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| 1 | Gain-Enhanced Metamaterial Based Antenna for 5G Communication Standards显示文摘Metamaterial surfaces play a vital role to achieve the surface waves suppression and in-phase reflection,in order to improve the antenna performance.In this paper,the performance comparison of a fifth generation(5G)antenna design is analyzed and compared with a metamaterial-based antenna for 5G communication system applications.Metamaterial surface is utilized as a reflector due to its in-phase reflection characteristic and high-impedance nature to improve the gain of an antenna.As conventional conducting ground plane does not give enough surface waves suppression which affects the antenna performance in terms of efficiency and gain etc.These factors are well considered in this work and improved by using the metamaterial surface.The radiating element of the proposed metamaterial based antenna is made up of copper material which is backed by the substrate,i.e.,Rogers-4003 with a standard thickness,loss tangent and a relative permittivity of 1.524 mm,0.0027 and 3.55,correspondingly.The proposed antenna with and without metamaterial surface operates at the central frequency of 3.32 GHz and 3.60 GHz,correspondingly.The traditional antenna yields a boresight gain of 2.76 dB which is further improved to 6.26 dB,using the metamaterial surface.The radiation efficiency of the proposed metamaterial-based 5G antenna is above 85%at the desired central frequency. | Daniyal Ali Sehrai Fazal Muhammad Saad Hassan Kiani Ziaul Haq Abbas Muhammad Tufail Sunghwan Kim | 2020 | Computers, Materials & Continua2020，，9： | 0 |
| 2 | Comprehensive Utility Function for Resource Allocation in Mobile Edge Computing显示文摘In mobile edge computing(MEC),one of the important challenges is how much resources of which mobile edge server(MES)should be allocated to which user equipment(UE).The existing resource allocation schemes only consider CPU as the requested resource and assume utility for MESs as either a random variable or dependent on the requested CPU only.This paper presents a novel comprehensive utility function for resource allocation in MEC.The utility function considers the heterogeneous nature of applications that a UE offloads to MES.The proposed utility function considers all important parameters,including CPU,RAM,hard disk space,required time,and distance,to calculate a more realistic utility value for MESs.Moreover,we improve upon some general algorithms,used for resource allocation in MEC and cloud computing,by considering our proposed utility function.We name the improved versions of these resource allocation schemes as comprehensive resource allocation schemes.The UE requests are modeled to represent the amount of resources requested by the UE as well as the time for which the UE has requested these resources.The utility function depends upon the UE requests and the distance between UEs and MES,and serves as a realistic means of comparison between different types of UE requests.Choosing(or selecting)an optimal MES with the optimal amount of resources to be allocated to each UE request is a challenging task.We show that MES resource allocation is sub-optimal if CPU is the only resource considered.By taking into account the other resources,i.e.,RAM,disk space,request time,and distance in the utility function,we demonstrate improvement in the resource allocation algorithms in terms of service rate,utility,and MES energy consumption. | Zaiwar Ali Sadia Khaf Ziaul Haq Abbas Ghulam Abbas Lei Jiao Amna Irshad Kyung Sup Kwak Muhammad Bilal | 2021 | Computers, Materials & Continua2021，，2： | 0 |
| 3 | Authentication of Vehicles and Road Side Units in Intelligent Transportation System显示文摘Security threats to smart and autonomous vehicles cause potential consequences such as traffic accidents,economically damaging traffic jams,hijacking,motivating to wrong routes,and financial losses for businesses and governments.Smart and autonomous vehicles are connected wirelessly,which are more attracted for attackers due to the open nature of wireless communication.One of the problems is the rogue attack,in which the attacker pretends to be a legitimate user or access point by utilizing fake identity.To figure out the problem of a rogue attack,we propose a reinforcement learning algorithm to identify rogue nodes by exploiting the channel state information of the communication link.We consider the communication link between vehicle-to-vehicle,and vehicle-to-infrastructure.We evaluate the performance of our proposed technique by measuring the rogue attack probability,false alarm rate(FAR),mis-detection rate(MDR),and utility function of a receiver based on the test threshold values of reinforcement learning algorithm.The results show that the FAR and MDR are decreased significantly by selecting an appropriate threshold value in order to improve the receiver’s utility. | Muhammad Waqas Shanshan Tu Sadaqat Ur Rehman Zahid Halim Sajid Anwar Ghulam Abbas Ziaul Haq Abbas Obaid Ur Rehman | 2020 | Computers, Materials & Continua2020，，7： | 0 |
| 4 | Physical Layer Authentication Using Ensemble Learning Technique in Wireless Communications显示文摘Cyber-physical wireless systems have surfaced as an important data communication and networking research area.It is an emerging discipline that allows effective monitoring and efficient real-time communication between the cyber and physical worlds by embedding computer software and integrating communication and networking technologies.Due to their high reliability,sensitivity and connectivity,their security requirements are more comparable to the Internet as they are prone to various security threats such as eavesdropping,spoofing,botnets,man-in-the-middle attack,denial of service(DoS)and distributed denial of service(DDoS)and impersonation.Existing methods use physical layer authentication(PLA),themost promising solution to detect cyber-attacks.Still,the cyber-physical systems(CPS)have relatively large computational requirements and require more communication resources,thus making it impossible to achieve a low latency target.These methods perform well but only in stationary scenarios.We have extracted the relevant features from the channel matrices using discrete wavelet transformation to improve the computational time required for data processing by considering mobile scenarios.The features are fed to ensemble learning algorithms,such as AdaBoost,LogitBoost and Gentle Boost,to classify data.The authentication of the received signal is considered a binary classification problem.The transmitted data is labeled as legitimate information,and spoofing data is illegitimate information.Therefore,this paper proposes a threshold-free PLA approach that uses machine learning algorithms to protect critical data from spoofing attacks.It detects the malicious data packets in stationary scenarios and detects them with high accuracy when receivers are mobile.The proposed model achieves better performance than the existing approaches in terms of accuracy and computational time by decreasing the processing time. | Muhammad Waqas Shehr Bano Fatima Hassan Shanshan Tu Ghulam Abbas Ziaul Haq Abbas | 2022 | Computers, Materials & Continua2022，，12： | 0 |
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