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| 1 | Stability of Ultra-fine Microstructures during Tempering显示文摘The stability of ultra-fine microstructure during tempering at 650℃ was investigated on a Nb-containing steel. The steel had undergone 5 passes controlled rolling, then was relaxed (air cooled) to 730 ℃ and cooled in water The evolution of microstructure was that, in early stage of tempering, no obvious change was detected by means of optical microscopy while dislocation cells were formed inside bainitic laths. With further tempering, bainitic laths started to coalesce in some regions. Finally, polygonal ferrite was formed while hardness decreased dramatically. Some samples taken from the same primary plate were reheated at 930 ℃for 0.5 h followed by quenching into water before tempering. Despite their lower original hardness, the reheated samples softened faster during tempering. Ferrite was quickly formed in the reheated samples. These results indicate that the evolution of microstructures towards equilibrium during tempering of the steel is mainly determined by whether dislocations are pinned rather than the dislocation density. | Shanwu Yang, Chengjia Shang,Xinlai He, Xuemin Wang, Yi Yuan (Material Science and Engineering School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China) | 2001 | Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing2001，8，2： | 25 |
| 2 | Study on Quenching and Tempering Process of Q960 High Strength Steel for Construction Machinery显示文摘To develop the Q960 high-strength quenched and tempered steel plates for construction machinery,the effects of quenching and tempering treating regime on the microstructures and mechanical properties were investigated.The results show that the perfect austenization and fine grain size can be achieved by the optimum quenching process that is quenching temperature 900℃ and holding time 20min.Considering performance and production efficiency,the optimum tempering process parameters are found that tempering temperature 600℃ and holding time 40min.The excellent overall properties of specimens with tempered sorbite microstructure can be ultimately obtained.The yield strength is 1030MPa,tensile strength 1080MPa,percentage elongation 16.8% and the Charpy impact energy 144J at-40℃.All these indexes come up to the National Standard GB/T 16270-2009. | WANG Zhao-dong 1,KANG Jian 1,LU Feng 1,2,DENG Xiang-tao 1,WANG Chao 1,WANG Guo-dong 1 (1.State Key Lab of Rolling and Automation,Northeastern University,Shenyang 110004,Liaoning,China 2.Wide Heavy Plate Project Department of Tangshan Iron and Steel Corporation,Tangshan 063000,Hebei,China) | 2011 | Journal of Iron and Steel Research(International)2011，18，S1： | 13 |
| 3 | Tempering Behavior of Ductile 1700 MPa Mn-Si-Cr-C Steel Treated by Quenching and Partitioning Process Incorporating Bainite Formation显示文摘We obtained a good combination of strength and ductility in a 0.4C-2.0Mn-1.7Si-0.4Cr(wt%) steel,namely,~1.7 GPa of ultimate tensile strength and ~26% of elongation,by conducting a Q-P-T(quenching-partitioning- tempering) process incorporating the formation of carbide-free bainite. The tempering behavior of this steel was discussed by using experimental finding(scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction(XRD),transmission electron microscopy and dilatometer) and CCE(constrained carbon equilibrium) modeling. The XRD results combined with CCE calculation prove that carbon partitioning from martensite to austenite occurs during tempering. Consequently,the thermodynamic stability of retained austenite is enhanced. This idea can be utilized to design novel Q-P-T processes in future. | Guhui Gao Han Zhang Xiaolu Gui Zhunli Tan Bingzhe Bai | 2015 | Journal of Materials Science & Technology2015，31，2： | 10 |
| 4 | Effect of tempering temperature on the microstructure and properties of ultrahigh-strength stainless steel显示文摘The microstructure, precipitation and mechanical properties of Ferrium S53 steel, a secondary hardening ultrahigh-strength stainless steel with 10% Cr developed by QuesTek Innovations LLC, upon tem pering were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transm ission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and tensile and impact tests. Based on these results, the influence of the tem pering temperature on the microstructure and properties was discussed. The results show th at decom position occurred when the retained austenite was tem pered above 440 ℃ and that the hardening peak at 482 ℃ was caused by the joint strengthening of the precipitates and martensite transformation. Due to the high Cr content, the trigonal M7C3 carbide precipitated w hen the steel was tem pered at 400 ℃, and M7C3 and M2C (5 -10 nm in size) coexisted w hen it was tem pered at 482 ℃. When the steel was tem pered at 630 ℃, M2C and M23C6 carbides precipitated, and the sizes w ere greater than 50 nm and 500 nm, respectively, but no M7C3 carbide formed. When the tempering tem perature was above 540 ℃, austenitization and large-size precipitates w ere the main factors affecting the strength and toughness. | Yangpeng Zhang Dongping Zhan Xiwei Qi Zhouhua Jiang | 2019 | Journal of Materials Science & Technology2019，35，7： | 9 |
| 5 | Effect of Tempering Temperature on Strength and Toughness of Novel Carbide-Free Bainite/Martensite Duplex Phase Steel显示文摘The effect of tempering temperature on strength and toughness of the novel carbide free bainite/martensite (CFB/M) duplex steel was investigated. The results showed that the CFB/M mixed microstructure has better tempering stability than single martensite microstructure. The steel has good combination of strength and toughness after tempering at 350 ℃, because the CFB in CFB/M mixed microstructure separates the original austenite grains and causes the refinement of lath martensite, and thermal and mechanical stable retained austenite in CFB is deformed absorbing energy and blocking crack propagation. | LIU Dong-yu BAI Bing-zhe FANG Hong-sheng YANG Zhi-gang ZHANG Chi YAN Wen-yan | 2002 | Journal of Iron and Steel Research(International)2002，9，1： | 7 |
| 6 | Mechanical properties of a microalloyed bainitic steel after hot forging and tempering显示文摘Mechanical properties of a newly developed microalloyed bainitic steel were investigated after the hot forging,air cooling and tempering process.The microstructure of the as-forged bainitic steel mainly consists of granular bainite and^20 vol.% martensite.The fraction of retained austenite remains unchanged until tempering at 200°C,above which it decreases significantly.The increase of tempering temperature leads to decreases of both ultimate tensile strength and total elongation but decreases of both yield strength and reduction of area.The maximum and minimum values of impact toughness were observed after tempering at around 200 and 400°C,respectively.These effects are mainly attributed to the decomposition of martensite/austenite constituents and the tempering effects in martensite.The tempering of the forged bainitic steel at around 200°C results in an excellent combination of strength and toughness,which is comparable to that of the conventional quenched-and-tempered 40 Cr steel.Therefore,low-tempering treatment coupled with post-forging residual stress relieving is a feasible method to further improve the mechanical properties of the bainitic forging steel. | Zhi-bao Xu Wei-jun Hui Zhan-hua Wang Yong-jian Zhang Xiao-li Zhao Xiu-ming Zhao | 2017 | Journal of Iron and Steel Research(International)2017，24，11： | 7 |
| 7 | Tempering microstructure and mechanical properties of pipeline steel X80显示文摘The tempering microstructure and mechanical properties of X80 steel used for heating-bent pipe were analyzed. The results show that the microstructure of X80 steel tempered at 550 ℃ and 600 ℃ is bainitic ferrite (BF)+granular bainite (GB), and partial ferrite laths in BF merge and broaden. The interior sub-lath boundary of some GB begins to disappear due to merging, the M/A constituent (a mixture of martensite plus retained austenite) in GB is orbicular. At the two tempering temperatures the tested X80 steel shows a certain degree of tempering stability. After being tempered at 650 ℃, the microstructure of X80 steel is GB+quasi-polygonal ferrite(QF), and the original BF laths have merged to form smaller GB crystal grains. The reason is that the steel shows better match of strength and toughness. After being tempered at 700 ℃ , the microstructure of X80 steel is composed mainly of QF, which can improve the plasticity but decline severely the yield strength of X80, and the M/A constituent assembles and grows up at the grain boundary of QF, resulting in excellent lower low-temperature toughness of X80. | 牛靖 齐丽华 刘迎来 马蕾 冯耀荣 张建勋 | 2009 | 中国有色金属学会会刊:英文版2009，19，S3： | 7 |
| 8 | High strength and ductility of 34CrNiMo6 steel produced by laser solid forming显示文摘Because of the excellent mechanical properties of 34 CrNiMo6 steel, it is widely used in high-value components. Many conventional approaches to strengthening-steels typically involve the loss of useful ductility.In this study, 34 CrNiMo6 Steel having high strength and ductility is produced by laser solid forming(LSF)with a quenching-tempering(QT) treatment. Tempering of bainite is mainly by solid phase transformation in the previous LSF layers during the LSF process. The stable microstructure of LSF consists of ferrite and fine carbides. The microstructure transfers to tempered sorbite after heat-treatment. The tensile properties of the LSF steel meet those of the wrought standard. The UTS and elongation of LSF sample at 858 MPa, 19.2%, respectively, are greater than those of the wrought. The QT treatment enhanced the ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of the LSF sample. The ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, reduction in area, and elongation of the LSF+QT sample at 980 MPa, 916 MPa, 58.9%, and 13.9%,respectively, are greater than those of the wrought standard. The yield strength of the LSF+QT sample is approximately 1.27 times that of the wrought. The LSF samples failed in a ductile fracture mode, while the LSF+QT samples showed mixed-mode failure. The defects have only a small effect on the tensile properties owing to the excellent ductility of the LSF sample. | Chunping Huang Xin Lin Fencheng Liu Haiou Yang Weidong Huang | 2019 | Journal of Materials Science & Technology2019，35，2： | 6 |
| 9 | An Internal State Variable Model for the Low Temperature Tempering of Low Alloy Steels显示文摘An internal state variable (ISV) framework is used to predict the rate and degree of strain relaxation associated with the stage I, low temperature tempering of martensite. A single variable tracks the change in volume between the tempered an untempered structures. The rate at which this occurs is taken to be a function of martensite fraction, temperature, degree of tempering, and carbon concentration. Experimental dilatometty data is used to both fit and validate the model. | Mark T. Lusk, Young-Kook Lee, Herng-Jeng Jou, William H. Elliott, Gerard M Ludtka 1.Materials Science Program, Division of Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO. U.S. 80401 2.Questek Innovations LCC, 1801 Maple Avenue, Evanston, IL, U.S. 602 | 2000 | Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong university(Science)2000，5，1： | 5 |
| 10 | Modeling and Simulation of Iron-Carbon Phase Transformation During Tempering of Steel显示文摘Tempering is final process used in heat treatment of steel components.It is important to improve the toughness and ductility of the quenched steel without a great loss of the hardness and strength.However,the traditional tempering process is hard to satisfy requirements of combination mechanical properties with low cost.A quantitative model is developed to simulate the micro-structural evolution during tempering process of carbon steel by modifying the previous Ju and Inoue's model.The model takes into account tempering parameters,carbon content and morphology for iron-carbon phases.Segregation of carbon atoms,precipitation of transition carbides(ε-carbide),decomposition of retained austenite and precipitation of cementite can be predicted respectively.The precipitation of carbides is modeled by considering the competitive precipitations ofε-carbide and cementite.The kinetics of decomposition of retained austenite into ferrite and cementite is depicted by the modified Avrami equation.To validate the model,it is applied to simulate the tempering process of the as-quenched plain carbon steel.The volume fractions of iron-carbon phase are calculated at different tempering temperature and time.It is indicated that tempering time has greater effect on the volume fraction of carbides at high temperature stage.The calculated results are reasonable consistent with the theoretical descriptions. | Dong-ying Ju1,Xiao-hu Deng 2 1Department of Mechanical Engineering,Saitama Institute of Technology,Saitama,Japan 2 Advanced Science Research Laboratory,Saitama Institute of Technology,Saitama,Japan | 2012 | 稀有金属材料与工程2012，41，S1： | 4 |
| 11 | TEM observation of precipitation phase produced during tempering of steel AerMet100 and first principles calculations of phase evolution显示文摘The microstructure evolution law and the structure of precipitates produced during the tempering of steel AerMet100 based on TEM observation and the calibration of diffraction spot were revealed.The electronic structure and the stability of the MoxCr2-xC phase were calculated using the plane-wave pseudo-potential method on basis of density functional theory.TEM observations show that the precipitation phases Fe3C and Fe2-xCx(x=0.05~0.14) between martensite lath are produced at 425 and 480 ℃,respectively.The increase of tempering temperature or time can lead to the redissolution of both phases Fe3C and Fe2-xCx,and also lead to the precipitation of the phase Cr2C in martensite lath.The calculation results of formation energies and the density of state(DOS) demonstrate that in point of MoxCr2-xC structures formed during tempering,the early precipitation phase is Cr2C and finally later evolves into Mo2C phase with diffusing of incorporation of Mo atom into the Cr2C crystal cell,lattice,which can results in a energy decreases of the structure MoxCr2-xC phase with the increase of | WANG Xiangrong,YAN Mufu,and MENG Qingchang School of Materials Science and Engineering,Harbin Institute of Technology,Harbin 150001,China | 2007 | Rare Metals2007，26，S1： | 3 |
| 12 | Effect of sigma phase precipitation on microstructure and properties of cast ZG0Cr26Ni5Mo3Cu3 duplex stainless steel under different heat treatments显示文摘ZG0Cr26Ni5Mo3Cu3 Duplex Stainless Steel(DSS) was solution treated at 1,060 ℃ for 3 h, followed by water cooling. Tempering treatments were conducted at 720, 750 and 780 ℃, respectively, for 16 h, followed by air cooling. The microstructures of ZG0Cr26Ni5Mo3Cu3 duplex stainless steel samples treated at different tempering temperatures were observed by scanning electron microscope(SEM) and energy dispersal spectroscopy(EDS), and the phase consitutions were analyzed using X-ray diffraction(XRD). The effects of the precipitation of sigma(σ) phase on the duplex phase percentage, hardness, impact toughness and corrosion resistance of the DSS were studied. Results showed that microstructures of ZG0Cr26Ni5Mo3Cu3 after solution treatment consists of ferrite(α) phase and austenite(γ) phase; after being tempered at different temperatures, σ phase appeared due to a eutectoid-type reaction of α→σ+γ2 during tempering treatment. It was observed that σ phase distributed along the grain boundary. The volume fraction of σ and γ phases increased with increasing tempering temperature in the range of 720 to 780 ℃, whereas the volume fraction of α phase showed the opposite trend. When the percentage of σ phase increased, the hardness of steel also increased. In the solution treated steel, hardness was measured to be only 244.0 HB, because σ phase did not appear. However, it increased to 391.8 HB when the DSS was tempered at 780℃because a great of deal of σ phase appeared. The impact toughness and corrosion resistance of DSS decreased when the percentage of σ phase increased. | Ze-hua Zhu Wei-dong Zhang Xiao-hui Tu Xiao-jian Wang Wei Li | 2018 | China Foundry2018，15，3： | 3 |
| 13 | Development of High Deformation X70 Pipeline Steel Plates in NISCO显示文摘A series of trial tests for high deformation (HD) X70 pipeline steel plates were performed in NISCO,and the technical routes as thermal mechanical controlled rolling process (TMCP),TMCP + Quenching (Q) and TMCP +Q & tempering (T) were studied systematically through the plate shape quality,properties and microstructure characters.The results show that problems as plate shape and inhomogeneous microstructures are for finish rolling at low temperature and high cooling rate after the rolling by the route of TMCP.By the route of TMCP+Q,the yield strength (YS) of the trial steels is not sufficient.By the route of TMCP+QT,the YS is enhanced,as well as good toughness and plasticity due to the martensite decomposition at low temperature tempering process,and 4 sheets of HD X70 pipeline steel plates by the route TMCP+QT with superior plate shape quality,microstructure and comprehensive properties were successfully developed in NISCO. | LIU Zhao-xia,LI Xiao-ling,CHEN Yuan-shu,SONG Shi-jia (Technology and Quality Department,Jiangsu Nanjing Iron and Steel Cooperation,Nanjing 210035,Jiangsu,China) | 2011 | Journal of Iron and Steel Research(International)2011，18，S1： | 2 |
| 14 | Effect of the frequency of high-angle grain boundaries on the corrosion performance of 5wt%Cr steel in a CO2 aqueous environment显示文摘The corrosion behavior of 5 wt%Cr steel tempered at different temperatures was investigated by immersion testing and electrochemical testing in a CO_2 aqueous environment. When the tempering temperature exceeded 500℃, the corrosion rate increased. The corrosion layers consisted of Cr-rich compounds, which affected the corrosion behaviors of the steels immersed in the corrosive solution. The results of electrochemical experiments demonstrated that 5 wt%Cr steels with different microstructures exhibited pre-passivation characteristics that decreased their corrosion rate. Analysis by electron back-scattered diffraction showed that the frequency of high-angle grain boundaries(HAGBs) and the corrosion rate were well-correlated in specimens tempered at different temperatures. The corrosion rate increased with increasing HAGB frequency. | Hui-bin Wu Tao Wu Gang Niu Tao Li Rui-yan Sun Yang Gu | 2018 | International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials2018，25，3： | 2 |
| 15 | Application of the Controllable Quenching Technology to the Quenching and tempering Workpieces显示文摘In order to obtain the desired mechanical properties of quenching and tempering workpieces, as well as reduce the cracking tendency and distortion, a program of controllable quenching was established. Furthermore, a computer-aided quenching system (CAQ) was also developed. The application samples of the CAQ system showed satisfactory results. | Chen Nailu, Liao Bo, Niu Wanbin’, Slum Jin, Zhu Xiaoqian 1.Zhengzhou Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Zhengzhou 450052,China 2.Department of Materials, University of Yanshan, Qinhuangdao 066004, China | 2000 | Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong university(Science)2000，5，1： | 2 |
| 16 | Comparison of Microstructures and Properties Obtained After Different Heat Treatment Strategies of High Strength Low Alloyed Steel显示文摘The influence of different heat treatment strategies on the microstructure and properties of 42SiCr steel was investigated.To compare the benefit of innovative treatment methods with more conventional ones,several strategies based on a new quenching and partitioning (Q-P) process were designed together with several strategies using more traditional quenching and tempering process.Different combinations of mechanical properties were obtained with ultimate strengths in the range of 1818-2120 MPa and ductility between 10% and 24%.Resulting microstructures were martensitic with 0-12% of retained austenite and they were analyzed by laser scanning confocal microscopy,transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction phase analysis. | Kuerová Ludmila Jirková Hana Hauserová Daniela Masek Bohuslav | 2011 | Journal of Iron and Steel Research(International)2011，18，S1： | 1 |
| 17 | Transient heat transfer characteristics of air-array-jet impingement with different nozzle arrangements on high-tempera-ture flat plate in small jet-to-plate distance显示文摘Numerical studies on transient heat transfer characteristics of air-array-jet impingement with a small jet-to-plate distance and a large temperature difference between nozzles and plate were presented.The dimensionless jet-to-plate distance(H/D)was 0.2,and non-dimensional nozzle-to-nozzle spacing(S/D)was 3,4,5 and 6,respectively.It is found that the quenching time is shortened at a constant total mass flow at air jet inlet m·(m·=218.21 kg/h),and the heat transfer uniformity is deterio-rated as S/D increases.However,the adding reversed-flow nozzles can shorten the quenching time of the glass plate considerably with a modest change in the heat transfer uniformity.The results at variable m·are the same as those at a fixed m·.Furthermore,the parity and arrangement of nozzles are also discussed,It is found that an odd number of nozzles is more beneficial for transient heat transfer.Based on these results,an appropriate proposal for ultra-thin glass tempering process is presented. | LI Meixiang ZHU Keqian XIE Yu CAI Tingting YUAN Ningyi DING Jianning | 2020 | 排灌机械工程学报2020，38，3： | 1 |
| 18 | STUDY ON THE STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF HIGH CHROMIUM WHITE CAST IRON AND ITS TEMPERING STANDARD显示文摘Wearisthemaincauseofthefailureofmechanicalequipment.Becauseofthewear,heavylosesarecausedeveryyear.Therefore,itisofvitalimport... | Yingfeng Guan Zhanpeng Jin | 1999 | Journal of Central South University1999，11，1： | 1 |
| 19 | Analysis of microstructure and performance of temper bead welded joints for SA508-3 steel by Quenching and Tempering mode显示文摘The HAZ microstructure and performance of Quenching and Tempering mode temper bead welding and general welded joints which were made on SA508-3 steel of 60 mm thickness were compared in this article. The result shows that tempering sorbite which has excellent overall performance was obtained in both modes. The microstructure of Quenching and Tempering mode welded joints got more fine grain. Even though the hardness of tempering bead welded joints is higher than the general one,it still meets the standards which is lower than 350 HV. The impact absorbing energy of each district of tempering bead welded joints HAZ reached 170 J,which is equal to general one. | 秦建 李世乾 吕晓春 张汇文 杜兵 | 2017 | China Welding2017，26，1： | 1 |
| 20 | Mechanical and corrosion properties of N08825 CRA clad pipeline steel显示文摘Corrosion-resistant-alloy(CRA)clad steel combines the good mechanical properties of the base material and the excellent corrosion resistance of the cladding material,while also being much more economical than solid CRAs.As gas and oil fields can have high concentrations of H2 S,Cl-,CO2,and other chemicals,the pipes used to transport gas or oil must have high corrosion resistance and good mechanical properties.UNS N08825 nickel-based alloys with their excellent corrosion resistance can be a good cladding material in clad steel.In this paper,UNS N08825+X65 clad steel was produced by two different processes.The thermomechanical and quenching and tempering processes were investigated and their mechanical properties and corrosion resistance were compared.Intergranular corrosion and pitting corrosion tests were conducted and the results were evaluated.A high-pressure and high-temperature gas-field environment was also simulated to test the stress corrosion cracking of the steel.The results show that both clad plates have good mechanical properties and excellent corrosion resistance.The experimental results were compared and the differences between the two processes were identified and discussed. | LIANG Xiaojun JIAO Sihai DING Jianhua | 2020 | Baosteel Technical Research2020，14，3： | 1 |
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