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| 1 | Development of and Perspective on High-Performance Nanostructured Bainitic Bearing Steel显示文摘Bearings are the most important component of nearly all mechanical equipment, as they guarantee the steady running of the equipment, which is especially important for high-end equipment such as highspeed trains and shield tunneling machines. Requirements regarding the quality of bearings are increasing with the rapid development in technology. A country’s bearings manufacturing level directly reflects the level of that country’s steel metallurgy and machinery manufacturing. The performance of the bearing steel is the critical factor that determines the quality of a bearing. The development of new bearing steel with higher performance is the ambition of material researchers and the expectation of the manufacturing industry. Many famous bearing manufacturing enterprises are competing to develop the new generation of bearing steel. Nanostructured bainitic bearing steel (NBBS), which is a newly developed bearing steel, not only possesses high strength and toughness, but also exhibits excellent wear resistance and rolling contact fatigue (RCF) resistance. In recent years, relevant achievements in NBBS in China have led to significant progress in this field. NBBS was first used in China to manufacture large bearings for wind turbines and heavy-duty bearings, with excellent performance. As a result, NBBS and its corresponding heat-treatment process have been included in the national and industry standards for the first time. The bearing industry considers the exploitation of NBBS to be epoch-making, and has termed this kind of bearing as the second generation of bainitic bearing. In this paper, the development of NBBS is reviewed in detail, including its advantages and disadvantages. Further research directions for NBBS are also proposed. | Fucheng Zhang Zhinan Yang | 2019 | Engineering2019，5，2： | 29 |
| 2 | Stability of Ultra-fine Microstructures during Tempering显示文摘The stability of ultra-fine microstructure during tempering at 650℃ was investigated on a Nb-containing steel. The steel had undergone 5 passes controlled rolling, then was relaxed (air cooled) to 730 ℃ and cooled in water The evolution of microstructure was that, in early stage of tempering, no obvious change was detected by means of optical microscopy while dislocation cells were formed inside bainitic laths. With further tempering, bainitic laths started to coalesce in some regions. Finally, polygonal ferrite was formed while hardness decreased dramatically. Some samples taken from the same primary plate were reheated at 930 ℃for 0.5 h followed by quenching into water before tempering. Despite their lower original hardness, the reheated samples softened faster during tempering. Ferrite was quickly formed in the reheated samples. These results indicate that the evolution of microstructures towards equilibrium during tempering of the steel is mainly determined by whether dislocations are pinned rather than the dislocation density. | Shanwu Yang, Chengjia Shang,Xinlai He, Xuemin Wang, Yi Yuan (Material Science and Engineering School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China) | 2001 | Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing2001，8，2： | 25 |
| 3 | New Duplex Microstructure of Grain Boundary Allotriomorphic Ferrite/Granular Bainite显示文摘As-rolled microstructure and mechanical properties of a new kind of grain boundary allotriomorphic ferrite/granular bainite duplex steel plate and its crack propagation behavior were investigated in comparison with simple granular bainitic steel plate. These new duplex plate steels possess better combination of strength and toughness than granular bainite plate steels under the conditions of conventional rolling and air-cooling. The observation of fatigue crack propagation behaviors showed that the existence of proper grain boundary allotriomorphic ferrite increases the compatible deformation ability of duplex microstructure and leads to the formation of crack branching and curving route, and it has an evidently blunting effect on microcrack tip and results in higher impact toughness. In addition, the new duplex steel plate also has good weldability as hot-rolled high strength low alloy structural steel. | XU Ping-guang FANG Hong-sheng BAI Bing-zhe WANG Zhen-jia YANG Zhi-gang HUANG Jin-feng | 2002 | Journal of Iron and Steel Research(International)2002，9，2： | 16 |
| 4 | Tempering Behavior of Ductile 1700 MPa Mn-Si-Cr-C Steel Treated by Quenching and Partitioning Process Incorporating Bainite Formation显示文摘We obtained a good combination of strength and ductility in a 0.4C-2.0Mn-1.7Si-0.4Cr(wt%) steel,namely,~1.7 GPa of ultimate tensile strength and ~26% of elongation,by conducting a Q-P-T(quenching-partitioning- tempering) process incorporating the formation of carbide-free bainite. The tempering behavior of this steel was discussed by using experimental finding(scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction(XRD),transmission electron microscopy and dilatometer) and CCE(constrained carbon equilibrium) modeling. The XRD results combined with CCE calculation prove that carbon partitioning from martensite to austenite occurs during tempering. Consequently,the thermodynamic stability of retained austenite is enhanced. This idea can be utilized to design novel Q-P-T processes in future. | Guhui Gao Han Zhang Xiaolu Gui Zhunli Tan Bingzhe Bai | 2015 | Journal of Materials Science & Technology2015，31，2： | 10 |
| 5 | In-situ observation of microstructural evolution in reheated low carbon bainite weld metals with various Ni contents显示文摘Microstructural evolution in weld metals was in-situ observed through utilizing a laser scanning confocal microscope at two cooling rates.The specimens with various nickel contents were adopted for the observation.In the specimen with low fraction of Ni(≤2 wt.%),granular bainite microstructure(i.e.broad surface relief)transformation from intragranular nucleation site was in-situ observed,while,lath bainite microstructure originating from grain boundary of austenite was in-situ observed for specimens with high mass percentage of Ni(≥4 wt.%).With increasing nickel content,the transformation temperature dropped.The prior austenite grain size was initially depressed and subsequently coarsened dramatically with the addition of Ni.The microstructure difference was ascribed to various nucleation sites and growth direction in the matrix.On account of those observations,not only the chemical component,cooling rate and microstructure were systematically correlated,but also the microstructural evolution was definite. | Gao-jun Mao Rui Cao Jian-hong Chen Xi-li Guo Yong Jiang | 2017 | Journal of Iron and Steel Research(International)2017，24，12： | 4 |
| 6 | INFLUENCE OF HOT DEFORMATION ON CONTINUOUSCOOLING BAINITIC TRANSFORMATION IN A LOWCARBON STEEL显示文摘The influence of hot deformation conditions on continuous cooling bainitic transformation has been investigated for a low carbon microalloyed steel. The CCT diagrams show that deformation in unrecrpstallized austcnite ation can accelerate transformation process. Bainitic transformation in intermediate transformation temperature region is prominent, and the proeutectoid polygonal ferrite transformation at evelated high temperature is suppressed. According to optical and TEM analyses, low carbon bainitic ferrite is characterized by granular and lathlike ferrite, based on the cooling rate and deformation conditions. For nondeformation, groaps of coarse parallel ferrite lath form from the prior austenite grain boundaries with the same crystallographic orientation. For heavy deformaton, cell structure within the austenite grains due to the high dislocation density formed, which provides more nucleation sites for bainite ferrite. So deformation can discontinue the growth of ferrite laths and decrease the length of ferrite laths. | Z.D.Wang J.B.Qu X.H.Liu G.D.Wang | 1998 | Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters)1998，11，2： | 4 |
| 7 | A study on controlled cooling process for making bainitic ductile iron显示文摘In the present research, TTT curve of bainitic ductile iron under the condition of controlled cooling was generated. The cooling rate of grinding ball and its temperature distribution were also measured at the same time. It can be concluded that the bainitic zone of TTT curve is separated from the pearlitic zone. As compared to the water-quenching condition, more even cooling rate and temperature distribution can be achieved in the controlled cooling process. The controlled cooling can keep away from pearlitic zone in the high temperature cooling stage and produce similar results to the process of traditional isothermal cooling with a low cooling rate in the low temperature cooling stage. | ~*Y. H. Jiang, R. Zhou, D. H. Lu(Machine College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, P. R. China) | 2004 | China Foundry2004，1，S1： | 4 |
| 8 | Roles of pre-formed martensite in below-Ms bainite formation,microstructure,strain partitioning and impact absorption energies of low-carbon bainitic steel显示文摘The roles of pre-formed martensite(PM)in below-Ms bainite formation,microstructure,crystallography,strain partitioning and mechanical properties of a low-carbon bainitic steel were investigated using electron-backscattered diffraction,transmission electron microscopy,micro digital image correlation technique and mechanical tests.It is demonstrated that the pre-formation of martensite eliminates the incubation time for bainite transformation at various austempering temperatures below Ms,indicative of its acceleration effect at the early stage of transformation.This effect is mainly attributed to the surfaces or tips of the PM acting as the nuclei of subsequently-formed bainite,with initial bainite tending to form around the PM.However,the finishing time for below-Ms bainite transformation,especially at even lower temperatures,is retarded,owing to the dividing effect of PM on parent austenite grains,the decreasing effect of lowered isothermal temperature on the diffusion rate of carbon atoms and the strengthening effect of lowered isothermal temperature on supercooled austenite.PM and its adjacent bainitic laths have nearly the same crystallographic orientation and belong to the same block.The pre-formation of martensite largely refines the bainitic blocks/laths and retained austenite.The specimens with PM show relatively uniform strain partitioning among various phases,contrasting with the specimens without PM,for which strains are highly concentrated in the bainite region nearby fresh martensite/austenite(M/A)blocks or between adjacent M/A blocks.The impact absorption energies of the specimens with PM,when austempered at 30-60℃ below Ms,are more than twice higher than those of the specimens without PM,at no expense of tensile properties. | Lihe Qian Zhi Li Tongliang Wang Dongdong Li Fucheng Zhang Jiangying Meng | 2022 | Journal of Materials Science & Technology2022，，1： | 4 |
| 9 | Effects of aging treatment on the microstructure and superelasticity of columnar-grained Cu71Al18Mn11 shape memory alloy显示文摘The effect of aging treatment on the superelasticity and martensitic transformation critical stress in columnar-grained Cu_(71)Al_(18)Mn_(11) shape memory alloy(SMA) at the temperature ranging from 250°C to 400°C was investigated. The microstructure evolution during the aging treatment was characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The results show that the plate-like bainite precipitates distribute homogeneously within austenitic grains and at grain boundaries. The volume fraction of bainite increases with the increase in aging temperature and aging time, which substantially improves the martensitic transformation critical stress of the alloy, whereas the bainite only slightly affects the superelasticity. This behavior is attributed to a coherent relationship between the bainite and the austenite, as well as to the bainite and the martensite exhibiting the same crystal structure. The variations of the martensitic transformation critical stress and the superelasticity of columnar-grained Cu_(71)Al_(18)Mn_(11) SMA with aging-temperature and aging time are described by the Austin–Rickett equation, where the activation energy of bainite precipitation is 77.2 kJ ·mol1. Finally, a columnar-grained Cu_(71)Al_(18)Mn_(11) SMA with both excellent superelasticity(5%–9%) and high martensitic transformation critical stress(443–677 MPa) is obtained through the application of the appropriate aging treatments. | Ji-li Liu Hai-you Huang Jian-xin Xie | 2016 | International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials2016，23，10： | 3 |
| 10 | Multiphase microstructure formation and its effect on fracture behavior of medium carbon high silicon high strength steel显示文摘This work investigated the evolution of multiphase microstructure and impact fracture behavior of medium carbon high silicon high strength steel subjected to the austempering treatment at 240,360,and400℃.The results show that martensite,bainite,and retained austenite(RA)are the main microstructural phases.The austempering treatments at 360 and 400℃ caused the formation of carbon-poor ferrite in the matrix,and the transformation of ultrafine bainite into coarse lath bainite and granular bainite,respectively.Thick filmy RA was distributed between bainite laths.The polygonal martensiteaustenite islands and blocky RA formed along the grain boundaries.The average carbon concentration in the matrix decreased with the temperature increase,while the impact toughness initially increased and then dropped with temperature.The quasi-cleavage brittle fracture dominated the impact fracture mechanism of the sample austempered at 240℃ by forming tearing surfaces and tearing steps.The microcracks disappeared in the RA on the prior austenite grain boundaries.On the other side,the fracture surface of the sample austempered at 360℃ exhibited ductile fracture with deep dimples and brittle fracture with cleavage river patterns.The polygonal martensite-austenite islands or blocky RA constrained the microcracks.After austempered at 400℃,the brittle fracture was dominant,showing river patterns,and the microcracks propagated through the granular bainite without any resistance. | Kui Chen Huabing Li Zhouhua Jiang Fubin Liu Congpeng Kang Xiaodong Ma Baojun Zhao | 2021 | Journal of Materials Science & Technology2021，，13： | 3 |
| 11 | Effect of laser power and deposition environment on the microstructure and properties of direct laser metal-deposited 12CrNi2 steel显示文摘Direct laser metal deposition was used for preparing blocks of steel 12CrNi2 using four different laser powers under two different deposition environments including atmospheric environment and Ar-protected chamber.The results showed that microstructures and mechanical properties were significantly affected by different laser powers.Increasing laser power and deposition in Ar chamber will lead to a decrease in the quantity and size of the voids,which brings more elongation to the samples.Bainitic microstructure was replaced by Widmanstatten ferrite and pearlite,and the amount of proeutectoid ferrite increased with increasing laser power.Moreover,microstructures of previous layers were completely altered in high laser power.Excessive heat accumulation by using high heat input can produce equiaxed ferritic grains with the pearlites in previously deposited layers.Hardness of deposited samples increased from the bottom layer toward the top layer.By using a diode laser with a spot diameter size of 2 mm,the 900-W laser power is suitable for producing crack-and void-free samples.However,post-deposition heat treatment is necessary for obtaining homogeneous desired microstructure and grain size in the manufactured samples. | Mohamad Ebrahimnia Yujiang Xie Changtai Chi | 2020 | Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters)2020，33，4： | 2 |
| 12 | Heat treatment of novel low-carbon multi-alloyed anti-wear marine steel | Jing-hua JIANG Qiu-yue WANG Ai-bin MA Jun SHI Liu-yan ZHANG Hui-dong YANG Fu-min LU Qi ZHOU | 2011 | Progress in Natural Science:Materials International2011，21，3： | 2 |
| 13 | EFFECT OF THE CONTROLLED ROLLING CONTROLLED COOLING ON STRENGTH AND DUCTILITY OF THE BAINITE MICRO ALLOYED ENGINEERING STEEL显示文摘The continuous cooling transformation of hot deformation austenite austenite of test steel and the effect of different processing schedules of controlled rolling and controlled cooling on the strength and ductility have been studied. The theory and the experiment base are presented for controlled rolling and controlled cooling of the SBL micro alloyed engineering steel. | Z. Li, G. D. Wang,X. H. Liu and C. Y. Ma The State Key Lab. of Rolling Technology and Automation, Northeastern Univarsity, Shenyang 110006 China | 2000 | Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters)2000，13，2： | 2 |
| 14 | EFFECT OF SILICON ON PRODUCING DUCTILE IRON WITH COMPLEX STRUCTURE OF BAINITE AND MARTENSITE显示文摘This paper deals with an important role of silicon in producing ductile iron with quenched complex structure of bainite and martensite. The samples are cast in permanent mold and quenched in solution of sodium silicate. The result of thc experiments shows that the austenizing temperature should rise with increasing silicon content, otherwise much undissolved ferrite is present in the matrix after quenching. However the undissolvec ferrite can be decreased greatly or even eliminated by adding appropriate amount of ooron. On this condition, the amount of bainite gets increasing and the amount of residual austenite decreasing with the silicon cortent increasing. An approach has also been made to the mechanism of the effect of silicon on the transformation of bainite in ductile iron. The T.T.T. curves measured show that the increase of sllicon content causes the curve to shift to the left. This is quite different from the fact in steel. | Y.P.Zhang J.X.Zhu Y.Q.Wang J.Y.Su | 1998 | Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters)1998，11，1： | 2 |
| 15 | Effect of Processing Parameters on Crystal Orientation of Microstructure in High Niobium-Bearing Microalloyed Steel显示文摘The present studies are aimed at understanding the effect of cooling rate and prior strain on the evolution of morphology,orientation relationship (OR) and variant selection in pipeline steel with 0.09wt% niobium.In identical prior austenite grain,all products include granular bainite(GB) by coherent transformation,keep orientation relationship (OR) with parent austenite.Fast cooling and large deformation below T nr both can raise drive force of coherent transformation and weaken variants selection,and it can generate higher frequency of high angle boundaries (HABs) (≥15degree).Moreover,large deformation by few passes below T nr can accelerate nucleation of ferrite grains at the austenite boundary by incoherent transformation.These fine grains haven't OR with prior austenite grain in any side of boundary,and exhibit significant misorientations between themselves. | Subramanian S V | 2011 | Journal of Iron and Steel Research(International)2011，18，S1： | 1 |
| 16 | Microstructure and mechanical properties of a Cr-Ni-W-Mo steel processedthermo-mechanical controlled processing显示文摘Experiments were conducted to evaluate the microstructure and tensile properties of a medium carbon Cr-Ni-W-Mo steel processedthermo-mechanical controlled processing(TMCP)with cooling at different conditions in water,oil,air or lime followedlow tempering.Compared to normal heat-treatment processing,TMCP with water-cooling after deformation enhances the yield strength and tensile strength of the steelabout 323 MPa and about 251 MPa,respectively,due to higher dislocation strengthening and grain boundary strengthening.Meanwhile,it increases the elongation by ;about 1.76%attributed to the increase in volume percentage of the retained austenite and the refined laths of tempered martensite.Slowing the cooling rate after deformation during TMCP leads to a decrease in the strength.This results the coupling effectsthe reduction in dislocation density and volume fraction of tempered martensite together with the coarseness in martensite sizes.However,cooling rate decreasing has less influences on ductility becathe improved elongation the increase in the volume fractions of both retained austenite and lower bainite together with dislocation density decreasing is compensatedthe reduced elongation coarsened grains. | Jia-xin Liang Ying-chun Wang Xing-wang Cheng Zhuang Li Jin-ke Du Shu-kui Li | 2021 | Journal of Iron and Steel Research(International)2021，28，6： | 1 |
| 17 | Real-time observation of bainite formation at heterogeneous phases in a high-strength weathering steel显示文摘Due to the excellent comprehensive mechanical properties and toughness of bainite steels,bainite is regarded as a most desirable microstructure for the new generation of high-strength weathering steels.The formation of bainite was observed in real time in a high-strength weathering steel,and the results showed that bainite laths show impingement during phase transformation.The preferred regions of nucleation sites were identified,and the growth rate of bainite was measured.The growth mechanism of bainite was demonstrated to exhibit growth rate contributions from both the diffusion mechanism and the shear mechanism.Subsequently,the heterogeneous phases that form preferred sites for bainite nucleation were quantitatively identified by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry(EDS),and calculation of phase diagram(CALPHAD).The austenite grain sizes in crease with increasing austenite temperature,which leads to longer bainite laths.The influence of a small lattice disregistry between the heterogeneous phases and bainite on the bainite nucleation was studied.The disregistries between the favorable heterogeneous phases of VN,VC,TiN,or TiC and the ot-Fe in bainite are 2.9,3.1,3.9,and 4.6%,respectively.Therefore,VN,VC,TiN,and TiC can act as highly effective nuclei for bainite during the bainite transformation. | Jian Cheng Jia-sheng Qing Yue-hua Guo Hou-fa Shen | 2019 | Journal of Iron and Steel Research(International)2019，26，3： | 1 |
| 18 | EFFECT OF MICROSTRUCTURE ON CORROSION FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF A LOW CARBON BAINITE STEEL显示文摘The behaviour towards corrosion fatigue of low carbon bainite steel with variousmicrostructures after tempered at different temperatures has been examined. The susceptibilityof the steel to corrosion fatigue may be improved by tempering at 300℃. | ZHANG Rong ZHOU Lubin, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, ChinaZHENG Wenlong HUA Huizhong, Shanghai Research Institute of Materials, Shanghai, China ZHANG Rong, Lecturer, Department of Applied Physics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China | 1992 | Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters)1992，5，7： | 1 |
| 19 | A THEORY OF C-Si SEGREGATION IN Fe-C-Si ALLOYS(Ⅰ)显示文摘Ⅰ. HYPOTHESES OF C-Si SEGREGATIONAccording to the inhomogeneous theory of solid solution, the distribution of solute atoms would be in the state of a short range order if the bond between atoms (AB) of different kinds is stronger than that between atoms (AA) or (BB) of the same kind. This leads to the hypotheses about Fe-C-Si austenite as follows: | 刘志林 牛洪军 金灿风 王斌 | 1989 | Chinese Science Bulletin1989，34，2： | 1 |
| 20 | DEFORMATION AND MICROFRACTURE OF GRANULAR BAINITE显示文摘Relationship among deformation history,fracture process and stress distribution of granularbainite has been investigated.The main process of fracture of granular bainite is the forma-tion.growth and coalescence of the microvoids.Even though the microcracks have formed atthe earlier stage of deformation,they are not fateful for fracture because in the successivedeformation stage the microcracks change their orientation toward the tensile axis.Thestrain hardening rate of granular bainite has a minimal value during the deformation process.Before and after the strain of the minimal value,the material shows different stress distribu-tion and microfracture mechanism. | CHEN Huangpu Xi’an Jiaotong University,Xi’an,China Lecturer,The Research Institute for Strength of Metals,Xi’an Jiaotong University,Xi’an 710049,China | 1992 | Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters)1992，5，6： | 1 |
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