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| 1 | Organic chloramines in chlorine-based disinfected water systems: A critical review显示文摘This paper is a critical review of current knowledge of organic chloramines in water systems,including their formation, stability, toxicity, analytical methods for detection, and their impact on drinking water treatment and quality. The term organic chloramines may refer to any halogenated organic compounds measured as part of combined chlorine(the difference between the measured free and total chlorine concentrations), and may include N-chloramines,N-chloramino acids, N-chloraldimines and N-chloramides. Organic chloramines can form when dissolved organic nitrogen or dissolved organic carbon react with either free chlorine or inorganic chloramines. They are potentially harmful to humans and may exist as an intermediate for other disinfection by-products. However, little information is available on the formation or occurrence of organic chloramines in water due to a number of challenges. One of the biggest challenges for the identification and quantification of organic chloramines in water systems is the lack of appropriate analytical methods. In addition, many of the organic chloramines that form during disinfection are unstable, which results in difficulties in sampling and detection. To date research has focussed on the study of organic monochloramines.However, given that breakpoint chlorination is commonly undertaken in water treatment systems, the formation of organic dichloramines should also be considered. Organic chloramines can be formed from many different precursors and pathways. Therefore, studying the occurrence of their precursors in water systems would enable better prediction and management of their formation. | Zuo Tong How Ina Kristiana Francesco Busetti Kathryn L.Linge Cynthia A.Joll | 2017 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2017，29，8： | 11 |
| 2 | Experimental and theoretical insight into carbamazepine degradation by chlorine-based advanced oxidation processes:Efficiency,energy consumption,mechanism and DBPs formation显示文摘Chlorine has been widely used in different advanced oxidation processes(AOPs)for micropollutants removal.In this study,different chlorine-based AOPs,namely medium pressure(MP)UV/chlorine,low pressure(LP)UV/chlorine,and in-situ chlorination,were compared for carbamazepine(CBZ)removal efficiency,energy consumption,and disinfection by-products(DBPs)formation.All three processes could achieve nearly 100%CBZ removal,while the reaction time needed by in-situ chlorination was double the time required by UV/chlorine processes.The energy consumed per magnitude of CBZ removed(EE/O)of MP UV/chlorine was 13 times higher than that of LP UV/chlorine,and relative to that of in-situ chlorination process.Accordingly,MP and LP UV/chlorine processes generated one to two orders of magnitude more hydroxyl radicals(^(·)OH)and reactive chlorine species(RCS)than in-situ chlorination.Besides,RCS were the dominant reactive species,contributing to 78.3%,75.6%,and 71.6% of CBZ removal in MP,LP UV/chlorine,and in-situ chlorination,respectively.According to the Gibbs free energy barriers between CBZ and RCS/^(·)OH calculated based on density functional theory(DFT),RCS had more reaction routes with CBZ and showed lower energy barrier in the main CBZ degradation pathways like epoxidation and formation of iminostilbene.When applied to secondary wastewater effluent,UV/chlorine and in-situ chlorination produced overall DBPs ranging from 104.77 to 135.41μg/L.However,the production of chlorate during UV/chlorine processes was 15 times higher than that during in-situ chlorination. | Chunwei Liu Zuo Tong How Yue Ju Li Feng Xuefeng Ren Mohamed Gamal El-Din | 2024 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2024，，5： | 0 |
| 3 | Using immune cell-based bioactivity assays to compare the inflammatory activities of oil sands process-affected waters from a pilot scale demonstration pit lake显示文摘In this study,we provide evidence that oil sands process-affected waters(OSPW)contain factors that activate the antimicrobial and proinflammatory responses of immune cells.Specifically,using the murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line,we establish the bioactivity of two different OSPW samples and their isolated fractions.Here,we directly compared the bioactivity of two pilot scale demonstration pit lake(DPL)water samples,which included expressed water from treated tailings(termed the before water capping sample;BWC)as well as an after water capping(AWC)sample consisting of a mixture of expressed water,precipitation,upland runoff,coagulated OSPW and added freshwater.Significant inflammatory(i.e.macrophage activating)bioactivity was associated with the AWC sample and its organic fraction(OF),whereas the BWC sample had reduced bioactivity that was primarily associated with its inorganic fraction(IF).Overall,these results indicate that at non-toxic exposure doses,the RAW 264.7 cell line serves as an acute,sensitive and reliable biosensor for the screening of inflammatory constituents within and among discrete OSPW samples. | Dustin M.E.Lillico Nora A.S.Hussain Yemaya Y.Choo-Yin Rui Qin Zuo Tong How Mohamed Gamal El-Din James L.Stafford | 2023 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2023，，6： | 0 |
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