| 1 | The role of the androgen receptor in prostate development and benign prostatic hyperplasia:A review显示文摘Benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH)is a benign enlargement of the prostate in which incidence increases linearly with age,beginning at about 50 years old.BPH is a significant source of morbidity in aging men by causing lower urinary tract symptoms and acute urinary retention.Unfortunately,the etiology of BPH incidence and progression is not clear.This review highlights the role of the androgen receptor(AR)in prostate development and the evidence for its involvement in BPH.The AR is essential for normal prostate development,and individuals with defective AR signaling,such as after castration,do not experience prostate enlargement with age.Furthermore,decreasing dihydrotestosterone availability through therapeutic targeting with 5a-reductase inhibitors diminishes AR activity and results in reduced prostate size and symptoms in some BPH patients.While there is some evidence that AR expression is elevated in certain cellular compartments,how exactly AR is involved in BPH progression has yet to be elucidated.It is possible that AR signaling within stromal cells alters intercellular signaling and a“reawakening”of the embryonic mesenchyme,loss of epithelial AR leads to changes in paracrine signaling interactions,and/or chronic inflammation aids in stromal or epithelial proliferation evident in BPH.Unfortunately,a subset of patients fails to respond to current medical approaches,forcing surgical treatment even though age or associated co-morbidities make surgery less attractive.Fundamentally,new therapeutic approaches to treat BPH are not currently forthcoming,so a more complete molecular understanding of BPH etiology is necessary to identify new treatment options. | Renee E.Vickman Omar E.Franco Daniel C.Moline Donald J.Vander Griend Praveen Thumbikat Simon W.Hayward | 2020 | Asian Journal of Urology2020，7，3： | 11 |
| 3 | 尼泊尔用于缓解人与野生动物冲突之电篱笆经济效用分析(英文)显示文摘人与野生动物冲突是全世界自然保护工作所面临的最大挑战之一。为降低这些冲突的影响,各国采取了各种保护策略,但这些策略常常得不到足够的监测,其效力也得不到充分的评估。近年来,作为降低人与野生动物冲突的一项措施,尼泊尔各保护区周围建起了电篱笆。到目前为止,未见有其他针对保护工作中采用电篱笆的成本效率及其功效开展分析的研究。本研究的目的是检验尼泊尔近年来设立于旺国家公园东区的电篱笆的成本效率。印度犀牛(Rhinoceros unicornis)、野猪(Sus scrofa)、亚洲象(Elephas maximus)、老虎(Panthera tigris)是该国家公园周边缓冲区涉及人与野生动物冲突的主要物种,这里建有电篱笆。电篱笆使庄稼受损减少78%,家畜损失减少30%-60%。研究区的人类死亡数未表现出显著下降,而是继续维持较低数值。我们的分析表明,至2009/2010财政年度,电篱笆成本的总净现值,卡根社区(KMUC)为1 517 959尼泊尔卢比(21 685美元),姆瑞加社区(MKUC)为3 530 075卢比(50 429美元);而净现收益,卡根社区为16 301 105卢比(232 872美元),姆瑞加社区为38 304 602卢比(547 208美元)。至2009/2010基准财政年度,电篱笆的成本-效益比率,卡根社区为10.73,姆瑞加社区为10.85。这些结果表明,在大型哺乳动物出没的保护区周围,电篱笆计划在降低人与野生动物冲突方面,既有经济效益,又有很好的社会效益。 | Saraswoti SAPKOTA Achyut ARYAL Shanta Ram BARAL Matt W.HAYWARD David RAUBENHEIMER | 2014 | Journal of Resources and Ecology2014，5，3： | 0 |
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