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| 1 | Interaction between microbiota and immunity in health and disease显示文摘The interplay between the commensal microbiota and the mammalian immune system development and function includes multifold interactions in homeostasis and disease.The microbiome plays critical roles in the training and development of major components of the host's innate and adaptive immune system,while the immune system orchestrates the maintenance of key features of host-microbe symbiosis.In a genetically susceptible host,imbalances in microbiota-immunity interactions under defined environmental contexts are believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of a multitude of immune-mediated disorders.Here,we review features of microbiome-immunity crosstalk and their roles in health and disease,while providing examples of molecular mechanisms orchestrating these interactions in the intestine and extra-intestinal organs.We highlight aspects of the current knowledge,challenges and limitations in achieving causal understanding of host immune-microbiome interactions,as well as their impact on immune-mediated diseases,and discuss how these insights may translate towards future development of microbiometargeted therapeutic interventions. | Danping Zheng Timur Liwinski Eran Elinav | 2020 | Cell Research2020，30，6： | 58 |
| 2 | Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus on the growth performance and intestinal health of broilers challenged with Clostridium perfringens显示文摘Background: Clostridium perfringens is the main etiological agent of necrotic enteritis. Lactobacil i show beneficial effects on intestinal health in infectious disease, but the protective functions of lactobacil i in C. perfringens-infected chickens are scarcely described. This study examined the effects of Lactobacil us acidophilus(L. acidophilus) on the growth performance and intestinal health of broiler chickens chal enged with Clostridium perfringens(C. perfringens) over a 28-day period. Using a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, a total of 308 1-day-old male Arbor Acres broiler chicks were included to investigate the effects of Lactobacil us acidophilus(L. acidophilus) on the growth performance and intestinal health of broiler chickens chal enged with Clostridium perfringens(C. perfringens) during a 28-day trial.Results: During infection(d 14–21), C. perfringens challenge decreased the average daily gain(P < 0.05), and increased feed conversion ratio and the mortality rate(P < 0.05). However, dietary supplementation with L. acidophilus increased the body weight of C. perfringens-infected broilers on d 21(P < 0.05), and tended to decrease the mortality(P = 0.061).C. perfringens challenge decreased the villus height(P < 0.05), the ratio of villus height to crypt depth(P < 0.05) and OCLN(occludin) m RNA expression(P < 0.05), and increased the pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in the spleen and jejunum, the intestinal populations of C. perfringens and Escherichia(P < 0.05), and the serum content of endotoxin(P < 0.05), regardless of L. acidophilus supplementation. In contrast, dietary L. acidophilus reducedthe intestinal lesion score of challenged broilers(P < 0.05), the m RNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, ileal populations of Escherichia and serum endotoxin content(P < 0.05), but increased the intestinal Lactobacillus populations(P < 0.05),irrespective of C. perfringens challenge.Conclusion: Dietary addition of L. acidophilus could improve the intestinal health and reduce the mortality of broilers suffering from necrotic enteritis. | Zhui Li Weiwei Wang Dan Liu Yuming Guo | 2018 | Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology2018，9，3： | 22 |
| 3 | Pretreatment with chitosan oligosaccharides attenuate experimental severe acute pancreatitis via inhibiting oxidative stress and modulating intestinal homeostasis显示文摘Severe acute pancreatitis(SAP)is a severe acute abdominal disease.Recent evidence shows that intestinal homeostasis is essential for the management of acute pancreatitis.Chitosan oligosaccharides(COS)possess antioxidant activity that are effective in treating various inflammatory diseases.In this study we explored the potential therapeutic effects of COS on SAP and underlying mechanisms.Mice were treated with COS(200 mg·kg^(−1)·d^(−1),po)for 4 weeks,then SAP was induced in the mice by intraperitoneal injection of caerulein.We found that COS administration significantly alleviated the severity of SAP:the serum amylase and lipase levels as well as pancreatic myeloperoxidase activity were significantly reduced.COS administration suppressed the production of proinflammatory cytokines(TNF-α,IL-1β,CXCL2 and MCP1)in the pancreas and ileums.Moreover,COS administration decreased pancreatic inflammatory infiltration and oxidative stress in SAP mice,accompanied by activated Nrf2/HO-1 and inhibited TLR4/NF-κB and MAPK pathways.We further demonstrated that COS administration restored SAP-associated ileal damage and barrier dysfunction.In addition,gut microbiome analyses revealed that the beneficial effect of COS administration was associated with its ability to improve the pancreatitis-associated gut microbiota dysbiosis;in particular,probiotics Akkermansia were markedly increased,while pathogenic bacteria Escherichia–Shigella and Enterococcus were almost eliminated.The study demonstrates that COS administration remarkably attenuates SAP by reducing oxidative stress and restoring intestinal homeostasis,suggesting that COS might be a promising prebiotic agent for the treatment of SAP. | Qi-xiang Mei Jun-hui Hu Ze-hua Huang Jun-jie Fan Chun-lan Huang Ying-ying Lu Xing-peng Wang Yue Zeng | 2021 | Acta Pharmacologica Sinica2021，42，6： | 21 |
| 4 | Histopathology and TB-PCR kit analysis in differentiating the diagnosis of intestinal tuberculosis and Crohn’s disease显示文摘AIM: To compare the histopathologic features of intestinal tuberculosis (ITB) and Crohn’s disease (CD) and to identify whether polymerase chain reaction for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB-PCR) would be helpful for differential diagnosis between ITB and CD.METHODS: We selected 97 patients with established diagnoses (55 cases of ITB and 42 cases of CD) who underwent colonoscopic biopsies.Microscopic features of ITB and CD were reviewed,and eight pathologic parameters were evaluated.Nine cases of acid fast bacilli culture-positive specimens and 10 normal colonic tissue specimens were evaluated as the positive and negative control of the TB-PCR test,respectively.PCR assays were done using two commercial kits: kit detected IS6110 and MPB64,and kit detected IS6110 only;a manual in-house PCR method was also performed on formalin-fi xed,paraffi n-embedded colonoscopic biopsy specimens.RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were noted between ITB and CD with regard histopathologic criteria: size of granulomas (P = 0.000),giant cells (P = 0.015),caseation necrosis (P = 0.003),confluent granulomas (P = 0.001),discrete granulomas (P = 0.000),and granulomas with lymphoid cuffs (P = 0.037).However,29 cases (52.7%) of ITB showed less than fi ve kinds of pathologic parameters,resulting in confusion with CD.The sensitivities and specificities of the TB-PCR test by kit ,kit ,and the in-house PCR method were 88.9% and 100%,88.9% and 100%,and 66.7% and 100% in positive and negative controls,respectively.The PCR test done on endoscopic biopsy specimens of ITB and CD were signifi cantly different with kit (P = 0.000) and kit (P = 0.000).The sensitivities and specifi cities of TB-PCR were 45.5% and 88.1%,36.4% and 100%,and 5.8% and 100%,for kit and kit and inhouse PCR method on endoscopic biopsy specimens.Among the 29 cases of histopathologically confusing CD,10 cases assayed using kit and 6 cases assayed using kit were TB-PCR positive.A combination of histologic fi ndings and TB-PCR testing led to an increase of diagnostic sensitivity and the increase (from 47.3% to 58.2) was statistically signifi cant with kit (P = 0.000).CONCLUSION: The TB-PCR test combined with histopathologic factors appears to be a helpful technique in formulating the differential diagnosis of ITB and CD in endoscopic biopsy samples. | Joon Mee Kim Hyung Kil Kim Lucia Kim Suk Jin Choi In Suh Park Jee Young Han Young Chae Chu Kye Sook Kwon Eun Joo Kim | 2010 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2010，16，20： | 20 |
| 5 | Metabolic effects of intestinal absorption and enterohepatic cycling of bile acids显示文摘The classical functions of bile acids include acting as detergents to facilitate the digestion and absorption of nutrients in the gut. In addition, bile acids also act as signaling molecules to regulate glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism and energy expenditure. The signaling potential of bile acids in compartments such as the systemic circulation is regulated in part by an efficient enterohepatic circulation that functions to conserve and channel the pool of bile acids within the intestinal and hepatobiliary compartments. Changes in hepatobiliary and intestinal bile acid transport can alter the composition, size,and distribution of the bile acid pool. These alterations in turn can have significant effects on bile acid signaling and their downstream metabolic targets. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of the inter-relationship between the enterohepatic cycling of bile acids and the metabolic consequences of signaling via bile acid-activated receptors, such as farnesoid X nuclear receptor(FXR)and the G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor(TGR5). | Courtney B.Ferrebee Paul A.Dawson | 2015 | Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B2015，5，2： | 20 |
| 6 | Henoch-Schonlein purpura with intestinal perforation and cerebral hemorrhage: A case report显示文摘Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) with intestinal perforation and cerebral hemorrhage is a very rare clinical condition. There has been no report of HSP complicated with both intestinal perforation and cerebral hemorrhage until October 2012. Here we describe a case of HSP with intestinal perforation and cerebral hemorrhage in a 5-year-old girl. Plain abdominal radiograph in the erect position showed heavy gas in the right subphrenic space with an elevated diaphragm. Partial resection of the small intestine was performed, and pathological analysis suggested chronic suppurative inflammation in all layers of the ileal wall and mesentery. Seventeen days after surgery, cerebral hemorrhage developed and the patient died. | Hong-Liang Wang Hai-Tao Liu Qi Chen Yang Gao Kai-Jiang Yu | 2013 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2013，19，16： | 18 |
| 7 | Effects of dietary Bacillus amyloliquefaciens supplementation on growth performance,intestinal morphology, inflammatory response, and microbiota of intra-uterine growth retarded weanling piglets显示文摘Background: The focus of recent research has been directed toward the probiotic potential of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens(BA) on the gut health of animals. However, little is known about BA's effects on piglets with intra-uterine growth retardation(IUGR). Therefore, this study investigated the effects of BA supplementation on the growth performance,intestinal morphology, inflammatory response, and microbiota of IUGR piglets.Methods: Eighteen litters of newborn piglets were selected at birth, with one normal birth weight(NBW) and two IUGR piglets in each litter(i.e., 18 NBW and 36 IUGR piglets in total). At weaning, the NBW piglet and one of the IUGR piglets were assigned to groups fed a control diet(i.e., the NBW-CON and IUGR-CON groups). The other IUGR piglet was assigned to a group fed the control diet supplemented with 2.0 g BA per kg of diet(i.e., IUGR-BA group). The piglets were thus distributed across three groups for a four-week period.Results: IUGR reduced the growth performance of the IUGR-CON piglets compared with the NBW-CON piglets. It was also associated with decreased vil us sizes, increased apoptosis rates, reduced goblet cel numbers, and an imbalance between pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the smal intestine. Supplementation with BA improved the average daily weight gain and the feed efficiency of the IUGR-BA group compared with the IUGR-CON group(P < 0.05). The IUGR-BA group exhibited increases in the ratio of jejunal vil us height to crypt depth, in ileal vil us height, and in ileal goblet cel density. They also exhibited decreases in the numbers of jejunal and ileal apoptotic cel s and ileal proliferative cel s(P < 0.05). Supplementation with BA increased interleukin 10 content, but it decreased tumor necrosis factor alpha level in the smal intestines of the IUGR-BA piglets(P < 0.05). Furthermore, compared with the IUGR-CON piglets, the IUGR-BA piglets had less Escherichia coli in their jejunal digesta, but more Lactobacil us and Bifidobacterium in their ileal digesta(P < 0.05).Conclusions: Dietary supplementation with BA improves morphology, decreases inflammatory response, and regulates microbiota in the smal intestines of IUGR piglets, which may contribute to improved growth performance during early life. | Yue Li Hao Zhang Weipeng Su Zhixiong Ying Yueping Chen Lili Zhang Zhaoxin Lu Tian Wang | 2018 | Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology2018，9，2： | 16 |
| 8 | Anticoagulation and delayed bowel resection in the management of mesenteric venous thrombosis显示文摘Acute mesenteric venous thrombosis is potentially lethal because it can result in mesenteric ischemia and,ultimately,bowel infarction requiring surgical intervention.Systemic anticoagulation for the prevention of thrombus propagation is a well-recognized treatment modality and the current mainstay therapy for patients with acute mesenteric venous thrombosis.However,the decision between prompt surgical exploration vs conservative treatment with anticoagulation is somewhat difficult in patients with suspected bowel ischemia.Here we describe a patient with acute mesenteric venous thrombosis who presented with bowel ischemia and was treated with anticoagulation and delayed short-segment bowel resection. | Hyung-Kee Kim Jae Min Chun Seung Huh | 2013 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2013，19，30： | 15 |
| 9 | Primary colorectal lymphoma:An overview显示文摘Lymphomas represent common hematological malignancies with increasing incidence in recent years.The major site of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma is the gastrointestinal tract.Involvement of the large intestine is rare in comparison to the stomach or small bowel.The disease appears later in life,predominantly in the male population.Complaints are nonspecific,requiring a high index of suspicion in order to establish the diagnosis.The treatment varies from chemotherapy alone to multimodal therapies combining surgery,chemotherapy and radiotherapy.The small number of patients with various histological subtypes and different stage at presentation results in unclear protocol for the treatment of primary colorectal lymphoma.The purpose of this paper is to review current data on primary lymphoma of the colon and rectum while analyzing reported case series and published material on the subject. | Goran Z Stanojevic Milica D Nestorovic Branko R Brankovic Miroslav P Stojanovic Milan M Jovanovic Milan D Radojkovic | 2011 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology2011，3，1： | 15 |
| 10 | 重症急性胰腺炎肠屏障功能损伤机制研究进展显示文摘<正>重症急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatits,SAP)是一种常见的急腹症,发病迅速,病情危急,发展迅速。尽管近年来临床诊疗水平不断提高,但其死亡率仍高达36%~50%[1]。研究表明在SAP的病情进展中,肠道最易受到损害[2,3],肠道受损容易引起肠屏障功能障碍(intestine barrier functional disturbance,IBFD),导致肠道通透性增加、肠道内细菌移位(bac- | 赵建锋 杜杰 周淼 敖宇 代静静 兑丹华 | 2016 | 中国现代医药杂志2016，18，4： | 14 |
| 11 | Pharmacologic inducers of the uric acid exporter ABCG2 as potential drugs for treatment of gouty arthritis显示文摘Uric acid is the end product of purine catabolism and its plasma levels are maintained below its maximum solubility in water(6–7 mg/dl).The plasma levels are tightly regulated as the balance between the rate of production and the rate of excretion,the latter occurring in urine(kidney),bile(liver)and feces(intestinal tract).Reabsorption in kidney is also an important component of this process.Both excretion and reabsorption are mediated by specific transporters.Disruption of the balance between production and excretion leads to hyperuricemia,which increases the risk of uric acid crystallization as monosodium urate with subsequent deposition of the crystals in joints causing gouty arthritis.Loss-of-function mutations in the transporters that mediate uric acid excretion are associated with gout.The ATP-Binding Cassette exporter ABCG2 is important in uric acid excretion at all three sites:kidney(urine),liver(bile),and intestine(feces).Mutations in this transporter cause gout and these mutations occur at significant prevalence in general population.However,mutations that are most prevalent result only in partial loss of transport function.Therefore,if the expression of these partially defective transporters could be induced,the increased number of the transporter molecules would compensate for the mutation-associated decrease in transport function and hence increase uric acid excretion.As such,pharmacologic agents with ability to induce the expression of ABCG2 represent potentially a novel class of drugs for treatment of gouty arthritis. | Bojana Ristic Mohd Omar Faruk Sikder Yangzom D.Bhutia Vadivel Ganapathy | 2020 | Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences2020，15，2： | 13 |
| 12 | Effects of rhein on intestinal epithelial tight junction in IgA nephropathy显示文摘AIM: To investigate the effects of rhein on intestinal epithelial tight junction proteins in rats with IgA nephropathy (IgAN). METHODS: Twenty-eight female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups (7 per group): Control, IgAN, Rhein-treated, and Rheinprevented. Bovine serum albumin, lipopolysaccharide and CCl4 were used to establish the rat model of IgA nephropathy. The Rhein-treated group was given rhein from week 7 until the rats were sacrificed. The Rheinprevented group was given rhein from week 1. Animals were sacrificed at the end of week 10. We observed the changes in the intestinal epithelial tight junctions using transmission electron microscopy, and expression of intestinal epithelial tight junction proteins zona occludens protein (ZO)-1 and occludin by immunofluorescence using laser confocal microscopy. Changes in mRNA and protein expression of ZO-1 and occludin were measured by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. The ratio of urinary lactulose/mannitol was measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for assessing the intestinal permeability. RESULTS: In the control group, the tight junctions lied between epithelial cells on the top of the outer side of the cell membrane, and appeared in dense dotted crystal structures, the neighboring cells were binded tightly with no significant gap, and the tight junction protein ZO-1 and occludin were evenly distributed in the intestinal epithelial cells at the top of the junction. Compared with the control group, in the IgAN group, the structure of the tight junction became obscured and the dotted crystal structures had disappeared; the fluorescence of ZO-1 and occludin was uneven and weaker (5.37 ± 1.27 vs 10.03 ± 1.96, P < 0.01; 4.23 ± 0.85 vs 12.35 ± 4.17, P < 0.01); the mRNA expression of ZO-1 and occludin decreased (0.42 ± 0.19 vs 0.92 ± 0.24, P < 0.01; 0.40 ± 0.15 vs 0.97 ± 0.25, P < 0.01); protein expression of ZO-1 and occludin was decreased (0.85 ± 0.12 vs 1.98 ± 0.43, P < 0.01; 0.72 ± 0.15 vs 1.38 ± 0.31, P < 0.01); and the ratio of urinary lactulose/mannitol increased (3.55 ± 0.68 vs 2.72 ± 0.21, P < 0.01). In the Rheinprevented and Rhein-treated groups, compared with the IgAN group, the intestinal epithelial tight junctions were repaired; fluorescence of ZO-1 and occludin was stronger (11.16 ± 3.52 and 8.81 ± 2.30 vs 5.37 ± 1.27, P < 0.01; 10.97 ± 3.40 and 9.46 ± 2.40 vs 4.23 ± 0.85, P < 0.01); mRNA of ZO-1 and occludin increased (0.81 ± 0.17 and 0.64 ± 0.16 vs 0.42 ± 0.19, P < 0.01; 0.82± 0.22 and 0.76 ± 0.31 vs 0.40 ± 0.15, P < 0.01); protein expression of ZO-1 and occludin was increased (2.07 ± 0.41 and 1.57 ± 0.23 vs 0.85 ± 0.12, P < 0.01; 1.34 ± 0.21 and 1.15 ± 0.17 vs 0.72 ± 0.15, P < 0.01); and the ratio of urinary lactulose/mannitol decreased (2.83 ± 0.43 and 2.87 ± 0.18 vs 3.55 ± 0.68, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Rhein can enhance the expression of ZO-1 and occludin, repair damaged tight junctions, and protect the intestinal barrier. | Sheng-Nan Peng Hui-Hong Zeng Ai-Xiang Fu Xiao-Wen Chen Qing-Xian Zhu | 2013 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2013，19，26： | 13 |
| 13 | Combined early fluid resuscitation and hydrogen inhalation attenuates lung and intestine injury显示文摘AIM:To study the effects of combined early fluid resuscitation and hydrogen inhalation on septic shockinduced lung and intestine injuries.METHODS:Wistar male rats were randomly divided into four groups:control group(Group A,n = 15);septic shock group(Group B,n = 15);early fluid resuscitation-treated septic shock group(Group C,n = 15);and early fluid resuscitation and inhalation of 2% hydrogentreated septic shock group(Group D,n = 15).The activity of hydroxyl radicals,myeloperoxidase(MPO),superoxide dismutase(SOD),diamine oxidase(DAO),and the concentration of malonaldehyde(MDA) in the lung and intestinal tissue were assessed according to the corresponding kits.Hematoxylin and eosin staining was carried out to detect the pathology of the lung and intestine.The expression levels of interleukin(IL)-6,IL-8,and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α in lung and intestine tissue were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method.The expression levels of Fas and Bcl2 in lung tissues were determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting.RESULTS:Septic shock elicited a significant increase in the levels of MDA(10.17 ± 1.12 nmol/mg protein vs 2.98 ± 0.64 nmol/mg protein) and MPO(6.79 ± 1.02 U/g wet tissue vs 1.69 ± 0.14 U/g wet tissue) in lung tissues.These effects were not significantly decreased by Group C pretreatment,but were significantly reduced by Group D pretreatment(MDA:4.45 ± 1.13 nmol/mg protein vs 9.56 ± 1.37 nmol/mg protein;MPO:2.58 ± 0.21 U/g wet tissue vs 6.02 ± 1.16 U/g wet tissue).The activity of SOD(250.32 ± 8.56 U/mg protein vs 365.78 ± 10.26 U/mg protein) in lung tissues was decreased after septic shock,and was not significantly increased by Group C pretreatment,but was significantly enhanced by Group D pretreatment(331.15 ± 9.64 U/mg protein vs 262.98 ± 5.47 U/mg protein).Histological evidence of lung hemorrhage,neutrophil infiltration and overexpression of IL-6,IL-8,and TNF-α was observed in lung tissues,all of which were attenuated by Group C and further alleviated by Group D pretreatment.Septic shock also elicited a significant increase in the levels of MDA,MPO and DAO(6.54 ± 0.68 kU/L vs 4.32 ± 0.33 kU/L) in intestinal tissues,all of which were further increased by Group C,but significantly reduced by Group D pretreatment.Increased Chiu scoring and overexpression of IL-6,IL-8 and TNF-α were observed in intestinal tissues,all of which were attenuated by Group C and further attenuated by Group D pretreatment.CONCLUSION:Combined early fluid resuscitation and hydrogen inhalation may protect the lung and intestine of the septic shock rats from the damage induced by oxidative stress and the inflammatory reaction. | Wei Liu Li-Ping Shan Xue-Song Dong Xiao-Wei Liu Tao Ma Zhi Liu | 2013 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2013，19，4： | 12 |
| 14 | Peripheral clearance of brain-derived Aβ in Alzheimer's disease: pathophysiology and therapeutic perspectives显示文摘Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is the most common type of dementia,and no disease-modifying treatments are available to halt or slow its progression.Amyloid-beta(Aβ)is suggested to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AD,and clearance of Aβfrom the brain becomes a main therapeutic strategy for AD.Recent studies found that Aβclearance in the periphery contributes substantially to reducing Aβaccumulation in the brain.Therefore,understanding the mechanism of how Aβis cleared in the periphery is important for the development of effective therapies for AD.In this review,we summarized recent findings on the mechanisms of Aβefflux from the brain to the periphery and discuss where and how the brain-derived Aβis cleared in the periphery.Based on these findings,we propose future strategies to enhance peripheral Aβclearance for the prevention and treatment of AD.This review provides a novel perspective to understand the pathogenesis of AD and develop interventions for this disease from a systemic approach. | Yuan Cheng Ding-Yuan Tian Yan-Jiang Wang | 2020 | Translational Neurodegeneration2020，9，2： | 12 |
| 15 | 原发性小肠淋巴瘤影像学诊断研究进展显示文摘 | 王华 王伯胤 | 2010 | 中华临床医师杂志(电子版)2010，4，10： | 12 |
| 16 | Chlorogenic Acid Maintains Glucose Homeostasis through Modulating the Expression of SGLT-1,GLUT-2,and PLG in Different Intestinal Segments of Sprague-Dawley Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet显示文摘Objective To reveal the effects and related mechanisms of chlorogenic acid(CGA)on intestinal glucose homeostasis.Methods Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly and equally divided into four groups:normal chow(NC),high-fat diet(HFD),HFD with low-dose CGA(20 mg/kg,HFD-LC),and HFD with high-dose CGA(90 mg/kg,HFD-HC).The oral glucose tolerance test was performed,and fast serum insulin(FSI)was detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The m RNA expression levels of glucose transporters(Sglt-1 and Glut-2)and proglucagon(Plg)in different intestinal segments(the duodenum,jejunum,ileum,and colon)were analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.SGLT-1 protein and the morphology of epithelial cells in the duodenum and jejunum was localized by using immunofluorescence.Results At both doses,CGA ameliorated the HFD-induced body weight gain,maintained FSI,and increased postprandial 30-min glucagon-like peptide 1 secretion.High-dose CGA inhibited the HFD-induced elevation in Sglt-1 expression.Both CGA doses normalized the HFD-induced downregulation of Glut-2 and elevated the expression of Plg in all four intestinal segments.Conclusion An HFD can cause a glucose metabolism disorder in the rat intestine and affect body glucose homeostasis.CGA can modify intestinal glucose metabolism by regulating the expression of intestinal glucose transporters and Plg,thereby controlling the levels of blood glucose and insulin to maintain glucose homeostasis. | PENG Bing Jie ZHU Qi ZHONG Ying Li XU Shi Hao WANG Zheng | 2015 | Biomedical and Environmental Sciences2015，28，12： | 12 |
| 17 | Protective effects of Ligustrazine,Kakonein and Panax Notoginsenoside on the small intestine and immune organs of rats with severe acute pancreatitis显示文摘BACKGROUND:Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is characterized by fatal pathogenic conditions and a high mortality.It is important to study SAP complicated with multiple organ injury.In this study we compared the protective effects of three traditional Chinese medicines (Ligustrazine,Kakonein and Panax Notoginsenoside) on the small intestine and immune organs (thymus,spleen and lymph nodes) of rats with SAP and explored their mechanism of action.METHODS:One hundred forty-four rats with SAP were randomly divided into model control,Ligustrazine-treated,Kakonein-treated,and Panax Notoginsenoside-treated groups (n=36 per group).Another 36 normal rats comprised the sham-operated group.According to the different time points after operation,the experimental rats in each group were subdivided into 3-,6-and 12-hour subgroups (n=12).At various time points after operation,the mortality rate of rats and pathological changes in the small intestine and immune organs were recorded and the serum amylase levels were measured.RESULTS:Compared to the model control groups,the mortality rates in all treated groups declined and the pathological changes in the small intestine and immune tissues were relieved to different degrees.The serum amylase levels in the three treated groups were significantly lower than those in the model control group at 12 hours.The pathological severity scores for the small intestinal mucosa,thymus and spleen (at 3 and 12 hours) in the Ligustrazine-treated group,for the thymus (at 3 and 12 hours) and spleen (at 3 and 6 hours) in the Kakonein-treated group,and for the thymus (at 3 hours)and spleen (at 3 hours) in the Panax Notoginsenoside-treated group were significantly lower than those in the model control group.The pathological severity scores of the small intestinal mucosa (at 6 and 12 hours) and thymus (at 6 hours) in the Ligustrazine-treated group were significantly lower than those in the Kakonein-and Panax Notoginsenoside-treated groups.CONCLUSIONS:All the three traditional Chinese drugs significantly alleviated the pathological changes in the small intestine and immune organs of SAP rats.Ligustrazine was the most effective one among them. | Xi-Ping Zhang,Jun Jiang,Qi-Hui Cheng,Qian Ye,Wei-Juan Li,Hua Zhu and Jun-Ya Shen Department of General Surgery,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics and Central Laboratory Department,Hangzhou First People’s Hospital,Hangzhou 310006,China Zhejiang Chinese Medical University,Hangzhou 310053,China | 2011 | Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International2011，10，6： | 11 |
| 18 | Enteral feeding of glycyl-glutamine dipeptide improves the structure and absorptive function of the small intestine after allogenetic liver transplantation in rats显示文摘BACKGROUND: Recipients of liver transplantation could have postoperative structural injury and declined absorptive function in the gastrointestinal tract. Glutamine (Gln) is a special nutrient of small intestinal mucosa and of various kinds of cells proliferating rapidly. But Gln could form a kind of poisonous pyroglutamic acid in water solution, which is the limitation of Gln in clinical practice. Glycyl-glutamine (Gly-Gln) is highly soluble and can be hydro-lyzed to release glutamine. This study was undertaken to observe the effect of Gly-Gln dipeptide by enteral feeding on the intestinal structure and absorptive function after allogenetic liver transplantation in rats. METHODS: Twelve male inbred Lewis rats were selected randomly as donors, and 24 male inbred BN rats as recipients of allogenetic liver transplantation. The recipients were also randomly divided into two groups; control group (ALA group, n = 12 ) and experimental group ( GLN group , n =12). In each group, 6 normal BN rats were sampled as the normal parameter on the 3rd preoperative day. The 6 recipients in the control group received alanine 0. 6 g/kg daily for 3 days before operation and 7 days after operation by gastric perfusion, and the 6 recipients in the experimental group were given Gly-Gln 0.6 g/kg daily the same way. The 12 BN recipients underwent 3-day fasting (free access to water with 0. 23% sodium chloride) and ortho-topic liver transplantation in aseptic conditions and were given subcutaneous injection of CsA 2 mg/kg daily after the operation. The 12 BN recipients were sampled on the 8th postoperative day. All of the 24 BN rats were subjected to examination of mucosal structure, activities of Na + -K + - ATP and disaccharidase, and D-xylose absorption test. RESULTS: The 12 BN recipients were alive after liver transplantation. On the 3rd preoperative day, mucosal structure , activities of Na + -K -ATP and disaccharidase and D-xylose absorption in the two groups were not significantly different. On the 8th postoperative day, the parameters of the two groups were markedly changed compared with those on the 3rd preoperative day. However, the parameters of GLN group were remarkably higher than those of ALA group. CONCLUSION: Enteral feeding of Gly-Gln could improve the structure and absorptive function of the small intestine after liver transplantation in rats. | Jian-Wen Jiang, Shu-Sen Zheng, Fei Xue, Iiang-Hui Gao, Guo-Ping Jiang and Hai-Yang Xie Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Key Lab of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China | 2006 | Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International2006，5，2： | 11 |
| 19 | An update on the role of intestinal cytochrome P450 enzymes in drug disposition显示文摘Oral administration is the most commonly used route for drug treatment.Intestinal cytochrome P450(CYP)-mediated metabolism can eliminate a large proportion of some orally administered drugs before they reach systemic circulation,while leaving the passage of other drugs unimpeded.A better understanding of the ability of intestinal P450 enzymes to metabolize various clinical drugs in both humans and preclinical animal species,including the identification of the CYP enzymes expressed,their regulation,and the relative importance of intestinal metabolism compared to hepatic metabolism,is important for improving bioavailability of current drugs and new drugs in development.Here,we briefly review the expression of drug-metabolizing P450 enzymes in the small intestine of humans and several preclinical animal species,and provide an update of the various factors or events that regulate intestinal P450 expression,including a cross talk between the liver and the intestine.We further compare various clinical and preclinical approaches for assessing the impact of intestinal drug metabolism on bioavailability,and discuss the utility of the intestinal epithelium–specific NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductasenull(IECN) mouse as a useful model for studying in vivo roles of intestinal P450 in the disposition of orally administered drugs. | Fang Xie Xinxin Ding Qing-Yu Zhang | 2016 | Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B2016，6，5： | 10 |
| 20 | Fatty acids, inflammation and intestinal health in pigs显示文摘The intestine is not only critical for nutrient digestion and absorption, but also is the largest immune organ in the body.However, in pig production, inflammation induced by numerous factors, such as pathogen infection and stresses(e.g.,weaning), results in intestinal mucosal injury and dysfunction, and consequently results in poor growth of pigs. Dietary fatty acids not only play critical roles in energy homeostasis and cel ular membrane composition, but also exert potent effects on intestinal development, immune function, and inflammatory response. Recent studies support potential therapeutic roles for specific fatty acids(short chain and medium chain fatty acids and long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids) in intestinal inflammation of pigs. Results of these new lines of work indicate trophic and cytoprotective effects of fatty acids on intestinal integrity in pigs. In this article, we review the effect of inflammation on intestinal structure and function, and the role of specific fatty acids on intestinal health of pigs, especial y under inflammatory conditions. | Yulan Liu | 2016 | Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology2016，7，3： | 10 |
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