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| 1 | Impact of hypoxic preconditioning on apoptosis and its possible mechanism in orthotopic liver autotransplantation in rats显示文摘BACKGROUND:Hepatocyte apoptosis is a severe form of cell death after hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury(HIRI), and its relief is an important issue in liver transplantation. Hypoxic preconditioning(HP)is considered to have protective effects on HIRI.This study was designed to explore the impact of HP on apoptosis and its possible mechanism during orthotopic liver autotransplantation. METHODS:A modified orthotopic liver autotransplantation model was used to simulate HIRI.Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal control,autotransplantation (AT)and HP groups.The HP group was subjected to an 8%oxygen atmosphere for 90 minutes before surgery.At 1,6 and 24 hours after surgery,the rats were killed and their liver tissue was sampled to assess the expression of Bcl-2 protein.The samples were subjected to blood chemistry study,morphological study under a light or transmission electron microscope,and quantitative study of mitochondria. RESULTS:The serum levels of ALT and AST in the HP group were lower than those in the AT group at 1,6 and 24 hours after orthotopic liver autotransplantation(P<0.05).Bcl-2 protein expression was increased in the HP group at each measurement point(P<0.05).Light microscopy showed that hepatic injury in the AT group was much more severe than in the HP group.Hepatocytes in the AT group showed typical apoptosis signs under a transmission electron microscope.The ultrastructural appearance of hepatocytes in the HP group was much better than in the AT group,and the area,perimeter and diameter of the mitochondria were smaller in the HP group than in the AT group(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Hepatocytes sense and respond to decreased tissue oxygenation.Stimulation by HP relieves apoptosis by upregulating expression of Bcl-2 protein and its protection of mitochondria after orthotopic liver autotransplantation. | Jin, Cheng Zhang, Pei-Jian Wu, Xiao-Min Zhou, Bin Li, Yong Liu, Xin-Yan Feng, Min Tao, Li-De | 2009 | Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International2009，8，1： | 26 |
| 2 | Effects of sevoflurane preconditioning and postconditioning on rat myocardial stunning in ischemic reperfusion injury显示文摘Ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning distinctly attenuate ventricular arrhythmia after ischemia without affecting the severity of myocardial stunning. Therefore,we report the effects of sevoflurane preconditioning and postconditioning on stunned myocardium in isolated rat hearts. Isolated rat hearts were underwent 20 min of global ischemia and 40 min of reperfusion. After an equilibration period (20 min),the hearts in the preconditioning group were exposed to sevoflurane for 5 min and next washout for 5 min before ischemia. Hearts in the sevoflurane postconditioning group underwent equilibration and ischemia,followed immediately by sevoflurane exposure for the first 5 min of reperfusion. The control group received no treatment before and after ischemia. Left ventricular pressure,heart rate,coronary flow,electrocardiogram,and tissue histology were measured as variables of ventricular function and cellular injury,respectively. There was no significant difference in the duration of reperfusion ventricular ar-rhythmias between control and sevoflurane preconditioning group (P=0.195). The duration of reperfusion ventricular arrhythmias in the sevoflurane postconditioning group was significantly shorter than that in the other two groups (P<0.05). ±(dP/dt)max in the sevoflurane preconditioning group at 5,10,15,20,and 30 min after reperfusion was sig-nificantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05),and there were no significant differences at 40 min after reperfusion among the three groups (P>0.05). As expected,for a 20-min general ischemia,infarct size in heart slices determined by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining among the groups was not obvious. Sevoflurane postcon-ditioning reduces reperfusion arrhythmias without affecting the severity of myocardial stunning. In contrast,sevoflu-rane preconditioning has no beneficial effects on reperfusion arrhythmias,but it is in favor of improving ventricular function and recovering myocardial stunning. Sevoflurane preconditioning and postconditioning may be useful for correcting the stunned myocardium. | An-lu DAI Li-hua FAN Feng-jiang ZHANG Mei-juan YANG Jing YU Jun-kuan WANG Tao FANG Gang CHEN Li-na YU Min YAN | 2010 | Journal of Zhejiang University-Science B(Biomedicine & Biotechnology)2010，11，4： | 19 |
| 3 | Preconditioning and postconditioning reduce hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats显示文摘BACKGROUND:Ischemia-reperfusion injury occurs when ischemic tissues or organs suffer from further functional and structural damage when their blood supply recovers.This study aimed to contrast the protective effects of ischemic preconditioning and ischemic postconditioning in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.METHODS:Thirty-two healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups:sham-operated(SO),ischemia-reperfusion(IR),ischemic preconditioning(I-pre),and ischemic postconditioning(I-post).Blood samples and hepatic tissue were taken from all groups after the experiments.RESULTS:There were significant differences between the IR,I-pre and I-post groups in alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels,NF-κB p65 expression,apoptosis index and superoxide dismutase activity in hepatic tissue.There were no significant differences between the I-pre and I-post groups.CONCLUSIONS:Ischemic postconditioning and ischemic preconditioning reduce hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury,but in clinical practice the former is a more appropriate choice. | Zhang, Wan-Xing Yin, Wen Zhang, Lei Wang, Lan-Hui Bao, Lei Tuo, Hong-Fang Zhou, Li-Fang Wang, Chun-Cheng | 2009 | Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International2009，8，6： | 16 |
| 4 | Association between delayed cardioprotection of aged rat myocytes and activation of mitogenactivated protein kinase显示文摘Objective To study the cardioprotective effects of hypoxic preconditioning (HPC) on aged rat ventricular myocytes and the cellular mechanism of protection Methods In the model of hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) of isolated ventricular myocytes of aged rat, the effects of HPC on aged rat ventricular myocytes against lethal H/R stimulated ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury 24 hours later and the changes of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) system were observed in the present study Results HPC attenuated the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and ATP depletion in myocytes and increased the viability of myocytes It was also found that MAPK and its down stream kinase—S6 kinase were also activated after HPC Conclusion There is delayed cardioprotection in cardiac myocytes of aged rat and the cellular mechanism underlying might involve the activation of MAPK | 刘秀华 王士雯 武旭东 唐朝枢 | 2000 | Chinese Medical Journal2000，，1： | 14 |
| 5 | Relationships among alcoholic liver disease,antioxidants,and antioxidant enzymes显示文摘Excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages is a serious cause of liver disease worldwide.The metabolism of ethanol generates reactive oxygen species,which play a significant role in the deterio-ration of alcoholic liver disease(ALD).Antioxidant phytochemicals,such as polyphenols,regulate the expression of ALD-associated proteins and peptides,namely,catalase,superoxide dismutase,glutathione,glutathione peroxidase,and glutathione reductase.These plant antioxidants have electrophilic activity and may induce antioxidant enzymes via the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1--NF--E2--related factor--2 pathway and antioxidant responsive elements.Furthermore,these antioxidants are reported to alleviate cell injury caused by oxidants or inflammatory cytokines.These phenomena are likely induced via the regulation of mitogen--activating protein kinase(MAPK)pathways by plant antioxidants,similar to preconditioning in ischemia-reperfusion models.Although the relationship between plant antioxidants and ALD has not been adequately investigated,plant antioxidants may be preventive for ALD because of their electrophilic and regulatory activities in the MAPK pathway. | Kyu-Ho Han Naoto Hashimoto Michihiro Fukushima | 2016 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2016，22，1： | 14 |
| 6 | Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in liver transplant setting:mechanisms and protective strategies显示文摘Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury is a major cause of liver transplant failure,and is of increasing significance due to increased use of expanded criteria livers for transplantation.This review summarizes the mechanisms and protective strategies for hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in the context of liver transplantation.Pharmacological therapies,the use of pre-and post-conditioning and machine perfusion are discussed as protective strategies.The use of machine perfusion offers significant potential in the reconditioning of liver grafts and the prevention of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury,and is an exciting and active area of research,which needs more study clinically. | Sanketh Rampes Daqing Ma | 2019 | The Journal of Biomedical Research2019，33，4： | 14 |
| 7 | Effect of Electroacupuncture Preconditioning on Serum S100 β and NSE in Patients undergoing Craniocerebral Tumor Resection显示文摘在 S100 钙绑定蛋白质贝它的浆液水平上调查 electroacupuncture preconditioning 的效果的目的(在经历 craniocerebral 肿瘤的病人的 S100 尾) 和神经原特定的 enolase (NSE ) 手术。32 个病人,将在一般麻醉下面通过 craniocerebral 肿瘤切除术,全部的方法 A 随机被分到二个组, 16 在每个组。在 electroacupuncture (EA ) 的病人为 30 min 在 Fengfu acupoint (Du16 ) 和 Fengchi acupoint (GB20 ) 上组织收到的 electroacupuncture,在操作前的 2 h。刺激是 1 鈥吗?有 2/15 Hz 的密度波浪频率的妈。在控制组的病人没收到预告的处理。麻醉在 4 鈥的剂量与 remifentanil 被维持吗?mg/kg 每小时,抽静脉内每个小时在 1.0 鈥 ?.0 渭 g /kg vecuronium 滴下,并且不连续静脉内在 0.5 鈥与 vecuronium 溴化物滴下?mg。S100 尾和 NSE 的浆液层次在操作前与 ELISA 被测量,在皮切口前,在肿瘤移动以后,在操作的结束,并且在在操作以后的 24 h。S100 尾和 NSE 的浆液水平没在皮肤切口前改变的结果。NSE 的浆液水平显著地增加了, S100 尾的水平在肿瘤切除术以后增加了不足道。在 EA 组和控制组的 S100 尾和 NSE 的浆液层次是 1.16 卤 0 .28 渭 g /L 对 1.47 卤 0.33 渭 g /L, 24.7 卤 1 3.3 渭 g /L 对 31.4 卤 1 在操作的结束的 4.1 渭 g /L 分别地。在操作以后的 24 h,通讯索引是 1.18 卤 0 .31 渭 g /L 对 1.55 卤 0 .26 渭 g /L,和 25.5 卤 1 2.4 渭 g /L 对 32.4 卤 11.7 渭 g /L。在这些的二个索引两次,点显著地在操作前比那些被增加,分别地(P < 0.05 ) 。在操作和 24 h 的结束操作以后,在 EA 组的 S100 尾和 NSE 的浆液层次是比在控制组的那些显著地低的(P < 0.05 ) 。为在 craniocerbral 肿瘤操作前的 30 min 的结论 Electroacupuncture Fengchi 和 Fengfu 能减少 S100 尾和 NSE 的浆液水平,可以因此在大脑损坏上有潜在的保护的效果,到 befurther 的需要学习了它。关键词 electroacupuncture - preconditioning - S100 钙绑定蛋白质贝它 - 神经原特定的 enolase - 颅骨切开术由中国的国家自然科学基础支持了(No.30600840, 30725039, 30772074 ) ;Xijing 医院的创新基础(没有。XJCX05M23 ) | 路志红 白晓光 熊利泽 王永徵 王异 王强 | 2010 | Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine2010，16，3： | 13 |
| 8 | BDNF Overexpression Enhances the Preconditioning Effect of Brief Episodes of Hypoxia,Promoting Survival of GABAergic Neurons显示文摘Hypoxia causes depression of synaptic plasticity,hyperexcitation of neuronal networks,and the death of specific populations of neurons.However,brief episodes of hypoxia can promote the adaptation of cells.Hypoxic preconditioning is well manifested in glutamatergic neurons,while this adaptive mechanism is virtually suppressed in GABAergic neurons.Here,we show that brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) overexpression in neurons enhances the preconditioning effect of brief episodes of hypoxia.The amplitudes of the NMDAR-and AMPARmediated Ca2+ responses of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons gradually decreased after repetitive brief hypoxia/reoxygenation cycles in cell cultures transduced with the(AAV)-Syn-BDNF-EGFP virus construct.In contrast,the amplitudes of the responses of GABAergic neurons increased in non-transduced cultures after preconditioning.The decrease of the amplitudes in GABAergic neurons indicated the activation of mechanisms of hypoxic preconditioning.Preconditioning suppressed apoptotic or necrotic cell death.This effect was most pronounced in cultures with BDNF overe xpression.Knockdown of BDNF abolished the effect of preconditioning and promoted the death of GABAergic neurons.Moreover,the expression of the anti-apoptotic genes Stat3,Socs3,and Bcl-x1 substantially increased 24 h after hypoxic episodes in the transduced cultures compared to controls.The expression of genes encoding the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-6 also increased.In turn,the expression of pro-apoptotic(Bax,Casp-3,and Fas) and proinflammatory(IL-1β and TNFα) genes decreased after hypoxic episodes in cultures with BDNF overexpression.Inhibition of vesicular BDNF release abolished its protective action targeting inhibition of the oxygen-glucose deprivation(OGD)-induced [Ca2+]i increase in GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons,thus promoting their death.Bafilomycin A1,Brefeldin A,and tetanus toxin suppressed vesicular release(including BDNF) and shifted the gene expression profile towards excitotoxicity,inflammation,and apoptosis.These inhibitors of vesicular release abolished the protective effects of hypoxic preconditioning in glutamatergic neurons24 h after hypoxia/reoxygenation cycles.This finding indicates a significant contribution of vesicular BDNF release to the development of the mechanisms of hypoxic preconditioning.Thus,our results demonstrate that BDNF plays a pivotal role in the activation and enhancement of the preconditioning effect of brief episodes of hypoxia and promotes tolerance of the most vulnerable populations of GABAergic neurons to hypoxia/ischemia. | M.V.Turovskaya S.G.Gaidin M.V.Vedunova A.A.Babaev E.A.Turovsky | 2020 | Neuroscience Bulletin2020，36，7： | 11 |
| 9 | The effect of ischemic precondition to IL-6 on rat liver ischemiareperfusion injury in transplantation显示文摘Objective:To investigate the effect of ischemic precondition to protect ischemia-reperfusion injury and reduce IL-6 expression in the rats liver transplantation.Methods:The rat portal vein infusion of autologous liver transplantation model were used.The rats were divided into ischemic preconditioning rats liver transplantation group(A group),the rats liver transplantation group(B group) and the normal rat control group(C group).Then we analyzed the changes of liver function,liver microstructure and the expression of IL-6,SOD and MDA within 48 h.Results: The pathology of liver in group A showed lobular architecture essentially normal,the liver cells was slightly swell and no significant changes in postoperative 12 h.In transmission electron microscope(46 000X).the mitochondria of liver cells in group A i>ecame swelling,elliptical can cristae partially broken.But there still has a small amount of arrangement.While that in group, the mitochondria were swollen,became round,serious visible crest reduce or ruptured.The result of over function test showed that the serum ALT and AST levels in group A and B were both higher than that in group C at each time period,but the serum ALT and AST levels in group A were lower than that in group B.The expression changes of IL-6 in group B were higher than that in group A and R(P<0.05).The expression of MDA in group A is more obvious than that in group B(P<0.05).Conclusions:Ischemic precondition could alleviate part of ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat liver transplantation,and also could reduce IL-6 expression to protect the liver cells against liver damage and inflammatory cytokine production. | Lin-Zhong Cui Biao Wang Li-Yan Chen Jie Zhou | 2013 | Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine2013，6，5： | 10 |
| 10 | Preconditioning effects on expression of proto-oncogenes c-fos and c-jun after hepatic ischemia/reperfusion in rats显示文摘BACKGROUND: Ischemia/reperfusion is the main cause of hepatic damage in liver transplantation. Immediate early genes (IEGs) encode proteins can regulate expression of cellular response genes after injury, and is associated with tissue repair and cell apoptosis. The purpose of this re- search was to investigate the effects of preconditioning on expression of immediate early genes c-fos and c-jun follow- ing hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (IR) and its roles in cellu- lar regeneration and apoptosis. METHODS: Ninety-six Wistar rats were randomly divided into IR group and hepatic ischemic preconditioning (IPC) group, and each group was further divided into eight sub- groups (n =6). The model of partial liver ischemia/reper- fusion was used. The rats were subjected to 60-minute liver ischemia, preceded by 10-minute preconditioning. After 0-, 0.5-, 1-, 2-, 4-, 8-, 12-, 24-hour reperfusion, the se- rum and liver tissue in each group were collected to detect the level of serum ALT/AST, liver histopathology, expres- sion of c-fos, and c-jun mRNA. Flow cytometer was used to detect Ki67 and Sub-G1 as the quantity indicators of cell regeneration and apoptosis respectively. RESULTS: Compared with IR group, IPC group showed a significantly lower ALT/AST level in 0. 5-hour sub-group to 8-hour sub-group (P<0.05). Ki67 elevated significantly at 0.5, 1, 2 hours, but decreased significantly at 24 hours ( P < 0 . 05). Ap index decreased significantly after 1-hour reperfusion(P<0.05). Expressions of c-fos and c-jun mR- NA were low, especially c-jun at 0.5, 1 and 2 hours after reperfusion. CONCLUSION: Ischemic preconditioning can protect liver cells against ischemia/reperfusion injury, and this protec- tive effect may be related to influence transcription levels of c-fos and c-jun. | Jian-Sheng Xiao, Fang-Gang Cai, Ying Niu, Yi Zhang, Xian-Ling Xu and Qi-Fa Ye Wuhan, China Research Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medi- cal College, Fuzhou 350005, China and Xiangya Medical Trans- plantation Academy of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China | 2005 | Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International2005，4，2： | 8 |
| 11 | New developments in high quality grey cast irons显示文摘The paper reviews original data obtained by the present authors,revealed in recent separate publications,describing specific procedures for high quality grey irons,and reflecting the forecast needs of the worldwide iron foundry industry.High power,medium frequency coreless induction furnaces are commonly used in electric melting grey iron foundries.This has resulted in low sulphur(<0.05wt.%)and aluminium(<0.005wt.%)contents in the iron,with a potential for higher superheating(>1,500°C),contributing to unfavourable conditions for graphite nucleation.Thin wall castings are increasingly produced by these electric melt shops with a risk of greater eutectic undercooling during solidification.The paper focused on two groups of grey cast irons and their specific problems:carbides and graphite morphology control in lower carbon equivalent high strength irons(CE=3.4%-3.8%),and austenite dendrite promotion in eutectic and slightly hypereutectic irons(CE=4.1%-4.5%),in order to increase their strength characteristics.There are 3 stages and 3 steps involving graphite formation,iron chemistry and iron processing that appear to be important.The concept in the present paper sustains a threestage model for nucleating flake graphite[(Mn,X)S type nuclei].There are three important groups of elements(deoxidizer,Mn/S,and inoculant)and three technological stages in electric melting of iron(superheat,pre-conditioning of base iron,final inoculation).Attention is drawn to a control factor(%Mn)x(%S)ensuring it equals to 0.03–0.06,accompanied by 0.005wt.%–0.010wt.%Al and/or Zr content in inoculated irons.It was found that iron powder addition promotes austenite dendrite formation in eutectic and slightly eutectic,acting as reinforcement for the eutectic cells.But,there is an accompanying possible negative influence on the characteristics of the(Mn,X)S type graphite nuclei(change the morphology of nuclei from polygonal compact to irregular polygonal,and therefore promote chill tendency in treated irons).A double addition(iron powder+inoculant)appears to be an effective treatment to benefit both austenite and graphite nucleation,with positive effects on the final structure and chill tendency. | Iulian Riposan Mihai Chisamera Stelian Stan | 2014 | China Foundry2014，11，4： | 8 |
| 12 | Current protective strategies in liver surgery显示文摘During liver resection surgery for cancer or liver transplantation,the liver is subject to ischaemia (reduction in blood flow) followed by reperfusion (restoration of blood flow),which results in liver injury [ischemiareperfusion (IR) or IR injury]. Modulation of IR injury can be achieved in various ways. These include hypothermia,ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) (brief cycles of ischaemia followed by reperfusion of the organ before the prolonged period of ischaemia i.e. a conditioning response),ischaemic postconditioning (conditioning after the prolonged period of ischaemia but before the reperfusion),pharmacological agents to decrease IR injury,genetic modulation of IR injury,and machine perfusion (pulsatile perfusion). Hypothermia decreases the metabolic functions and the oxygen consumption of organs. Static cold storage in University of Wisconsin solution reduces IR injury and has prolonged organ storage and improved the function of transplanted grafts. There is currently no evidence for any clinical advantage in the use of alternate solutions for static cold storage. Although experimental data from animal models suggest that IPC,ischaemic postconditioning,various pharma-cological agents,gene therapy,and machine perfusion decrease IR injury,none of these interventions can be recommended in clinical practice. This is because of the lack of randomized controlled trials assessing the safety and efficacy of ischaemic postconditioning,gene therapy,and machine perfusion. Randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials assessing the safety and efficacy of IPC and various pharmacological agents have demonstrated biochemical or histological improvements but this has not translated to clinical benefit. Further well designed randomized controlled trials are necessary to assess the various new protective strategies in liver resection. | Kurinchi S Gurusamy Hector D Gonzalez Brian R Davidson | 2010 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2010，16，48： | 7 |
| 13 | PRECONDITIONING BLOCK LANCZOS ALGORITHM FOR SOLVING SYMMETRIC EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS显示文摘A preconditioned iterative method for computing a few eigenpairs of large sparse symmetric matrices is presented in this paper. The proposed method which combines the preconditioning techniques with the efficiency of block Lanczos al- gorithm is suitable for determination of the extreme eigenvalues as well as their multiplicities. The global convergence and the asymptotically quadratic convergence of the new method are also demonstrated. | Hua Dai Peter Lancaster | 2000 | Journal of Computational Mathematics2000，18，4： | 7 |
| 14 | Outcomes and mechanisms of ischemic preconditioning in liver transplantation显示文摘BACKGROUND: Liver transplantation is so far the most effective therapeutic modality for end-stage liver diseases, but ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury represents a critical barrier to liver transplantation. Primary graft dysfunction and small-for-size syndrome are closely associated with I/R injury. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is defined as a brief period of liver ischemia followed by reperfusion, and has demonstrated protections against a prolonged I/R injury and improved the capacity of regeneration. The article aimed to review IPC literatures for the understanding of the effects of IPC on I/R injury involving in the procurement of donor liver and protective mechanisms. DATA SOURCES: A literature search of MEDLINE and Web of Science databases using 'liver transplantation', 'liver regeneration', 'hepatectomy', 'ischemia/reperfusion' and 'ischemic preconditioning' was performed, and then a large amount of related data was collected. RESULTS: The literature search provided a huge amount of evidence for the protective effects of IPC on I/R injury in liver transplantation, including reduction of blood loss in hepatectomy, intraoperative hemodynamic stability and its significant role in liver regeneration. The mechanism involves in balancing inflammatory cytokines, enhancing energy status and mitigating microcirculatory disturbance.CONCLUSION: IPC plays an essential role in hepatectomy before and after harvest of living donor liver and implantation of liver graft. | Yan, Sheng Jin, Li-Ming Liu, Yuan-Xing Zhou, Lin Xie, Hai-Yang Zheng, Shu-Sen | 2010 | Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International2010，9，4： | 7 |
| 15 | Role of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 in ischemia reperfusion injury:An update显示文摘Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2(ALDH2) is best known for its critical detoxifying role in liver alcohol metabolism. However, ALDH2 dysfunction is also involved in a wide range of human pathophysiological situations and is associated with complications such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative diseases and aging. A growing body of research has shown that ALDH2 provides important protection against oxidative stress and the subsequent loading of toxic aldehydes such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and adducts that occur in human diseases, including ischemia reperfusion injury(IRI). There is increasing evidence of its role in IRI pathophysiology in organs such as heart, brain, small intestine and kidney; however, surprisingly few studies have been carried out in the liver, where ALDH2 is found in abundance. This study reviews the role of ALDH2 in modulating the pathways involved in the pathophysiology of IRI associated with oxidative stress, autophagy and apoptosis. Special emphasis is placed on the role of ALDH2 in different organs, on therapeutic 'preconditioning' strategies, and on the use of ALDH2 agonists such as Alda-1, which may become a useful therapeutic tool for preventing the deleterious effects of IRI in organ transplantation. | Arnau Panisello-Roselló Alexandre Lopez Emma Folch-Puy Teresa Carbonell Anabela Rolo Carlos Palmeira René Adam Marc Net Joan Roselló-Catafau | 2018 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2018，24，27： | 6 |
| 16 | Optimizing stem cells for cardiac repair:Current status and new frontiers in regenerative cardiology显示文摘Cell therapy has the potential to improve healing of ischemic heart, repopulate injured myocardium and restore cardiac function. The tremendous hope and potential of stem cell therapy is well understood, yet recent trials involving cell therapy for cardiovascular diseases have yielded mixed results with inconsistent data thereby readdressing controversies and unresolved questions regarding stem cell efficacy for ischemic cardiac disease treatment. These controversies are believed to arise by the lack of uniformity of the clinical trial methodologies, uncertainty regarding the underlying reparative mechanisms of stem cells, questions concerning the most appropriate cell population to use, the proper delivery method and timing in relation to the moment of infarction, as well as the poor stem cell survival and engraftment especially in a diseased microenvironment which is collectively acknowledged as a major hindrance to any form of cell therapy. Indeed, the microenvironment of the failing heart exhibits pathological hypoxic, oxidative and inflammatory stressors impairing the survival of transplanted cells. Therefore, in order to observe any significant therapeutic benefit there is a need to increase resilience of stem cells to death in the transplant microenvironment while preserving or better yet improving their reparative functionality. Although stem cell differentiation into cardiomyocytes has been observed in some instance, the prevailing reparative benefits are afforded through paracrine mechanisms that promote angiogenesis, cell survival, transdifferentiate host cells and modulate immune responses. Therefore, to maximize their reparative functionality, ex vivo manipulation of stem cells through physical, genetic and pharmacological means have shown promise to enable cells to thrive in the postischemic transplant microenvironment. In the present work, we will overview the current status of stem cell therapy for ischemic heart disease, discuss the most recurring cell populations employed, the mechanisms by which stem cells deliver a therapeutic benefit andstrategies that have been used to optimize and increase survival and functionality of stem cells including ex vivo preconditioning with drugs and a novel 'pharmacooptimizer' as well as genetic modifications. | Shant Der Sarkissian Thierry Lévesque Nicolas Noiseux | 2017 | World Journal of Stem Cells2017，9，1： | 6 |
| 17 | Ischemic preconditioning ameliorates intestinal injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion in rats显示文摘AIM: To evaluate preventative effects of ischemic preconditioning(IP) in a rat model of intestinal injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion(IR).METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats(250-300 g) were fasted for 24 h with free access to water prior to the operation.Eighteen rats were randomly divided into three experimental groups: S group(n = 6),rats were subjected to isolation of the superior mesenteric artery(SMA) for 40 min,then the abdomen was closed; IRgroup(n = 6),rats were subjected to clamping the SMA 40 min,and the abdomen was closed followed by a 4-h reperfusion; IP group(n = 6) rats underwent three cycles of 5 min ischemia and 5 min reperfusion,then clamping of the SMA for 40 min,then the abdomen was closed and a 4-h reperfusion followed.All animals were euthanized by barbiturate overdose(150 mg/kg pentobarbital sodium,i.v.) for tissue collection,and the SMA was isolated via median abdominal incision.Intestinal histologic injury was observed.Malondialdehyde(MDA),myeloperoxidase(MPO) and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-a concentrations in intestinal tissue were measured.Intercellular adhesion molecule(ICAM)-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule(VCAM)-1 expression,as well as nuclear factor(NF)-κB activity and expression in intestinal tissue were also determined.RESULTS: Compared with the IR group,IP reduced IR-induced histologic injury of the intestine in rats(2.00 ± 0.71 vs 3.60 ± 0.84,P < 0.05).IP significantly inhibited the increase in MDA content(5.6 ± 0.15 μmol/L vs 6.84 ± 0.18 μmol/L,P < 0.01),MPO activity(0.13 ± 0.01 U/L vs 0.24 ± 0.01 U/L,P < 0.01),and TNF-a levels(7.79 ± 2.35 pg/m L vs 10.87 ± 2.48 pg/m L,P < 0.05) in the intestinal tissue of rats.IP also markedly ameliorated the increase in ICAM-1(204.67 ± 53.27 vs 353.33 ± 45.19,P < 0.05) and VCAM-1(256.67 ± 58.59 vs 377.33 ± 41.42,P < 0.05) protein expression in the intestinal tissues.Additionally,IP remarkably decreased NF-κB activity(0.48 ± 0.16 vs 0.76 ± 0.22,P < 0.05) and protein expression(320.23 ± 38.16 vs 520.76 ± 40.53,P < 0.01) in rat intestinal tissue.CONCLUSION: IP may protect against IR-induced intestinal injury by attenuation of the neutrophilendothelial adhesion cascade via reducing ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression and TNF-a-induced NF-κB signaling pathway activity. | Yuan-Yuan Ji Zhi-Dong Wang Shu-Feng Wang Bao-Tai Wang Zheng-An Yang Xiao-Rong Zhou Ni-Na Lei Wei-Na Yue | 2015 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2015，21，26： | 6 |
| 18 | Hepatic ischemic preconditioning increases portal vein flow in experimental liver ischemia reperfusion injury显示文摘BACKGROUND: Ischemic preconditioning(IPC) has been shown to decrease liver injury and to increase hepatic microvascular perfusion after liver ischemia reperfusion. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of IPC on hemodynamics of the portal venous system. METHODS: Thirty-two rats were randomized into two groups: IPC group and control group. The rats of the IPC group underwent IPC by 10 minutes of liver ischemia followed by 10 minutes of reperfusion before liver ischemia, and the rats of the control group were subjected to 60 minutes of partial liver ischemia. Non-ischemic lobes were resected immediately after reperfusion. The animals were studied at 4 hours and 12 hours after reperfusion. Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, portal vein flow and pressure were analyzed. Blood was collected for the determination of the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, calcium, lactate, pH, bicarbonate, and base excess. RESULTS: IPC increased the mean portal vein flow at 4 hours and 12 hours after reperfusion. IPC recovered 78% of the meanportal vein flow at 12 hours after reperfusion. IPC decreased the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and lactate, and increased the levels of ionized calcium, bicarbonate and base excess at 12 hours after reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that IPC increases portal vein flow and enhances hepatoprotective effects in liver ischemia reperfusion. The better recovery of portal vein flow after IPC may be correlated with the lower levels of transaminases and with the better metabolic profile. | Estela RR Figueira Joel A Rocha-Filho Mauro Nakatani Marcelo FS Buto Eduardo R Tatebe Vitor O Andre Ivan Cecconello Luiz AC D'Albuquerque | 2014 | Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International2014，13，1： | 6 |
| 19 | Low G preconditioning reduces liver injury induced by high +Gz exposure in rats显示文摘AIM:To investigate the effect of repeated lower +Gzexposure on liver injury induced by high +Gz exposure in rats.METHODS:Sixty male Wister rats were randomly divided into a blank control group,a low G preconditioning group(LG)(exposed to +4 Gz/5 min per day for 3 d before +10 Gz/5 min exposure),and a +10 Gz/5 min group(10G)(n = 20 in each group).Blood specimens and liver tissue were harvested at 0 h and 6 h after +10 Gz/5 min exposure.Liver function was analyzed by measuring serum alanine transaminase(ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase(AST) levels,and liver injury was further assessed by histopathological observation.Malondialdehyde(MDA),superoxide dismutase(SOD) and Na+-K+-ATPase were determined in hepatic tissue.RESULTS:The group LG had lower ALT,AST,and MDA values at 0 h after exposure than those in group 10 G.SOD values and Na+-K+-ATPase activity in the LG group were higher than in group 10 G 0 h post-exposure.Hepatocyte injury was significantly less in group LG than in group 10 G on histopathological evaluation.CONCLUSION:It is suggested that repeated low +Gz exposure shows a protective effect on liver injury induced by high +Gz exposure in rats. | Bin Shi Zhi-Qiang Feng Wen-Bing Li Hong-Yi Zhang | 2015 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2015，21，21： | 5 |
| 20 | Conventional, but not remote ischemic preconditioning, reduces iNOS transcription in liver ischemia/reperfusion显示文摘AIM:To study the effects of preconditioning on inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS)and interleukin 1(IL-1)receptor transcription in rat liver ischemia/reperfusion injury(IRI).METHODS:Seventy-two male rats were randomized into 3 groups:the one-hour segmental ischemia(IRI,n=24)group,the ischemic preconditioning(IPC,n=24)group or the remote ischemic preconditioning(RIPC,n=24)group.The IPC and R-IPC were performed as 10 min of ischemia and 10 min of reperfusion.The iNOS and the IL-1 receptor mRNA in the liver tissue was analyzed with real time PCR.The total Nitrite and Nitrate(NOx)in continuously sampled microdialysate(MD)from the liver was analyzed.In addition,the NOx levels in the serum were analyzed.RESULTS:After 4 h of reperfusion,the iNOS mRNA was significantly higher in the R-IPC(ΔCt:3.44±0.57)group than in the IPC(ΔCt:5.86±0.82)group(P=0.025).The IL-1 receptor transcription activity was reduced in the IPC group(ΔCt:1.88±0.53 to 4.81±0.21),but not in the R-IPC group,during reperfusion(P=0.027).In the MD,a significant drop in the NOx levels was noted in the R-IPC group(12.3±2.2 to 4.7±1.2μmol/L)at the end of ischemia compared with the levels in early ischemia(P=0.008).A similar trend was observed in the IPC group(11.8±2.1 to 6.4±1.5μmol/L),although this difference was not statistically significant.The levels of NOx rose quickly during reperfusion in both groups.CONCLUSION:IPC,but not R-IPC,reduces iNOS and IL-1 receptor transcription during early reperfusion,indicating a lower inflammatory reaction.NOx is consumed in the ischemic liver lobe. | Bergthor Bjornsson Anders Winbladh Linda Bojmar Tommy Sundqvist Per Gullstrand Per Sandstrom | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，28： | 5 |
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