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| 1 | Internet addiction and problematic Internet use: A systematic review of clinical research显示文摘AIM: To provide a comprehensive overview of clinical studies on the clinical picture of Internet-use related addictions from a holistic perspective. A literature search was conducted using the database Web of Science.METHODS: Over the last 15 years, the number of Internet users has increased by 1000%, and at the same time, research on addictive Internet use has proliferated. Internet addiction has not yet been understood very well, and research on its etiology and natural history is still in its infancy. In 2013, the American Psychiatric Association included Internet Gaming Disorder in the appendix of the updated version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders(DSM-5) as condition that requires further research prior to official inclusion in the main manual, with important repercussions for research and treatment. To date, reviews have focused on clinical and treatment studies of Internet addiction and Internet Gaming Disorder. This arguably limits the analysis to a specific diagnosis of a potential disorder that has not yet been officially recognised in the Western world, rather than a comprehensive and inclusive investigation of Internet-use related addictions(including problematic Internet use) more generally. RESULTS: The systematic literature review identified a total of 46 relevant studies. The included studies used clinical samples, and focused on characteristics of treatment seekers and online addiction treatment. Four main types of clinical research studies were identified, namely research involving(1) treatment seeker characteristics;(2) psychopharmacotherapy;(3) psychological therapy; and(4) combined treatment. CONCLUSION: A consensus regarding diagnostic criteria and measures is needed to improve reliability across studies and to develop effective and efficient treatment approaches for treatment seekers. | Daria J Kuss Olatz Lopez-Fernandez | 2016 | World Journal of Psychiatry2016，6，1： | 14 |
| 2 | Orexin Receptor Antagonists as Emerging Treatments for Psychiatric Disorders显示文摘Orexins comprise two neuropeptides produced by orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and are released by extensive projections of these neurons throughout the central nervous system. Orexins bind and activate their associated G protein-coupled orexin type 1 receptors(OX1Rs) and OX2Rs and act on numerous physiological processes, such as sleep-wake regulation, feeding, reward,emotion, and motivation. Research on the development of orexin receptor antagonists has dramatically increased with the approval of suvorexant for the treatment of primary insomnia. In the present review, we discuss recent findings on the involvement of the orexin system in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, including sleep disorders,depression, anxiety, and drug addiction. We discuss the actions of orexin receptor antagonists, including selective OX1R antagonists (SORA1s), selective OX2R antagonists(SORA2s), and dual OX1/2R antagonists (DORAs), in the treatment of these disorders based on both preclinical and clinical evidence. SORA2s and DORAs have more pronounced efficacy in the treatment of sleep disorders,whereas SORA1s may be promising for the treatment of anxiety and drug addiction. We also discuss potential challenges and opportunities for the application of orexin receptor antagonists to clinical interventions. | Ying Han Kai Yuan Yongbo Zheng Lin Lu | 2020 | Neuroscience Bulletin2020，36，4： | 10 |
| 3 | The cessation and detoxification effect of tea filters on cigarette smoke显示文摘To treat tobacco addiction,a tea filter was developed and studied for smoking cessation.This work reports the smoking cessation effect of tea when it was used as a component of cigarette filters.In one trial it was found that after using the tea filters for 2 months,the volunteer smokers decreased their cigarette consumption by 56.5%,and 31.7% of them stopped smoking.This work identified a new method and material,tea filter and theanine,which inhibit tobacco and nicotine addiction and provide an effective strategy for treating tobacco addiction. | YAN JingQi1,2,DI XiaoJing1,4,LIU CaiYi3,ZHANG HuiMin3,HUANG XiouQin3,ZHANG JunJing1,2,ZHAO Yan5,ZHANG LongZe1,CHANG YanZhong4,LIANG YongLin2$,TAO Ran3 & ZHAO BaoLu1,21 State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science,Institute of Biophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China 2 Key Laboratory of Mental Health,Institute of Psychology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China 3 Addiction Branch,Beijing Military Region General Hospital,Beijing 100700,China 4 Institute of Molecular Neurobiology,Hebei Normal University,Shijiazhuang 050016,China 5 Department of Food Sciences and Technology,Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai,Weihai 264209,China | 2010 | Science China(Life Sciences)2010，53，5： | 8 |
| 4 | Alcoholism and liver disease in Mexico:Genetic and environmental factors显示文摘Alcoholism and cirrhosis,which are two of the most serious health problems worldwide,have a broad spectrum of clinical outcomes.Both diseases are influenced by genetic susceptibility and cultural traits that differ globally but are specific for each population.In contrast to other regions around the world,Mexicans present the highest drinking score and a high mortality rate for alcoholic liver disease with an intermediate category level of per capita alcohol consumption.Mexico has a unique history of alcohol consumption that is linked to profound anthropological and social aspects.The Mexican population has an admixture genome inherited from different races,Caucasian,Amerindian and African,with a heterogeneous distribution within the country.Thus,genes related to alcohol addiction,such as dopamine receptor D2 in the brain,or liver alcoholmetabolizing enzymes,such as alcohol dehydrogenase classⅠpolypeptide B,cytochrome P450 2E1 and aldehyde dehydrogenase class 2,may vary from one individual to another.Furthermore,they may be inherited as risk or non-risk haplogroups that confer susceptibility or resistance either to alcohol addiction or abusive alcohol consumption and possibly liver disease.Thus,in this era of genomics,personalized medicine will benefit patients if it is directed according to individual or population-based data.Additional association studies will be required to establish novel strategies for the prevention,care and treatment of liver disease in Mexico and worldwide. | Sonia Roman Eloy Alfonso Zepeda-Carrillo Laura Eugenia Moreno-Luna Arturo Panduro | 2013 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2013，19，44： | 6 |
| 5 | MicroRNA-132 in the Adult Dentate Gyrus is Involved in Opioid Addiction Via Modifying the Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells显示文摘MicroRNA-132(miR-132), a small RNA that regulates gene expression, is known to promote neurogenesis in the embryonic nervous system and adult brain.Although exposure to psychoactive substances can increase miR-132 expression in cultured neural stem cells(NSCs)and the adult brain of rodents, little is known about its role in opioid addiction. So, we set out to determine the effect of miR-132 on differentiation of the NSCs and whether this effect is involved in opioid addiction using the rat morphine self-administration(MSA) model. We found that miR-132 overexpression enhanced the differentiation of NSCs in vivo and in vitro. Similarly, speci?c overexpression of miR-132 in NSCs of the adult hippocampal dentate gyrus(DG) during the acquisition stage of MSA potentiated morphine-seeking behavior. These ?ndings indicate that miR-132 is involved in opioid addiction,probably by promoting the differentiation of NSCs in the adult DG. | Meng Jia Xuewei Wang Haolin Zhang Can Ye Hui Ma Mingda Yang Yijing Li Cailian Cui | 2019 | Neuroscience Bulletin2019，35，3： | 6 |
| 6 | Drug addiction: a curable mental disorder?显示文摘Drug addiction is a chronic, relapsing brain disorder. Multiple neural networks in the brain including the reward system (e.g., the mesocorticolimbic system), the anti-reward/stress system (e.g., the extended amygdala), and the central immune system, are involved in the development of drug addiction and relapse after withdrawal from drugs of abuse. Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that it is promising to control drug addiction by pharmacologically targeting the addiction-related systems in the brain. Here we review the pharmacological targets within the dopamine system, glutamate system, trace amine system, anti-reward system, and central immune system, which are of clinical interests. Furthermore, we discuss other potential therapies, e.g., brain stimulation, behavioral treatments, and therapeutic gene modulation, which could be effective to treat drug addiction. We conclude that, although drug addiction is a complex disorder that involves complicated neural mechanisms and psychological processes, this mental disorder is treatable and may be curable by therapies such as gene modulation in the future. | Jian-feng Liu Jun-xu Li | 2018 | Acta Pharmacologica Sinica2018，39，12： | 4 |
| 7 | Isotretinoin and ulcerative colitis: A case report and review of the literature显示文摘This case report describes a case of ulcerative colitisthe onset of which occurred after the use of isotreti-noin for acne treatment. Our patient, a healthy maleyoung adult, after several months of isotretinoin use,developed gastrointestinal disorders and after thoroughmedical workup was diagnosed with ulcerative colitis.The literature regarding a possible correlation betweenisotretinoin use and ulcerative colitis is scarce. Never-theless, recent epidemiological studies have shed morelight on this possible association. | Ioannis Papaconstantinou Anastasios Stefanopoulos Aspasia Papailia Christos Zeglinas Ioannis Georgopoulos Spyridon Michopoulos | 2014 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery2014，6，7： | 4 |
| 8 | Structural insight into the serotonin (5-HT) receptor family by molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation and systems pharmacology analysis显示文摘Serotonin (5-HT) receptors are proteins involved in various neurological and biological processes, such as aggression, anxiety, appetite, cognition, learning, memory, mood, sleep, and thermoregulation. They are commonly associated with drug abuse and addiction due to their importance as targets for various pharmaceutical and recreational drugs. However, due to a high sequence similarity/identity among 5-HT receptors and the unavailability of the 3D structure of the different 5-HT receptor, no report was available so far regarding the systematical comparison of the key and selective residues involved in the binding pocket, making it difficult to design subtype-selective serotonergic drugs. In this work, we first built and validated three-dimensional models for all 5- HT receptors based on the existing crystal structures of 5-HT1B, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C. Then, we performed molecular docking studies between 5-HT receptors agonists/inhibitors and our 3D models. The results from docking were consistent with the known binding affinities of each model. Sequentially, we compared the binding pose and selective residues among 5-HT receptors. Our results showed that the affinity variation could be potentially attributed to the selective residues located in the binding pockets. Moreover, we performed MD simulations for 12 5-HT receptors complexed with ligands;the results were consistent with our docking results and the reported data. Finally, we carried out off-target prediction and blood–brain barrier (BBB) prediction for Captagon using our established hallucinogen-related chemogenomics knowledgebase and in-house computational tools, with the hope to provide more information regarding the use of Captagon. We showed that 5-HT2C, 5-HT5A, and 5-HT7 were the most promising targets for Captagon before metabolism. Overall, our findings can provide insights into future drug discovery and design of medications with high specificity to the individual 5-HT receptor to decrease the risk of addiction and prevent drug abuse. | Yuan-qiang Wang Wei-wei Lin Nan Wu Si-yi Wang Mao-zi Chen Zhi-hua Lin Xiang-Qun Xie Zhi-wei Feng | 2019 | Acta Pharmacologica Sinica2019，40，9： | 4 |
| 9 | Functional magnetic resonance imaging of internet addiction in young adults显示文摘AIM: To report the results of functional magnetic resonance imaging(f MRI) studies pertaining internet addiction disorder(IAD) in young adults.METHODS: We conducted a systematic review on Pub Med, focusing our attention on f MRI studies involving adult IAD patients, free from any comorbid psychiatric condition. The following search words were used, both alone and in combination: f MRI, internet addiction, internet dependence, functional neuroimaging. The search was conducted on April 20^(th), 2015 and yielded 58 records. Inclusion criteria were the following: Articles written in English, patients' age ≥ 18 years, patients affected by IAD, studies providing f MRI results during resting state or cognitive/emotional paradigms. Structural MRI studies, functional imaging techniques other than f MRI, studies involving adolescents, patients with comorbid psychiatric, neurological or medical conditions were excluded. By reading titles and abstracts, we excluded 30 records. By reading the full texts of the 28 remaining articles, we identified 18 papers meeting our inclusion criteria and therefore included in the qualitative synthesis.RESULTS: We found 18 studies fulfilling our inclusion criteria, 17 of them conducted in Asia, and including a total number of 666 tested subjects. The included studies reported data acquired during resting state or different paradigms, such as cue-reactivity, guessing or cognitive control tasks. The enrolled patients were usually males(95.4%) and very young(21-25 years). The most represented IAD subtype, reported in more than 85% of patients, was the internet gaming disorder, or videogame addiction. In the resting state studies, the more relevant abnormalities were localized in the superior temporal gyrus, limbic, medial frontal and parietal regions. When analyzing the task related fmri studies, we found that less than half of the papers reported behavioral differences between patients and normal controls, but all of them found significant differences in cortical and subcortical brain regions involved in cognitive control and reward processing: Orbitofrontal cortex, insula, anterior and posterior cingulate cortex, temporal and parietal regions, brain stem and caudate nucleus.CONCLUSION: IAD may seriously affect young adults' brain functions. It needs to be studied more in depth to provide a clear diagnosis and an adequate treatment. | Gianna Sepede Margherita Tavino Rita Santacroce Federica Fiori Rosa Maria Salerno Massimo Di Giannantonio | 2016 | World Journal of Radiology2016，8，2： | 4 |
| 10 | Abdominal pain related to adulterated opium:An emerging issue in drug addicts显示文摘Lead may contaminate opium,heroin and illicit opiates and is particularly observed in Iran.Lead,a natural heavy metal is able to interfere with several organ functions after ingestion or inhalation.Lead poisoning manifestations are non-specific and thus lead poisoning remains difficult to diagnose.Among the manifestations,abdominal pain is almost the most frequent symptom causing patients to seek medical care.In patients with a history of opium addiction presenting with moderate-to-severe abdominal pain,lack of diagnosis of lead toxicity may thus result in time-consuming and unnecessary medical work-ups that can end up in invasive surgery.This paper aims to briefly review abdominal pain as an emergency issue and the leading symptom of lead poisoning that brings most of the patients to healthcare facilities.All published adult cases and case series of opium addicts admitted with abdominal pain due to leadadulterated opium consumption have been reviewed.A trend of increasing numbers of lead poisoning cases has recently emerged among opium addicts in Iran.Due to the non-specific manifestations and hazardous effects,psychiatrists and emergency physicians should consider lead poisoning in patients with a past or present history of opium addiction referred for acute abdominal pain,particularly in case of colicky abdominal pain. | Maryam Vahabzadeh Bruno Megarbane | 2020 | World Journal of Psychiatry2020，10，5： | 3 |
| 11 | Brain activity of anandamide:a rewarding bliss?显示文摘Anandamide is a lipid mediator that acts as an endogenous ligand of CB1 receptors.These receptors are also the primary molecular target responsible for the pharmacological effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol,the psychoactive ingredient in Cannabis sativa.Several studies demonstrate that anandamide exerts an overall modulatory effect on the brain reward circuitry.Several reports suggest its involvement in the addiction-producing actions of other abused drugs,and it can also act as a behavioral reinforcer in animal models of drug abuse.Importantly,all these effects of anandamide appear to be potentiated by pharmacological inhibition of its metabolic degradation.Enhanced brain levels of anandamide after treatment with inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase,the main enzyme responsible for its degradation,seem to affect the rewarding and reinforcing actions of many drugs of abuse.In this review,we will provide an overview from a preclinical perspective of the current state of knowledge regarding the behavioral pharmacology of anandamide,with a particular emphasis on its motivational/reinforcing properties.We will also discuss how modulation of anandamide levels through inhibition of enzymatic metabolic pathways could provide a basis for developing new pharmaco-therapeutic tools for the treatment of substance use disorders. | Maria Scherma Paolo Masia Valentina Satta Walter Fratta Paola Fadda Gianluigi Tanda | 2019 | Acta Pharmacologica Sinica2019，40，3： | 2 |
| 12 | Impact of Internet Literacy,Internet Addiction Symptoms on Quality of Life显示文摘As a country with the largest absolute number of Internet users in the world,China has witnessed that Internet addiction is becoming a prominent issue.Young adults like university students are particularly susceptible to the lure of the Internet,and they are described as being obsessed with the Internet.According to the latest report of the China Internet Network Information Center(CNNIC),netizens aged 20-29 have become the largest group of Internet users in China,accounting for 30.7%of the total Chinese netizens.Therefore,it is very important to study the Internet use and its influence among the young,since young people have become the main body of the Chinese Internet users.Focusing on the two essential factors closely related to Internet addiction as a risk,this study attempted to find out the interrelationships between Internet literacy,Internet addiction,and young people’s quality of life.As for research method,a paper-based survey was conducted to collect data and the final sample size was 1,000.The university student sample was created from a stratified sampling procedure with proportionate allocation among the nine universities in Dalian,a coast city in northeast China.Factor analyses showed different aspects of Internet literacy and various symptoms of Internet addiction among the university students.This study found that Internet addiction had some negative influences on the university students’quality of life.Moreover,the findings showed that Internet literacy has a significant influence on Internet addiction and quality of life among these young people.Basically,those university students with higher level of Internet literacy showed lower degree of Internet addiction and higher degree of quality of life.Therefore,in the future,more attention should be paid to education and activities in order to improve young people’s Internet literacy.The findings further enrich the literature of Internet addiction,Internet literacy,as well as quality of life,and are valuable for prevention,treatment,and recovery of Internet addiction among young people.Research on Internet addiction as an emerging risk in the Chinese context is of great research significance theoretically and practically,not only because Internet addiction is becoming a prominent issue in both China and many other societies,but also because it may act as a good case to study risk issue related to Internet,youth,and everyday life.The results can be used for future studies on Internet addiction,Internet literacy,and quality of life among other subpopulations or within other social contexts. | WU Wenying CUI Fangying | 2018 | Journalism and Mass Communication2018，8，4： | 2 |
| 13 | Addiction specialist's role in liver transplantation procedures for alcoholic liver disease显示文摘Although liver transplantation(LT) is performed increasingly for patients with end-stage alcoholic liver disease(ALD), the topic remains controversial. Traditionally, the role of an addiction specialist focused on the screening and identification of patients with a high risk on relapse in heavy alcohol use. These patients were in many cases subsequently excluded from a further LT procedure.Recently, awareness is growing that not only screening of patients but also offering treatment, helping patients regain and maintain abstinence is essential, opening up a broader role for the addiction specialist(team)within the whole of the transplant procedure. Within this context, high-risk assessment is proposed to be an indication of increasing addiction treatment intensity,instead of being an exclusion criterion. In this review we present an overview regarding the state of the art on alcohol relapse assessment and treatment in patients with alcohol use disorders, both with and without ALD.Screening, treatment and monitoring is suggested as central roles for the addiction specialist(team) integrated within transplant centers. | Geert Dom Hendrik Peuskens | 2015 | World Journal of Hepatology2015，7，17： | 2 |
| 14 | Neurosurgical treatment for addiction:lessons from an untold story in China and a path forward显示文摘Addiction is a major public-health crisis associated with significant disability and mortality.Although various pharmacological and behavioral treatments are currently available,the clinical efficacy of these treatments is limited.Given this situation,there is a growing interest in finding an effective neurosurgical treatment for addiction.First,we discuss the use of ablative surgery in treating addiction.We focus on the rise and fall of nucleus accumbens ablation for addiction in China.Subsequently,we review recent studies that have explored the efficacy and safety of deep-brain-stimulation treatment for addiction.We conclude that neurosurgical procedures,particularly deep-brain stimulation,have a potentially valuable role in the management of otherwise intractable addictive disorders.Larger well-controlled clinical trials,however,are needed to assess clinical efficacy and safety.We end by discussing several key issues involved in this clinical field and identifying some areas of progress. | Shuo Ma Chencheng Zhang Ti-fei Yuan Douglas Steele Valerie Voon Bomin Sun | 2020 | National Science Review2020，7，3： | 2 |
| 15 | Imaging plaque inflammation in asymptomatic cocaine addicted individuals with simultaneous positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging显示文摘BACKGROUND Chronic cocaine use is associated with stroke, coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction, resulting in severe impairments or sudden mortality. In the absence of clear cardiovascular symptoms, individuals with cocaine use disorder (iCUD) seeking addiction treatment receive mostly psychotherapy and psychiatric pharmacotherapy, with no attention to vascular disease (i.e., atherosclerosis). Little is known about the pre-clinical signs of cardiovascular risk in iCUD and early signs of vascular disease are undetected in this underserved population. AIM To assess inflammation, plaque burden and plaque composition in iCUD aiming to detect markers of atherosclerosis and vascular disease. METHODS The bilateral carotid arteries were imaged with positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) in iCUD asymptomatic for cardiovascular disease, healthy controls, and individuals with cardiovascular risk. PET with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) evaluated vascular inflammation and 3-D dark-blood MRI assessed plaque burden including wall area and thickness. Drug use and severity of addiction were assessed with standardized instruments. RESULTS The majority of iCUD and controls had carotid FDG-PET signal greater than 1.6 but lower than 3, indicating the presence of mild to moderate inflammation. However, the MRI measure of wall structure was thicker in iCUD as compared to the controls and cardiovascular risk group, indicating greater carotid plaque burden. iCUD had larger wall area as compared to the healthy controls but not as compared to the cardiovascular risk group, indicating structural wall similarities between the non-control study groups. In iCUD, wall area correlated with greater cocaine withdrawal and craving. CONCLUSION These preliminary results show markers of carotid artery disease burden in cardiovascular disease-asymptomatic iCUD. Broader trials are warranted to develop protocols for early detection of cardiovascular risk and preventive intervention in iCUD. | Keren Bachi Venkatesh Mani Audrey E Kaufman Nadia Alie Rita Z Goldstein Zahi A Fayad Nelly Alia-Klein | 2019 | World Journal of Radiology2019，11，5： | 2 |
| 16 | Noninvasive ultrasound deep brain stimulation of nucleus accumbens induces behavioral avoidance显示文摘Ultrasound stimulation is an emerging noninvasive option in treating neuropsychiatric disorders. The present study investigates the behavioral alterations resulting from ultrasound stimulation on the nucleus accumbens(NAc) in freely moving mice. Our results show that an acute ultrasound stimulation on the NAc, rather than the visual cortex or auditory cortex, led to a pronounced avoidance behavior, while repeated NAc ultrasound stimulation resulted in an obvious conditioned place aversion with changes in synaptic protein(Glu A1/2 subunit) expression. Notably, NAc ultrasound stimulation suppressed the morphine-induced conditioned place preference. The results provide evidence that NAc ultrasound stimulation can be applied as a potential noninvasive therapeutic option in treating psychiatric disorders. | Lili Niu Yanchen Guo Zhengrong Lin Zhe Shi Tianyuan Bian Lin Qi Long Meng Anthony AGrace Hairong Zheng Ti-Fei Yuan | 2020 | Science China(Life Sciences)2020，63，9： | 2 |
| 17 | Role of astrocytic glutamate transporter in alcohol use disorder显示文摘Alcohol use disorder(AUD) is one of the most widespread neuropsychiatric conditions, having a significant health and socioeconomic impact. According to the 2014 World Health Organization global status report on alcohol and health, the harmful use of alcohol is responsible for 5.9% of all deaths worldwide. Additionally, 5.1% of the global burden of disease and injury is ascribed to alcohol(measured in disability adjusted life years, or disability adjusted life years). Although the neurobiological basis of AUD is highly complex, the corticostriatal circuit contributes significantly to the development of addictive behaviors. In-depth investigation into the changes of the neurotransmitters in this circuit, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyricacid, and glutamate, and their corresponding neuronal receptors in AUD and other addictions enable us to understand the molecular basis of AUD. However, these discoveries have also revealed a dearth of knowledge regarding contributions from nonneuronal sources. Astrocytes, though intimately involved in synaptic function, had until recently been noticeably overlooked in their potential role in AUD. One major function of the astrocyte is protecting neurons from excitotoxicity by removing glutamate from the synapse via excitatory amino acid transporter type 2. The importance of this key transporter in addiction, as well as ethanol withdrawal, has recently become evident, though its regulation is still under investigation. Historically, pharmacotherapy for AUD has been focused on altering the activity of neuronal glutamate receptors. However, recent clinical evidence has supported the animal-based findings, showing that regulating glutamate homeostasis contributes to successful management of recovery from AUD. | Jennifer R Ayers-Ringler Yun-Fang Jia Yan-Yan Qiu Doo-Sup Choi | 2016 | World Journal of Psychiatry2016，6，1： | 1 |
| 18 | Can eastern wisdom resolve western epidemics? Traditional Chinese medicine therapies and the opioid crisis显示文摘The widespread use of opioids to treat chronic pain led to a nation-wide crisis in the United States. Tens of thousands of deaths annually occur mainly due to respiratory depression, the most dangerous side effect of opioids. Non-opioid drugs and non-pharmacological treatments without addictive potential are urgently required. Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is based on a completely different medical theory than academic Western medicine. The scientific basis of acupuncture and herbal treatments as main TCM practices has been considerably improved during the past two decades, and large metaanalyses with thousands of patients provide evidence for their efficacy. Furthermore, opinion leaders in the United States favor non-pharmacological techniques including TCM for pain management to fight the opioid crisis. We advocate TCM as therapeutic option without addictive potential and without lifethreatening side effects(e.g., respiratory depression) to treat chronic pain patients suffering from opioid misuse. The evidence suggests that:(1) opioid misuse cannot be satisfactorily managed with standard medication;(2) opinion leaders in the United States favor to consider non-opioid and nonpharmacological treatment strategies including those from TCM to treat acute and chronic pain conditions;(3) large meta-analyses provide scientific evidence for the clinical activity of acupuncture and herbal TCM remedies in the treatment of chronic pain. Future clinical trials should demonstrate the safety of TCM treatments if combined with Western medical practices to exclude negative interactions between both modalities. | Thomas Efferth An-long Xu Roxana Damiescu Mita Banerjee Norbert W.Paul David Y.W.Lee | 2021 | Journal of Integrative Medicine2021，19，4： | 1 |
| 19 | How does the‘environment’come to the person?The‘ecology of the person’and addiction显示文摘Currently,psychiatry lacks a field that can be called“theoretical psychiatry”,which uses theoretical concepts and explanatory models:The main stream of research is to collect data of all kinds in the hope that the computational Big Data approach will shed a bright light on the black box of mental disorders.Accordingly,the biology-based Research Domain Criteria of the National Institute of Mental Health have been established.However,as philosophical analyses of concepts and methods have shown,several epistemological gaps stand in the way of a consistent multilevel understanding of mental disorders.Also,the implicit ontological problems in the biological reduction of the psychosocial level and in the integration of so-called hard and soft disciplines are mostly left out.As a consequence,a non-reductive psychological theory of mental disorders is sought that also integrates correlating biological and sociological issues.In this context,one example of promising nonreductive psychiatric research is the option of systems/network psychopathology.The possibilities for integrating different psychological perspectives are highlighted for the field of addiction research and treatment,where pragmatic behaviorist approaches dominate over the theorybased practice of psychoanalysis.In comparing the theoretical constructs of these two approaches,the relevance of the concept of“(social)environment”as the wealth of influential sociocultural factors is discussed at levels superior to the interpersonal micro-level,namely the organizational meso-and societal macro level,which is not sufficiently considered in current biopsychiatry.On this basis of argumentation,the usefulness of grounding and framing psychiatry through the field of ecological sciences,especially human ecology,is demonstrated.Finally,to this end,an outline of an ecological model of mental health and illness is presented. | Felix Tretter Henriette Loeffler-Stastka | 2021 | World Journal of Psychiatry2021，11，11： | 1 |
| 20 | Acupuncture-related techniques for the treatment of opiate addiction:a case of translational medicine显示文摘Drug addiction is a chronic brain disorder characterized by withdrawal symptoms that occur during drug abstinence and a high tendency of relapse.Compared with the currently available pharmacological interventions,acupuncture therapy has the potential to help drug addicts stay away from drugs without major adverse side effects.It has taken decades of research to optimize the parameters of electrical acupoint stimulation for detoxification and for relapse prevention,as well as to establish a safe and easy procedure by which drug addicts can use it on themselves.The discovery that acupuncture can trigger the release of opioid substances from the brain in the 1970s provided the inspiration.Following this,basic research on animals made it possible to understand the mechanisms of action and establish the procedure for treating drug addictions.This article reviews the past,present,and foreseeable future regarding the use of acupuncture-related technique for the treatment of opiate addiction from the perspective of translational medicine. | Jisheng Han Cailian Cui Liuzhen Wu | 2011 | Frontiers of Medicine2011，5，2： | 1 |
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