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| 1 | Evaluation of Snow Depth and Snow Cover Fraction Simulated by Two Versions of the Flexible Global Ocean–Atmosphere–Land System Model显示文摘Based on historical runs, one of the core experiments of the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP5), the snow depth(SD) and snow cover fraction(SCF) simulated by two versions of the Flexible Global Ocean– Atmosphere–Land System(FGOALS) model, Grid-point Version 2(g2) and Spectral Version 2(s2), were validated against observational data. The results revealed that the spatial pattern of SD and SCF over the Northern Hemisphere(NH) are simulated well by both models, except over the Tibetan Plateau, with the average spatial correlation coefficient over all months being around 0.7 and 0.8 for SD and SCF, respectively. Although the onset of snow accumulation is captured well by the two models in terms of the annual cycle of SD and SCF, g2 overestimates SD/SCF over most mid- and high-latitude areas of the NH. Analysis showed that g2 produces lower temperatures than s2 because it considers the indirect effects of aerosols in its atmospheric component, which is the primary driver for the SD/SCF difference between the two models. In addition, both models simulate the significant decreasing trend of SCF well over(30°–70°N) in winter during the period 1971–94. However, as g2 has a weak response to an increase in the concentration of CO2and lower climate sensitivity, it presents weaker interannual variation compared to s2. | XIA Kun WANG Bin LI Lijuan SHEN Si HUANG Wenyu XU Shiming DONG Li LIU Li | 2014 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2014，31，2： | 3 |
| 2 | 冰晶核化对雷暴云闪电行为影响的数值模拟研究显示文摘为了探讨冰晶核化对雷暴云闪电行为的影响,通过已有的三维对流云起、放电模式探讨对比了3种冰晶核化方案,分别为原模式中的经验公式YS方案及与气溶胶相关的DE方案和LP方案。研究表明冰晶核化方案对雷暴云内冰晶微物理发展特征、起电及放电过程均有一定影响。模拟结果显示:(1)考虑了气溶胶的两种新参数化方案中冰晶粒子在高温区(高于-13.8℃)出现,在雷暴云发展过程中DE方案和LP方案冰晶的垂直分布均大于YS方案。(2)DE方案和LP方案中高温区出现的冰晶所带电荷极性有明显的反转现象,导致雷暴云电荷结构产生差异;雷暴云发展旺盛时刻DE方案和LP方案出现三级性电荷结构,而YS方案在整个雷暴云过程都是偶极性,并且DE方案和LP方案中电荷空间分布区域更加广泛。(3)不同核化方案下雷暴云放电特征存在差异,YS方案在偶极性电荷结构背景下没有负地闪产生,而DE方案和LP方案中次正电荷区的存在促进了负地闪的发生,并且负先导出现在较低的高度范围内;DE方案和LP方案中电荷量级较大,因此云闪发生频次以及正、负先导传播次数增加明显。 | 谭涌波 向春燕 马肖 夏艳羚 张鑫 | 2017 | 气象学报2017，75，2： | 1 |
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