显示文摘 | M.F. Graber J.R. Pérez-Correa G. Verdugo J.M. Del Valle E. Agosin | 2009 | Food Control2009，，5： | 1 |
| 16 | Stimulus -response coupling in mammalian ciliated cells: demonstration of two mechanisms of control for cytosolic Ca2 + 显示文摘 | Villalo'n M Hinds T R Verdugo P | 1989 | Biophys J1989，56，： | 1 |
| 17 | Fusion of bonemarrow-derived cells with Purkinje neurons,cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes显示文摘 | ALVAREZ DOLADO M PARDAL R GARCIA VERDUGO J M | 2003 | Nature2003，425，6961： | 1 |
| 18 | The steady state of sandy sils 显示文摘 | Verdugo R Ishihara K | 1996 | Soils and Foundations1996，36，2： | 1 |
| 19 | Phytostabilization of copper mine railings with biosolids: Implications for metal uptake and pro-duetivity of Lolium perenne显示文摘 | Santibaμxez C Verdugo C Ginocchio R | 2008 | Science of The Total Environment2008，395，： | 1 |
| 20 | The steady state of sandy soils 显示文摘 | R Verdugo K Ishihara | 1996 | Soils And Foundations1996，36，2： | 1 |
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