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| 1 | Esophageal cancer: Risk factors,screening and endoscopic treatment in Western and Eastern countries显示文摘Esophageal cancer is one of the most unknown and deadliest cancers worldwide,mainly because of its extremely aggressive nature and poor survival rate.Esophageal cancer is the 6th leading cause of death from cancer and the 8th most common cancer in the world.The 5-year survival is around 15%-25%.There are clear differences between the risk factors of both histological types that affect their incidence and distribution worldwide.There are areas of high incidence of squamous cell carcinoma(some areas in China) that meet the requirements for cost-effectiveness of endoscopy for early diagnosis in the general population of those areas.In Europe and United States the predominant histologic subtype is adenocarcinoma.The role of early diagnosis of adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus remains controversial.The differences in the therapeutic management of early esophageal carcinoma(high-grade dysplasia,T1 a,T1 b,N0) between different parts of the world may be explained by the number of cancers diagnosed at an early stage.In areas where the incidence is high(China and Japan among others) early diagnoses is more frequent and has led to the development of endoscopic techniques for definitive treatment that achieve very effective results with a minimum number of complications and preserving the functionality of the esophagus. | María José Domper Arnal ángel Ferrández Arenas ángel Lanas Arbeloa | 2015 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2015，21，26： | 116 |
| 2 | Colorectal cancer: From prevention to personalized medicine显示文摘Colorectal cancer(CRC)is a very heterogeneous disease that is caused by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors.CRC develops through a gradual accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes,leading to the transformation of normal colonic mucosa into invasive cancer.CRC is one of the most prevalent and incident cancers worldwide,as well as one of the most deadly.Approximately 1235108 people are diagnosed annually with CRC,and 609051 die from CRC annually.The World Health Organization estimates an increase of77%in the number of newly diagnosed cases of CRCand an increase of 80%in deaths from CRC by 2030.The incidence of CRC can benefit from different strategies depending on its stage:health promotion through health education campaigns(when the disease is not yet present),the implementation of screening programs(for detection of the disease in its early stages),and the development of nearly personalized treatments according to both patient characteristics(age,sex)and the cancer itself(gene expression).Although there are different strategies for screening and although the number of such strategies is increasing due to the potential of emerging technologies in molecular marker application,not all strategies meet the criteria required for screening tests in population programs;the three most accepted tests are the fecal occult blood test(FOBT),colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy.FOBT is the most used method for CRC screening worldwide and is also the primary choice in most population-based screening programs in Europe.Due to its non-invasive nature and low cost,it is one of the most accepted techniques by population.CRC is a very heterogeneous disease,and with a few exceptions(APC,p53,KRAS),most of the genes involved in CRC are observed in a small percentage of cases.The design of genetic and epigenetic marker panels that are able to provide maximum coverage in the diagnosis of colorectal neoplasia seems a reasonable strategy.In recent years,the use of DNA,RNA and protein markers in different biological samples has been explored as strategies for CRC diagnosis.Although there is not yet sufficient evidence to recommend the analysis of biomarkers such as DNA,RNA or proteins in the blood or stool,it is likely that given the quick progression of technology tools in molecular biology,increasingly sensitive and less expensive,these tools will gradually be employed in clinical practice and will likely be developed in mass. | Gemma Binefa Francisco Rodríguez-Moranta àlex Teule Manuel Medina-Hayas | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，22： | 67 |
| 3 | Clinical application of DNA ploidy to cervical cancer screening: A review显示文摘Screening for cervical cancer with DNA ploidy assessment by automated quantitative image cytometry has spread throughout China over the past decade and now an estimated 1 million tests per year are done there. Compared to conventional liquid based cytology, DNA ploidy has competitive accuracy with much higher throughput per technician. DNA ploidy has the enormous advantage that it is an objective technology that can be taught in typically 2 or 3 wk, unlike qualitative cytology, and so it can enable screening in places that lack sufficient qualified cytotechnologists and cytopathologists for conventional cytology. Most papers on experience with application of the technology to cervical cancer screening over the past decade were published in the Chinese language. This review aims to provide a consistent framework for analysis of screening data and to summarize some of the work published from 2005 to the end of 2013. Of particular interest are a few studies comparing DNA ploidy with testing for high risk human papilloma virus(hrH PV) which suggest that DNA ploidy is at least equivalent, easier and less expensive than hrH PV testing. There may also be patient management benefits to combining hr HPV testing with DNA ploidy. Some knowledge gaps are identified and some suggestions are made for future research directions. | David Garner | 2014 | World Journal of Clinical Oncology2014，5，5： | 43 |
| 4 | Current issues and future perspectives of gastric cancer screening显示文摘Gastric cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. About half of the incidence of gastric cancer is observed in East Asian countries,which show a higher mortality than other countries. The effectiveness of 3 new gastric cancer screening techniques,namely,upper gastrointestinal endoscopy,serological testing,and 'screen and treat' method were extensively reviewed. Moreover,the phases of development for cancer screening were analyzed on the basis of the biomarker development road map. Several observational studies have reported the effectiveness of endoscopic screening in reducing mortality from gastric cancer. On the other hand,serologic testing has mainly been used for targeting the high-risk group for gastric cancer. To date,the effectiveness of new techniques for gastric cancer screening has remained limited. However,endoscopic screening is presently in the last trial phase of development before their introduction to population-based screening.To effectively introduce new techniques for gastric cancer screening in a community,incidence and mortality reduction from gastric cancer must be initially and thoroughly evaluated by conducting reliable studies.In addition to effectiveness evaluation,the balance of benefits and harms must be carefully assessed before introducing these new techniques for population-based screening. | Chisato Hamashima | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，38： | 46 |
| 5 | Challenges in diagnosis of pancreatic cancer显示文摘Pancreatic cancer is a growing source of cancer related death, yet has poor survival rates which have not improved in the last few decades. Its high mortality rate is attributed to pancreatic cancer biology, difficulty in early diagnosis and the lack of standardised international guidelines in assessing suspicious pancreatic masses. This review aims to provide an update in the current state of play in pancreatic cancer diagnosis and to evaluate the benefits and limitations of available diagnostic technology. The main modalities discussed are imaging with computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, endoscopic ultrasound and positron emission tomography and tissue acquisition with fine needle aspiration. We also review the improvements in the techniques used for tissue acquisition and the opportunity for personalised cancer medicine. Screening of high risk individuals, promising biomarkers and common mimickers of pancreatic cancer are also explored, as well as suggestions for future research directions to allow for earlier detection of pancreatic cancer. Timely and accurate diagnosis of pancreatic cancer can lead to improvements in the current poor outcome of this disease. | Lulu Zhang Santosh Sanagapalli Alina Stoita | 2018 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2018，24，19： | 39 |
| 6 | Endoscopic resection techniques for colorectal neoplasia:Current developments显示文摘Endoscopic polypectomy and endoscopic mucosal resection(EMR) are the established treatment standards for colorectal polyps. Current research aims at the reduction of both complication and recurrence rates as well as on shortening procedure times. Cold snare resection is the emerging standard for the treatment of smaller(< 5 mm) polyps and is possibly also suitable for the removal of noncancerous polyps up to 9 mm. The method avoids thermal damage, has reduced procedure times and probably also a lower risk for delayed bleeding. On the other end of the treatment spectrum, endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD)offers en bloc resection of larger flat or sessile lesions. The technique has obvious advantages in the treatment of high-grade dysplasia and early cancer. Due to its minimal recurrence rate, it may also be an alternative to fractionated EMR of larger flat or sessile lesions. However, ESD is technically demanding and burdened by longer procedure times and higher costs. It should therefore be restricted to lesions suspicious for high-grade dysplasia or early invasive cancer.The latest addition to endoscopic resection techniques is endoscopic fullthickness resection with specifically developed devices for flexible endoscopy.This method is very useful for the treatment of smaller difficult-to-resect lesions,e.g., recurrence with scar formation after previous endoscopic resections. | Franz Ludwig Dumoulin Ralf Hildenbrand | 2019 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2019，25，3： | 35 |
| 7 | MicroRNAs as non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers for gastric cancer:Current insights and future perspectives显示文摘Non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers may contribute to an early identification of gastric cancer(GC) and improve the clinical management.Unfortunately,no sensitive and specific screening biomarkers are available yet and the currently available approaches are limited by the nature of the disease.GC is a heterogenic disease with various distinct genetic and epigenetic events that occur during the multifactorial cascade of carcinogenesis.Micro RNAs(mi RNAs) are commonly deregulated in gastric mucosa during the Helicobacter pylori infection and in stepwise manner from chronic gastritis,through preneoplastic conditions such as atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia,to early dysplasia and invasive cancer.Identification of mi RNAs in blood in 2008 led to a great interest on mi RNA-based diagnostic,prognostic biomarkers in GC.In this review,we provide the most recent systematic review on the existing studies related to mi RNAs as diagnostic biomarkers for GC.Here,we systematically evaluate 75 studies related to differential expression of circulating mi RNAs in GC patients and provide novel view on various heterogenic aspects of the existing data and summarize the methodological differences.Finally,we highlight several important aspects crucial to improve the future translational and clinical research in the field. | Alexander Link Juozas Kupcinskas | 2018 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2018，24，30： | 32 |
| 8 | Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Evolving paradigms显示文摘In the last years new evidence has accumulated on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)challenging the paradigms that had been holding the scene over the previous 30 years.NAFLD has such an epidemic prevalence as to make it impossible to screen general population looking for NAFLD cases.Conversely,focusing on those cohorts of individuals exposed to the highest risk of NAFLD could be a more rational approach.NAFLD,which can be diagnosed with either non-invasive strategies or through liver biopsy,is a pathogenically complex and clinically heterogeneous disease.The existence of metabolic as opposed to genetic-associated disease,notably including'lean NAFLD'has recently been recognized.Moreover,NAFLD is a systemic condition,featuring metabolic,cardiovascular and(hepatic/extrahepatic)cancer risk.Among the clinico-laboratory features of NAFLD we discuss hyperuricemia,insulin resistance,atherosclerosis,gallstones,psoriasis and selected endocrine derangements.NAFLD is a precursor of type 2 diabetes(T2D)and metabolic syndrome and progressive liver disease develops in T2D patients in whom the course of disease is worsened by NAFLD.Finally,lifestyle changes and drug treatment options to be implemented in the individual patient are also critically discussed.In conclusion,this review emphasizes the new concepts on clinical and pathogenic heterogeneity of NAFLD,a systemic disorder with a multifactorial pathogenesis and protean clinical manifestations.It is highly prevalent in certain cohorts of individuals who are thus potentially amenable to selective screening strategies,intensive follow-up schedules for early identification of liver-related and extrahepatic complications and in whom earlier and more aggressive treatment schedules should be carried out whenever possible. | Amedeo Lonardo Fabio Nascimbeni Mauro Maurantonio Alessandra Marrazzo Luca Rinaldi Luigi Elio Adinolfi | 2017 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2017，23，36： | 33 |
| 9 | Developmental dysplasia of the hip in the newborn: A systematic review显示文摘Developmental dysplasia of the hip(DDH) denotes a wide spectrum of conditions ranging from subtle acetabular dysplasia to irreducible hip dislocations. Clinical diagnostic tests complement ultrasound imaging in allowing diagnosis, classification and monitoring of this condition. Classification systems relate to the alpha and beta angles in addition to the dynamic coverage index(DCI). Screening programmes for DDH show considerable geographic variation; certain risk factors have been identified which necessitate ultrasound assessment of the newborn. The treatment of DDH has undergone significant evolution, but the current gold standard is still the Pavlik harness. Duration of Pavlik harness treatment has been reported to range from 3 to 9.3 mo. The beta angle, DCI and the superior/lateral femoral head displacement can be assessed via ultrasound to estimate the likelihood of success. Success rates of between 7% and 99% have been reported when using the harness to treat DDH. Avascular necrosis remains the most devastating complication of harness usage with a reported rate of between 0% and 28%. Alternative non-surgical treatment methods used for DDH include devices proposed by LeD amany, Frejka, Lorenz and Ortolani. The Rosen splint and Wagner stocking have also been used for DDH treatment. Surgical treatment for DDH comprises open reduction alongside a combination of femoral or pelvic osteotomies. Femoral osteotomies are carried out in cases of excessive anteversion or valgus deformity of the femoral neck. The two principal pelvic osteotomies most commonly performed are the Salter osteotomy and Pemberton acetabuloplasty. Serious surgical complications include epiphyseal damage, sciatic nerve damage and femoral neck fracture. | Vivek Gulati Kelechi Eseonu Junaid Sayani Nizar Ismail Chika Uzoigwe Muhammed Zaki Choudhury Pooja Gulati Adeel Aqil Saket Tibrewal | 2013 | World Journal of Orthopedics2013，4，2： | 29 |
| 10 | Non-small cell lung cancer in China显示文摘In China,lung cancer is a primary cancer type with high incidence and mortality.Risk factors for lung cancer include tobacco use,family history,radiation exposure,and the presence of chronic lung diseases.Most early-stage non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)patients miss the optimal timing for treatment due to the lack of clinical presentations.Population-based nationwide screening programs are of significant help in increasing the early detection and survival rates of NSCLC in China.The understanding of molecular carcinogenesis and the identification of oncogenic drivers dramatically facilitate the development of targeted therapy for NSCLC,thus prolonging survival in patients with positive drivers.In the exploration of immune escape mechanisms,programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1(PD-L1)inhibitor monotherapy and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor plus chemotherapy have become a standard of care for advanced NSCLC in China.In the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology’s guidelines for NSCLC,maintenance immunotherapy is recommended for locally advanced NSCLC after chemoradiotherapy.Adjuvant immunotherapy and neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy will be approved for resectable NSCLC.In this review,we summarized recent advances in NSCLC in China in terms of epidemiology,biology,molecular pathology,pathogenesis,screening,diagnosis,targeted therapy,and immunotherapy。 | Peixin Chen Yunhuan Liu Yaokai Wen Caicun Zhou | 2022 | Cancer Communications2022，42，10： | 29 |
| 11 | Cervical cancer: Epidemiology, risk factors and screening显示文摘Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death among females worldwide and its behavior epidemiologically likes a venereal disease of low infectiousness. Early age at first intercourse and multiple sexual partners have been shown to exert strong effects on risk. The wide differences in the incidence among different countries also influenced by the introduction of screening. Although the general picture remains one of decreasing incidence and mortality, there are signs of an increasing cervical cancer risk probably due to changes in sexual behavior. Smoking and human papillomavirus(HPV) 16/18 are currently important issues in a concept of multifactorial, stepwise carcinogenesis at the cervix uteri. Therefore, society-based preventive and control measures, screening activities and HPV vaccination are recommended. Cervical cancer screening methods have evolved from cell morphology observation to molecular testing. High-risk HPV genotyping and liquid-based cytology are common methods which have been widely recommended and used worldwide. In future, accurate,cheap, fast and easy-to-use methods would be more popular. Artificial intelligence also shows to be promising in cervical cancer screening by integrating image recognition with big data technology. Meanwhile, China has achieved numerous breakthroughs in cervical cancer prevention and control which could be a great demonstration for other developing and resource-limited areas. In conclusion, although cervical cancer threatens female health, it could be the first cancer that would be eliminated by human beings with comprehensive preventive and control strategy. | Shaokai Zhang Huifeng Xu Luyao Zhang Youlin Qiao | 2020 | Chinese Journal of Cancer Research2020，32，6： | 25 |
| 12 | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Risk factors, screening, and early detection显示文摘Pancreatic cancer is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States, with over 38000 deaths in 2013. The opportunity to detect pancreatic cancer while it is still curable is dependent on our ability to identify and screen high-risk populations before their symptoms arise. Risk factors for developing pancreatic cancer include multiple genetic syndromes as well as modifiable risk factors. Genetic conditions include hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome, Lynch Syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis, Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome, familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome, hereditary pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, and ataxia-telangiectasia; having a genetic predisposition can raise the risk of developing pancreatic cancer up to 132-fold over the general population. Modifiable risk factors, which include tobacco exposure, alcohol use, chronic pancreatitis, diet, obesity, diabetes mellitus, as well as certain abdominal surgeries and infections, have also been shown to increase the risk of pancreatic cancer development. Several largevolume centers have initiated such screening protocols, and consensus-based guidelines for screening high-riskgroups have recently been published. The focus of this review will be both the genetic and modifiable risk factors implicated in pancreatic cancer, as well as a review of screening strategies and their diagnostic yields. | Andrew E Becker Yasmin G Hernandez Harold Frucht Aimee L Lucas | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，32： | 24 |
| 13 | Colorectal cancer surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease:Practice guidelines and recent developments显示文摘Patients with long-standing inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)involving at least 1/3 of the colon are at increased risk for colorectal cancer(CRC).Advancements in CRC screening and surveillance and improved treatment of IBD has reduced CRC incidence in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s colitis.Most cases of CRC are thought to arise from dysplasia,and recent evidence suggests that the majority of dysplastic lesions in patients with IBD are visible,in part thanks to advancements in high definition colonoscopy and chromoendoscopy.Recent practice guidelines have supported the use of chromoendoscopy with targeted biopsies of visible lesions rather than traditional random biopsies.Endoscopists are encouraged to endoscopically resect visible dysplasia and only recommend surgery when a complete resection is not possible.New technologies such as virtual chromoendoscopy are emerging as potential tools in CRC screening.Patients with IBD at increased risk for developing CRC should undergo surveillance colonoscopy using new approaches and techniques. | William T Clarke Joseph D Feuerstein | 2019 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2019，25，30： | 23 |
| 14 | Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents显示文摘Type 2 diabetes mellitus is emerging as a new clinical problem within pediatric practice.Recent reports indicate an increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents around the world in all ethnicities,even if the prevalence of obesity is not increasing any more.The majority of young people diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus was found in specific ethnic subgroups such as African-American,Hispanic,Asian/Pacific Islanders and American Indians.Clinicians should be aware of the frequent mild or asymptomatic manifestation of type 2 diabetes mellitus in childhood.Therefore,a screening seems meaningful especially in high risk groups such as children and adolescents with obesity,relatives with type 2 diabetes mellitus,and clinical features of insulin resistance(hypertension,dyslipidemia,polycystic ovarian syndrome,or acanthosis nigricans).Treatment of choice is lifestyle intervention followed by pharmacological treatment(e.g.,metformin).New drugs such as dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors or glucagon like peptide 1 mimetics are in the pipeline for treatment of youth with type2 diabetes mellitus.However,recent reports indicate a high dropout of the medical care system of adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus suggesting that management of children and adolescents with type2 diabetes mellitus requires some remodeling of current healthcare practices. | Thomas Reinehr | 2013 | World Journal of Diabetes2013，4，6： | 21 |
| 15 | Gestational diabetes mellitus: An update on the current international diagnostic criteria显示文摘The approach to screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM) around the world is disorderly. The protocols for diagnosis vary not only in-between countries, but also within countries. Furthermore, in any country, this disparity occurs in-between its hospitals and often exists within a single hospital. There are many reasons for these differences. There is the lack of an international consensus among preeminent health organizations(e.g., American College of Gynecologists and World Health Organization). Often there is a disagreement between the country's national diabetes organization, its local health society and its regional obstetric organization with each one recommending a different option for approaching GDM. Sometimes the causes for following an alternate approach are very obvious, e.g., a resource strapped hospital is unable to follow the ivory-tower demanding recommendation of its obstetric organization. But more often than not, the rationale for following or not following a guideline, or following different guideline within the same geographic area is without any perceivable explanation. This review is an attempt to understand the problems afflicting the screening and diagnosis of GDM globally. It traces the major temporal changes in the diagnostic criteria of(1) some respected health organizations; and(2) a few selected countries. With an understanding of the reasons for this disparity, a way forward can be found to reach the ultimate goal: a single global guideline for GDM followed worldwide. | Mukesh M Agarwal | 2015 | World Journal of Diabetes2015，6，6： | 21 |
| 16 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as a risk factor for lung cancer显示文摘The association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) and lung cancer has long been a subject of intense debate. The high prevalence of COPD in elderly smokers inevitably strengthens their coincidence. In addition to this contingent coincidence, recent studies have revealed a close association between the two diseases that is independent of the smoking history; that is, the existence of COPD is an independent risk factor for the development of lung cancer. Molecular-based evidence has been accumulating as a result of the efforts to explain the underlying mechanisms of this association. These mechanisms may include the following: the retention of airborne carcinogens followed by the activation of oncogenes and the suppression of tumor suppressor genes; the complex molecular mechanism associated with chronic inflammation in the distal airways of patients with COPD; the possible in-volvement of putative distal airway stem cells; and gel netic factors that are common to both COPD and lung cancer. The existence of COPD in patients with lung l cancer may potentially affect the process of diagnosis, surgical resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and end-of-life care. The comprehensive management of COPD is extremely important for the appropriate treatment of lung cancer. Surgical resections with the aid of early interventions for COPD are often possible, even for patients with mild-to-moderate COPD. New challenges, such as lung cancer CT screening for individuals t at high risk, are now in the process of being implemented. Evaluating the risk of lung cancer in patients with COPD may be warranted in community-based lung cancer screening. | Yuichi Takiguchi Ikuo Sekine Shunichiro Iwasawa Ryota Kurimoto Koichiro Tatsumi | 2014 | World Journal of Clinical Oncology2014，5，4： | 21 |
| 17 | Screening for gastric cancer in China:Advances,challenges and visions显示文摘Gastric cancer(GC)is one of the major cancers in China and all over the world.Most GCs are diagnosed at an advanced stage with unfavorable prognosis.Along with some other countries,China has developed the government-funded national screening programs for GC and other major cancers.GC screening has been shown to effectively decrease the incidence of and mortality from GC in countries adopting nationwide screening programs(Japan and Korea)and in studies based on selected Chinese populations.The screening of GC relies mostly on gastroendoscopy,the accuracy,reliability and safety of which have been indicated by previous studies.However,considering its invasive screening approach,requirements on skilled endoscopists and pathologists,and a high cost,developing noninvasive methods to amend endoscopic screening would be highly needed.Numerous studies have examined biomarkers for GC screening and the combination of biomarkers involving pepsinogen,gastrin,and Helicobacter pylori antibodies has been proposed for risk stratification,seeking to narrow down the high-risk populations for further endoscopy.Despite all the achievements of endoscopic screening,evidence on appropriate screening age,intervals for repeated screening,novel biomarkers promoting precision prevention,and health economics need to be accumulated to inform policymakers on endoscopic screening in China.With the guide of Health China 2030 Planning Outline,we have golden opportunities to promote prevention and control of GC.In this review,we summarize the characteristics of screening programs in China and other East Asian countries and introduce the past and current approaches and strategies for GC screening,aiming for featuring the latest advances and key challenges,and illustrating future visions of GC screening. | Xiaohan Fan Xiangxiang Qin Yang Zhang Zhexuan Li Tong Zhou Jingying Zhang Weicheng You Wenqing Li Kaifeng Pan | 2021 | Chinese Journal of Cancer Research2021，33，2： | 21 |
| 18 | Epidemic trend,screening,and early detection and treatment of cancer in Chinese population显示文摘Epidemiological studies showed the incidence mortality rates of cancer were increasing in recent decades in Chinese population.National and regional preventive programs aim to reduce the health hazards of cancer and focuse the population at high risks for specific cancer, particularly in rural areas and to offer the access to early detection for multlple cancers in urban areas. The early screening, early detection and treatment have been put into operation for the population at risks in rural areas at first, and in the urban areas in recent years. To understand the epidemic patterns and trends of cancer, and the experiences in applying early detection strategies in China, selected literatures were reviewed for brief summary. | Xiao-Nong Zou | 2017 | Cancer Biology & Medicine2017，14，1： | 19 |
| 19 | WJBC 5^(th) Anniversary Special Issues(2): Proteomics In 2014, can we do better than CA125 in the early detection of ovarian cancer?显示文摘Ovarian cancer is a lethal gynecologic malignancy with greater than 70% of women presenting with advanced stage disease. Despite new treatments, long term outcomes have not significantly changed in the past 30 years with the five-year overall survival remaining between 20% and 40% for stage Ⅲ and Ⅳ disease. In contrast patients with stage Ⅰ disease have a greater than 90% five-year overall survival. Detection of ovarian cancer at an early stage would likely have significant impact on mortality rate. Screening biomarkers discovered at the bench have not translated to success in clinical trials. Existing screening modalities have not demonstrated survival benefit in completed prospective trials. Advances in high throughput screening are making it possible to evaluate the development of ovarian cancer in ways never before imagined. Data in the form of human '-omes' including the proteome, genome, metabolome, and transcriptome are now available in various packaged forms. With the correct pooling of resources including prospective collection of patient specimens, integration of high throughput screening, and use of molecular heterogeneity in biomarker discovery, we are poised to make progress in ovarian cancer screening. This review will summarize current biomarkers, imaging, and multimodality screening strategies in the context of emerging technologies. | Joshua G Cohen Matthew White Ana Cruz Robin Farias-Eisner | 2014 | World Journal of Biological Chemistry2014，5，3： | 18 |
| 20 | Sex-and gender-specific disparities in colorectal cancer risk显示文摘Colorectal cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer morbidity both in men and in women.However,females over 65 years old show higher mortality and lower 5-year survival rate of colorectal cancer compared to their age-matched male counterparts.The objective of this review is to suggest gender-based innovations to improve colorectal cancer outcomes in females.Women have a higher risk of developing right-sided(proximal) colon cancer than men,which is associated with more aggressive form of neoplasia compared to left-sided(distal) colon cancer.Despite differences in tumor location between women and men,most of scientific researchers do not consider sex specificity for study design and interpretation.Also,colorectal cancer screening guidelines do not distinguish females from male,which may explain the higher frequency of more advanced neoplasia when tumors are first detected and false negative results in colonoscopy in females.Moreover,socio-cultural barriers within females are present to delay screening and diagnosis.Few studies,among studies that included both men and women,have reported sex-specific estimates of dietary risk factors which are crucial to establish cancer prevention guidelines despite sex-and genderassociated differences in nutrient metabolism and dietary practices.Furthermore,anti-cancer drug use for colorectal cancer treatment can cause toxicity to the reproductive system,and gender-specific recurrence and survival rates are reported.Therefore,by understanding sex-and gender-related biological and socio-cultural differences in colorectal cancer risk,gender-specific strategies for screening,treatment and prevention protocols can be established to reduce the mortality and improve the quality of life. | Sung-Eun Kim Hee Young Paik Hyuk Yoon Jung Eun Lee Nayoung Kim Mi-Kyung Sung | 2015 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2015，21，17： | 18 |
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